COMMON ABBREVIATIONS.

A.B. Bachelor of Fahr. Fahrenheit. acct. account. [Arts. Fla. Florida.

H. B. M. His or Her MSS. Manuscripts.

C.E. Civil Engineer. L. S. Place of the pro tem. for the time.

Dan. Daniel. [icut. Mass. Massachusetts. S. C. South Caro

D. C. District of Co-M. C. Member

FIVE RULES FOR SPELLING.

[There is a great variety of rules for spelling, but most of them have so many exceptions as to be a hindrance rather than a help.

The following rules have few or no exceptions, and may therefore aid the learner.]

Rule I. Verbs of one syllable, ending with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, and verbs of two or more syllables, ending in the same manner, and having the accent on the last syllable, double the final consonant whenever another syllable is added; as, get, get'ting; o mit', o mit'ted.

Rule II. The plural of nouns ending in y, when y is preceded by a consonant, is formed by changing y into i and adding es; as, lil'y, lil'ies. When y final is preceded by a vowel the plural is formed by adding s; as, val'ley, val'leys.

Rule III. Nouns ending in o preceded by another vowel form their plurals regularly by adding s to the singular; as, cam'e o, cam'e os.

Rule IV. Words formed by prefixing one or more syllables to words ending in a double consonant retain both consonants; as, be fall', re buff'. The exceptions are, with al', an nul', dis til', in stil', ful fil', un til'.

Rule V. The word full, used as an affix, always drops one 7; and its compounds, thus formed, make their plurals regularly by adding s to the singular; as, hand'ful, hand'fuls; spoon'ful, spoonfuls.

SUPPLEMENT.

ETYMOLOGY.

Preliminary Definitions.

All words are either Primitive or Derivative.

A Primitive word is not derived from a simpler word in the language.

A Derivative word is formed from a simpler word by prefixing or affixing a syllable.

A Prefix is a syllable placed before or at the beginning of.a word to change its meaning.

A Suffix is a syllable added to, or placed after a word, to change its meaning.

Copyright, 1887, by Harper & Brothers.

Latin Prefixes.

ab=a, denoting from, of, ig

abs

ab

ас

af

ag

al

an

ap

ar

as

at

=ad, denoting to, by, near, oc
on, upon, for, at.

am} denoting round or about.

ante, denoting before. bi denoting twice.

bis

circum, denoting round or about. cis, denoting on this side.

of

ор

=

ob, denoting against, before, in the way.

per, denoting through, thoroughly.

post, denoting after.

pre, denoting before, beforehand. preter, denoting beyond, past, by.

pro, denoting for, instead of, out, forward.

re denoting back, again, red against.

contra denoting against, con- retro, denoting backward. counter trary to.

se, denoting aside, apart.
semi, denoting half, in part.
sine, denoting without.

extra, denoting beyond, beyond trans

the limits of.

upon.

over,

denoting across, beyond, through.

ultra, denoting beyond.

Give the meaning of the Prefixes in the following words: