CLOSE BOROUGH Close Borough, a borough the right of nominating a member of parliament for which was in the hands of a single person. Close Corporation, a corporation which fills up its own vacancies, the election of members not being open to the public. Close-hauled, in navigation, said of a ship when the general arrangement or trim of the sails is such as to enable her to sail as nearly against the wind as possible. CLOTHING. Those tion afforded him the kind of career he Clothing, the clothes or dress, that is the sought. In 1790, Cloots presented himself artificial coverings collectively, which people at the bar of the national assembly, accom- wear. Nothing is more necessary to companied by a considerable number of enthu- fort than that the body should be kept in siastic followers of various nationalities, nearly a uniform temperature, thus preventEnglish, German, Italian, Spanish, Arabi- ing the disturbance of the important excreans-or Parisians dressed up as such. He tory functions of the skin by the influence described himself as the orator of the human of heat or cold. Hence in a changeable race, and demanded the right of confedera- climate the question of clothing becomes of tion, which was granted him. His enthusi- special importance. The chief end proposed asm for radical reforms, his hate of Christi- by clothing ought to be protection from the anity and of royalty, and a gift of 12,000 cold. A degree of cold amounting to shivlivres on behalf of the national defence, ering cannot be felt without injury to the gained him in Sept. 1792 clection to the health, and the strongest constitution cannational convention, in which he voted for not resist the benumbing influence of a the death of Louis XVI. in the name of the sensation of cold constantly present, even human race. But becoming an object of though it be so moderate as not to occasion suspicion to Robespierre, he was arrested immediate complaint, or to induce the sufand guillotined 24th March, 1794. He met ferer to seek protection from it. This dehis fate with great indifference. gree of cold often lays the foundation of the whole host of chronic diseases, foremost amongst which are found scrofula and consumption. The only kind of dress that can afford the protection required by the changes of temperature to which the cooler or temperate climates are liable, is woollen. who would receive the advantage which the wearing of woollen is capable of affording, must wear it next the skin; for it is in this situation only that its health-preserving power can be felt. The great advantages of woollen cloth are briefly these:- the readiness with which it allows the escape of sweat through its texture; its power of preserving the sensation of warmth to the skin under all circumstances; the slowness with which it conducts heat; the softness, lightness, and pliancy of its texture. Cotton cloth, though it differs but little from linen, approaches nearer to the nature of woollen, and on that account must be esteemed as the next best substance of which clothing may be made. Silk is the next in point of excellence, but it is very inferior to cotton in every respect. Linen possesses the contrary of most of the properties enumerated as excellencies in woollen. It retains the matter of perspiration in its texture, and speedily becomes imbued with it; it gives an unpleasant sensation of cold to the skin; it is very readily saturated with moisture, and it conducts heat too rapidly. Clothes should be so made as to allow the body the full exercise of all its motions. The neglect of this precaution is productive of more mischief than is generally believed, and the misery and suffering arising from it often begin while we are yet in the cradle. Clo'sure, a rule in British parliamentary procedure adopted in 1887 by which, at any time after a question has been proposed, a motion may be made with the speaker's or chairman's consent "That the question be now put,' when the motion is inmediately put and decided without debate or amendment. So also if a clause of a bill is under debate a motion that it stand or be added may be put and carried in the same way. The motion must be supported by more than 100 members and opposed by less than 40, or have the support of 200 members. The introduction of the closure was intended to prevent debates from being too much spun out. Cloth, a fabric formed by interweaving threads or fibres of animal or vegetable origin, as wool, hair, cotton, flax, hemp, &c. Cloth may also be made by felting as well as by weaving. See Cotton, Woollen, Silk, &c. Clothes-moth, the name common to several moths of the genus Tinea, whose larvæ are destructive to woollen fabrics, feathers, furs, &c., upon which they feed, using at the same time the material for the construction of the cases in which they assume the chrysalis state. of hair, and consisting of fibres which diverge in all directions. Clouds of this description float at a great height, usually from 3 to 5 miles above the earth's surface. 2. The cumulus or heap, a cloud which assumes the form of dense convex or conical heaps, resting on a flattish base, called also summercloud. Under ordinary circumstances these clouds accompany fine weather, especially in the heat of summer. They attain their greatest size early in the afternoon and gradually decrease towards sunset. 3. The stratus, so named from its spreading out uniformly in a horizontal layer, which receives all its augmentations of volume from below. It belongs essentially to the night, and is frequently seen on calm summer evenings after sunset ascending from the lower to the higher grounds, and dispersing in the form of a cumulus at sunrise. These three primary forms of clouds are subdivided as follows:-1. The cirro-cumulus, com Cloud-Nimbus. posed of a collection of cirri, and spreading itself frequently over the sky in the form of beds of delicate snow-flakes. 2. The cirrostratus or wane-cloud, so called from its being generally seen slowly sinking, and in a state of transformation; when seen in the distance, a collection of these clouds suggests the resemblance of a shoal of fish, and the sky, when thickly mottled with them, is called in popular language a mackerel sky. 3. The cumulo stratus or twain-cloud, one of the grandest and most beautiful of clouds, and consisting of a collection of large fleecy clouds overhanging a flat stratum or base. 4. The nimbus, cumulo-cirro-stratus, or raincloud, recognizable, according to Mr. Howard, by its fibrous border and uniformly gray aspect. It is a dense cloud spreading out into a crown of cirrus and passing beneath into a shower. It presents one of the least attractive appearances among clouds, but it is only when the dark surface of this CLOUD cloud forms its background that the splendid phenomenon of the rainbow is exhibited in perfection. Cloud (klö), Sr., a town, France, department Seine-et-Oise, 6 miles s.w. from Paris, charmingly situated on the slope of a hill overlooking the river Seine. It is celebrated for its château and its magnificent park, a favourite holiday resort of the Parisians. As the residence of the monarchs of France, St. Cloud is historically interesting. Louis XIV. bought the old château and presented it to his brother, the Duke of Orleans, who enlarged and transformed it into a splendid palace, which became the residence of Henrietta, queen of Charles I. of England, during her exile. It was sold by Louis-Philippe of Orleans to Marie-Antoinette, and after the revolution chosen by Napoleon for his residence. It was the summer residence of Napoleon III., and was greatly damaged in the Franco-German war. Pop. 4747. Cloudberry, or MOUNTAIN BRAMBLE (Rubus chamamorus), a fruit found plentifully in the north of Europe, Asia, and America, and common in some of the more elevated moors of Britain, of the same genu: with the bramble or blackberry. The plant is from 4 to 8 or 10 inches high, with a rather large handsome leaf, indented and serrated at the edges. The flowers are large and white, and the berries, which have a very fine flavour, are orange-yellow in colour, and about the size of a bramble-berry. Clough (kluff), ARTHUR HUGH, English poet, born at Liverpool 1st January, 1819. He studied under Dr. Arnold at Rugby, and then at Oxford, where he highly distinguished himself. On his return from a tour in America (1852) he was appointed an examiner attached to the educational branch of the privy-council office. He died 13th November, 1861, at Florence, while returning from a journey to Greece. His poems, of which the best known are Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich, Amours de Voyages, and the Tragedy of Dipsychus, were published, along with a memoir, by Mr. F. T. Palgrave, in 1862. CLOVES. a deep brown colour, very thin and hard, and has similar properties to cinnamon. Clove-gillyflower, the carnation, or a clove-scented variety of it. Clover, or TREFOIL, a name of different species of plants of the genus Trifolium, nat. order Leguminosæ. There are about 150 species, of which 18 are natives of Britain. Some are weeds, but many species are valued as food for cattle. T. pratense, T. or common red clover, is a biennial, and sometimes, especially on chalky soils, a triennial plant. This is the kind most commonly cultivated, as it yields a larger product than any of the other sorts. Trifolium repens, or white clover, is a most valuable plant for pasturage over the whole of Europe, Central Asia, and North America, and has also been introduced into South America. The bee gathers much of its honey from the flowers of this species. hybridum, Alsike, hybrid, or Swedish clover, has been long cultivated in the south of Sweden, and for some time also in other countries; it is strongly recommended for cold, moist, stiff soils. It resembles the common red clover in duration, stature, and mode of growth. T. medium, perennial red or meadow clover, much resembles the common red, but differs somewhat in habit, and the bright red flowers are larger and form a less compact head. Its produce is less in quantity, and not so nutritive, as that of the common red. The name clover is often applied to plants like medick and melilot, cultivated for the same purpose and belonging to the same natural order, although not of the same genus. Clover-weevil, a kind of weevil, genus Apion, different species of which, or their larvæ, feed on the leaves and seeds of the clover, as also on tares and other leguminous plants. A. apricans, of a bluish-black colour, and little more than a line in length, is especially destructive. Cloves, a very pungent aromatic spice, the dried flower-buds of Caryophyllus aromaticus, a native of the Molucca Islands, belonging to the myrtle tribe, now cultiClove Bark, or CULIL'AWAN BARK, is fur- vated in Sumatra, Mauritius, Malacca, nished by a tree of the Molucca Islands Jamaica, &c. The tree is a handsome ever(Cinnamomum Culilawan). It is in pieces green from 15 to 30 feet high, with large more or less long, almost flat, thick, fibrous, elliptic smooth leaves and numerous purplish covered with a white epidermis of a reddish- flowers on jointed stalks. Every part of yellow inside, of a nutmeg and clove odour, the plant abounds in the volatile oil for and of an aromatic and sharp taste. In which the flower-buds are prized. The mmerce the name is also given to the spice yields a very fragrant odour, and has bark of the Myrtus caryophyllāta. It is of a bitterish, pungent, and warm taste. It CLOVIS CLUB. is sometimes employed as a hot and stimulating medicine, but is more frequently used in culinary preparations. Clove (Caryophyllus aromaticus). Clovis (from old Ger. Chlodwig, mod. Ger. Ludwig, Fr. Louis) King of the Franks, born 465, succeeded his father Childeric in the year 481, as chief of the warlike tribe of Salian Franks, who inhabited Northern Gaul. In 486 he overthrew the Roman governor at Soissons and occupied the country between the Somme and the Loire. The influence of his wife Clotilda, a Burgundian princess, at length converted him to Christianity, and on Dec. 25, 496, he was baptized with several thousands of his Franks at Rheims, and was saluted by Pope Ancstasius as 'most Christian king,' he being orthodox, while most of the western princes were Arians. It now became his object to rid himself by all means of all the other Frankish rulers, in order that he might leave the whole territory of the Franks to his children; and in this purpose he succeeded by treachery and cruelty. He died at Paris, which he had made his capital, on Nov. 27, 511, in the thirtieth year of his reign. In the last year of his reign Clovis had called a council at Orleans, from which are dated the peculiar privileges claimed by the kings of France in opposition to the as an extempore jester, although the part he plays is to a certain extent in keeping with his traditional functions. He is now confined to the pantomime and the circus, in the former of which he plays a part allied to that of the French Pierrot. Cloyne, a town in Ireland, 16 miles E. by s. of Cork, the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop. From 1638 to 1833 it was the see of a bishop of the Established Church, but in the latter year it was united with Cork and Ross. Pop. 1126. Ori Club, a select number of persons in the habit of meeting for the promotion of some common object, as social intercourse, literature, politics, &c. It is a peculiarly English institution, which can scarcely be said to have taken root in any other country except America. The coffee-houses of the 17th and 18th centuries are the best representatives of what is meant by a modern club, while the clubs of that time were commonly nothing but a kind of restaurants or taverns where people resorted to take their meals. But while anybody was free to enter a coffeehouse, it was absolutely necessary that a person should have been formerly received as a member of a club, according to its regulations, before he was at liberty to enter it. Among the earliest of the London clubs was the Kit-cat Club, formed in the reign of Queen Anne, among whose forty members were dukes, earls, and the leading authors of the day. Another club formed about the same time was the Beefsteak Club. ginally these two clubs had no pronounced political views, but in the end they began to occupy themselves with politics, the Kit-cat Club being Whig, and the Beefsteak Club Tory. Perhaps the most celebrated club of last century was that which was first called The Club par excellence, and numbered among its members Dr. Johnson, Sir Joshua Reynolds, Edmund Burke, Oliver Goldsmith, Edward Gibbon, and others. The most important London political clubs of the present day are the Carlton Club, a sort of headquarters for the Conservative party, and the Reform Club, the building belonging to which stands next to that of the Carlton Club, the great club of the Liberal party. Similar clubs exist also in Edinburgh, Glasgow, and other cities of the kingdom. Some of the London clubs are for ladies as well as gentlemen, and one or two for ladies alone. Clubs are often provided with reading-room and library, smokingroom, billiard-room, coffee-room, dining CLUBBING room, drawing-room, &c., and also may have a certain number of bed-rooms. Besides being convenient for social intercourse, members may obtain their meals in them, served in the best style and at moderate cost. New members are admitted by ballot, and pay a certain entrance fee as well as an annual subscription. The English clubs have been imitated in different countries in Europe, but not with great success. In France, where they were introduced at an early period, they soon became associations purely political in their nature, and had no uniform and regular form, as they were only tolerated during revolutionary epochs. The Club des Jacobins, the Club des Feuillants, the Club des Cordeliers, and the Club de Montrouge, were the most famous clubs of the time of the first French revolution. After the revolutions of 1848 hosts of clubs started into existence in France, Germany, and Italy; but the institution has always failed to take a deep hold on European continental society. Clubbing, a diseased condition of plants of the cabbage family produced by the larvae of insects, consisting in the lower part of the stem becoming swollen and misshapen. Plants on ground exhausted by over-cultivation suffer chiefly. Club-foot (Lat., Talipes), a congenital distortion of the foot. There are several varieties. Sometimes the foot is twisted inwards (T. varus); sometimes the heel is raised and the toes only touch the ground (T. equinus); sometimes the foot is twisted outwards (T. valgus); or it rests only on the heel (T. calcaneus). In most cases the deformity is curable by modern surgery. Club-hauling, a method of tacking a ship in dangerous situations by letting go the leeanchor as soon as the wind is out of the sails, her head being thus brought to the wind, and then cutting the cable and trimming the sails as soon as she pays off. Club-moss, the common name of the plants of the order Lycopodiaceæ, or more particularly of the genus Lycopodium. See Lycopods. Clue, of a square sail, is the lower corner; and hence clue-lines and clue-garnets, tackles to truss the clues up to the yard. Clunes, an important mining town in the Australian colony of Victoria, 120 miles north-west of Melbourne. Pop. 4717. Cluniacs. See next article. Cluny (klů-nē), a town of Eastern France, dep. Saône-et-Loire, 11 miles N.w. Macon, - CLYDE. pop. 4007. Here was a Benedictine abbey, founded in 910, at one time the most celebrated in France, having 2000 monastic communities directly under its sway in France, Italy, Spain, England, &c., the inmates of which formed the congregation of Cluniac monks. Most of it was destroyed in 1789, and the present town is to some extent built of its debris and occupies its site. Clupe'idæ, the herring family, the typical genus being Clupea, the herring, a family of fishes which includes the herring, sprat, white-bait, pilchard, &c. Clusiaceæ. See Guttifera. Clustered column, in arch., a pier which appears to consist of several columns or shafts clustered together; they are sometimes attached to each other throughout their whole height, and sometimes only at the capital and base. Clu'tha, the largest river in New Zealand, in the southern part of the South Island. It receives the waters of Lakes Hawea, Wanaka, and Wakatipu, and flows in a s.E. direction, having a length of 150 miles. It is called also Molyneux. Clyde (klīd), a river of Scotland, which has its sources amid the hills that separate Lanarkshire from the counties of Peebles and Dumfries, passes by Lanark, Hamilton, Glasgow, Renfrew, Dumbarton, Greenock, &c., and forms finally an extensive estuary or firth before it enters the Irish Sea, at the southern extremity of the island of Bute. From its source to Glasgow, where navigation begins, its length is 70 or 80 miles. Its principal tributaries are the Douglas Water, the Mouse, the Nethan, the Avon, the Calder, the North Calder, the Kelvin, the White and Black Cart, and the Leven. Near Lanark it has three celebrated fallsthe uppermost, Bonniton Linn, about 30 feet high; the next, Cora Linn, where the water takes three distinct leaps, each about as high; and the lowest, Stonebyres, also three distinct falls, altogether about 80 feet. The Clyde, by artificial deepening, has been made navigable for large vessels up to Glasgow, and is the most valuable river in Scotland for commerce. See Glasgow. Clyde, LORD, Sir Colin Campbell, was born in Glasgow, in 1792, where his father, John M'Liver, a native of Mull, worked as a cabinet-maker. His mother's maiden was Campbell, and she was the daughter of a small proprietor in Islay. By the assistance of his mother's relations he name |