in various forms. When the pain is accompanied with a vomiting of bile or with obstinate costiveness it is called a bilious colic; if with windy distension, it takes the name of flatulent or windy colic; if with heat and inflammation, it takes the name of inflammatory colic, or enteritis. There are many other varieties of this com plaint, some of which are peculiar to certain occupations or districts, as the painters' colic see Lead Poisoning), the Devonshire colic. Coligny (kol-in-ye), GASPARD DE, French admiral, born in 1517, distinguished himself under Francis I. and Henry II., who made him in 1552 Admiral of France. After the death of Henry II. Coligny took the Protestant side in the religious strifes of the time, and became the head of the Huguenot party. He was generally unfortunate in the battles he fought, but speedily repaired his defeats by prudence and good manage ment. When peace was made Coligny was received with apparent favour at court. But this was only a blind; and on the night of St. Bartholomew's (Aug. 24, 1572) Coligny was basely slaughtered, and his corpse given up to the outrages of the mob.

Colima (kō-le'ma), a town of Mexico, capital of the state of same name, situated in a fertile plain encircled by hills above which rises the lofty volcano of Colima. Population, 25, 124. On the coast about 30 m. s.s.w. of the city is the port, Puerto de Colima, or Manzanillo. The state has an area of 2272 miles; pop. 72,591.

Colise'um. See Colosseum. Coll, an island on the west coast of Scotland, off Mull, county Argyle, one of the Hebrides, about 12 miles long and from 3 to 3 miles broad. A great portion of it is moor, incapable of cultivation; but there are some tracts of light and sandy soil which are tolerably productive. Gaelic is universally spoken. Pop. 643.

Collateral Relations, descendants of brothers or sisters, or the brothers or sisters of the ascending lines.

Collateral Security, additional security, such as a deed granted over other property besides that already mortgaged.

Collation, a comparison of one copy or thing of a like kind with another, especially manuscripts and editions of books. In canon law, the presentation of a clergyman to a benefice by a bishop who has the right of patronage. In such a case the combination of the act of presentation and institution constitute collation,

Collect, a term applied to certain short prayers in the liturgies of various churches. Some of the collects of the English Church are taken from the old Roman Missal, and are supposed to have been written by St. Jerome. Others are still more ancient; while a few have been added after the Reformation. There is a collect for every Sunday in the year, and a corresponding epistle and gospel.

College (Latin, collegium), in a general sense, a body or society of persons invested with certain powers and rights, performing certain duties, or engaged in some common employment or pursuit. In Great Britain and America some societies of physicians are called colleges. So, also, there are colleges of surgeons, a college of heralds, &c. The most familiar application of the term college, however, is to a society of persons engaged in the pursuits of literature, including the professors, lecturers, or other officers, and the students. As applied to an educational institution the name is somewhat loosely used. The higher class of colleges are those in which the students engage in study for the purpose of taking a degree in arts, medicine, or other subjects, and are connected with, or have more or less the character of universities. The early history of these institutions is somewhat obscure; the probability is that they were originally founded in the various universities of the middle ages, with similar objects and from the same charitable motives. Hostels or boarding houses were provided (principally by the religious orders, for the benefit of those of their own fraternity), in which the scholars lived under a certain superintendence, and the endowment of these hostels by charitable persons for the support of poor scholars completed the foundation of a college. Out of this has developed the modern English college as seen at Oxford and Cambridge, where each college, though a member or component part of the university, is a separate establishment whose fellows, tutors, and students live together under a particular head, called master, principal, warden, &c., of the college. In Scotland, America, and Germany the college is practically one with the university, the latter body performing all the functions alike, of teaching, examining, degree-conferring, &c.

College Point, Queens co., N. Y., on Lond Island Sound, has factories of Indiarubber goods, &c. See Queens, Borough of.

College of Justice, the supreme civil court of Scotland (that is, the Court of Session), composed of the lords of council and session (the judges), together with the advocates (= barristers), clerks of session, writers to the signet, &c.

Collegiate Church, in England, a religious house built and endowed for a society or body corporate, a dean or other president, and secular priests, as canons or prebendaries, independently of any cathedral.

Collie, a variety of dog especially common in Scotland, and from its intelligence of much use to shepherds. It is of medium size and varies much in colouring, black and white being common, and black with tancoloured legs, muzzle, &c., being highly esteemed. The head is somewhat fox-shaped, the ears erect, but with drooping points, the tail rather long, bushy, and with a strong curl.

Collier, JEREMY, English divine and political writer, born in 1650. He was-edu cated at Cambridge, and having entered into orders obtained the rectory of Ampton in Suffolk in 1659. He was a zealous opponent of the Revolution of 1688, and was repeatedly imprisoned for his political writings. He is chiefly remembered now for his Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage-a work of considerable merit which is said to have effected a decided reform in the sentiments and language of the theatre. He died in 1726.

Collier, JOHN PAYNE, English Shaksperian critic, born in London in 1789, died in 1883. He became known as a critical essayist on old English dramatic literature, and was editor of the new edition of Dodsley's Old Plays in 1825. In 1831 his best work, the History of English Dramatic Poetry, was published. In 1842-44 he published an annotated edition of Shakspere in 8 vols.; in 1844 Shakspere's Library. Subsequently he published several editions of Shakspere, and an excellent edition of Spenser (5 vols. 1862). He made himself notorious by claiming that he possessed a copy of the 2d Folio Shakspere, 1632, with many marginal emendations and annotations written in the middle of the 17th century, though, as was discovered, these notes were modern fabrications, probably by himself.

Collimation, LINE OF, in an astronomical instrument, such as a telescope or transit instrument, the straight line which passes through the centre of the object-glass and

- COLLINS.

Collingwood, CUTHBERT, ADMIRAL LORD, English naval commander, born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1750. He entered the royal navy in 1761, and took part as flagcaptain on board the Barfleur in Lord Howe's victory of June 1, 1794, commanded the Excellent during the battle off Cape St. Vincent on the 14th of February in that year, and was made rear-admiral of the white in 1799. But his most distinguished service was at Trafalgar, where his skill and resolution drew warm praise from Nelson. On the latter's death Collingwood as senior officer took command of the fleet, and gave proof of his judgment and nautical skill in his dispositions for the preservation of the captured vessels. For his services here he was elevated to the rank of baron. He died, while cruising off Minorca in the Ville de Paris, on 7th March, 1810. Collingwood was the model of a naval officer, combining daring courage with cool judgment, and firm discipline with much humanity. His Memoirs and Correspondence have been published.

Collins, ANTHONY, English deistical writer, born 1676, died 1729. He was a friend of Locke, who described him as a man who had 'an estate in the country, a library in town, and friends everywhere.' His chief works are Discourse of Free Thinking; Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Human Liberty; Discourse on the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion; Literal Scheme of Prophecy Considered.

Collins, WILLIAM, English poet, was born in 1721 at Chichester. While studying at

Oxford he wrote his Oriental Eclogues, the moderate success of which encouraged him to try a literary career in London. In 1746 he published his Odes, containing pieces which now rank amongst the finest lyrics in the language. Disappointed with the reception his poems met with, and unstrung by irregular habits and excitement, he fell into a nervous melancholy, from which he never quite recovered. He died in 1759.

Collins, WILLIAM, an English painter, noted for his landscapes and domestic scenes, born in London Sept. 18, 1787; elected Royal Academician 1820, died 1847.

Collins, WILLIAM WILKIE, son of the preceding, born in London in 1824. He was educated for the bar, but turned aside to literature, in which he has specially distinguished himself as a novelist of great dramatic and constructive power. Among his best-known works are Antonina (1850), Basil (1852), After Dark (1856), The Woman in White (1860), The New Magdalen (1873), The Evil Genius (1886), &c. He died in 1889.

Collision, in maritime affairs, the shock of two ships coming into violent contact, whereby one or both may suffer more or less injury. Collision may happen without blame being imputable to either party, as where the loss is occasioned by a storm, in which case the misfortune must be borne by the party on whom it happens to light. Or a collision may arise where both parties are to blame-where there has been a want of due diligence or skill on both sides; in which case neither party has an action against the other. Thirdly, it may happen by the misconduct of the suffering party only, and then the rule is that the sufferer must bear his own burden. Lastly, it may have been the fault of the ship which ran the other down; and in that case the injured party would be entitled to an entire compensation from the other. Strict laws and regulations to prevent collisions have been laid down, which contain rules concerning lights, and sailing and steering rules. By the rule of the road at sea, if two sailing ships are approaching each other end on, or nearly so, the helms of both must be put to port, so that each may pass on the port side of the other; in crossing so as to involve risk of collision the sailing ship with the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way of the ship with the wind on the starboard, but if they have both the wind on the same side the ship which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the one that has it to leeward. If a

COLMAN.

steam-ship and a sailing ship are approaching, so as to involve collision the former must keep out of the way of the latter. If one vessel is overtaking another she must keep out of the way of the last-named vessel.

Collo'dion, a substance prepared by dissolving pyroxiline (gun-cotton) in ether, or in a mixture of ether and alcohol, which forms a useful substitute for adhesive plaster in the case of slight wounds. When the fluid solution is applied to the cut or wound it immediately dries into a semi-transparent, tenacious film, which adheres firmly to the part, and under it the wound or abrasion heals without inflammation. In a slightly modified form collodion is also employed as the basis of a photographic process called the collodion process. See Photography.

Colloids, non-crystallizable substances, such as gelatine, gum, &c. See Dialysis.

Collot d'Herbois (kol-ō-dar-bwä), JEAN MARIE, French revolutionary, born in 1750. On the outbreak of the revolution he soon became prominent as a leader of the Mountain or extreme party. After filling several missions he was sent by Robespierre along with Fouché to Lyons in 1793, with almost unlimited powers, and was guilty of the most flagrant enormities. Returning to Paris he became a determined opponent of Robespierre, and being chosen president of the Convention (19th July, 1794), contributed to his fall. A few weeks after he was banished to Cayenne, where he died in 1796.

Collu'sion, in law, a secret agreement between opposing litigants to obtain a particular judicial decision on a preconcerted statement of facts, whether true or false, to the injury of a third party. Collusion, when proved to exist, nullifies the judgment ob tained through it.

Collyrium (kol-lir'i-um), an eye-salve or eye-wash, a remedy for disorders of the eyes. Col'man, GEORGE, English dramatic writer and theatrical manager, born at Florence in 1733. Among his pieces are Polly Honey combe, The Jealous Wife, and The Clandestine Marriage, which was written in conjunction with Garrick. From 1777 he conducted the little theatre in the Haymarket, London, till paralysis rendered him helpless in 1790. He died in 1794.

Col'man, GEORGE ('the Younger'), son of the preceding, was born in London in 1762, died there 1836. He was entered as a student in the Temple, but soon left legal studies for dramatic and general literature,

of Lancaster. The chief manufactures are cotton and woollen goods. Population, 16,774.

Colne, a small river in the W. Riding of Yorkshire, giving name to the Colne Valley parl. div.

Coloca'sia, a genus of plants, nat. order Araceae, the leaves and tubers of which are acrid. The latter contain much starchy matter, and they are used as food in the south of Europe after the acrid matter is separated by washing or boiling. C. esculenta, C. macrorhiza, and others furnish the taro of the Pacific islands. See Cocco Root.

Colocynth, the fruit of Cucumis (or C'itrullus) Colocynthus, a species of cucumber, the dried and powdered pulp of which is the colocynth of the shops. It is used in mediVOL. II. 481

cine as an aperient. The essential principle, which is of an extremely bitter nature, is called colocynthine.

Colocza. See Kalocsa.

Cologne (ko lōn'), German, Köln (keuln), a city of Rhenish Prussia, on the left bank of the Rhine, forming, in connection with Deutz, which serves as a tête-du-pont on the opposite side of the river (across which is a bridge of boats and an iron railway and general traffic bridge), a fortress of the first rank. The old fortifications, dating from the middle ages, are being, or have been recently, swept away, new works being constructed in accordance with the principles of modern fortification. The town itself has been improved and extended, and streets once dark and filthy have been opened up

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or otherwise improved, but Cologne is still irregularly built and largely in the antique style. There are many fine old buildings as well as excellent modern ones; the churches in particular are interesting. The most important edifice of all is the cathedral, begun in 1248, one of the finest and largest Gothic structures in Europe. It was only completed in the present century, there being expended on it in 1828-84 over $5,000,000. It is in the form of a cross; its entire length is about 445 feet; breadth, 200 ft.; height to ridge of roof, 202 ft.; height of the two western towers, between which is a grand portal, 520 feet, being thus among the highest edifices in the world. The council-house, museum, and Gross St. Martin Church with its imposing tower should also be mentioned. The manufactures embrace sugar, tobacco, glue, carpets, leather, machinery, chemicals, pianos, and the celebrated eau de Cologne. The trade by river and railway is very great. Cologne is of pre-Christian origin, and was originally called Oppidum Ubiorum, being the chief town of the Ubii, a German nation. The Romans made it a colony A.D. 51, and called it Colonia Agrippina (whence the name Cologne). It was annexed to the German Empire in 870, and became one of the most powerful and wealthy cities of the Hanseatic League, but latterly it declined. In 1792 it ceased to be a free city. It was taken by the French in 1794, ceded to them by the Treaty of Lunéville in 1801, and restored to Prussia in 1814. Pop. 281,273. Cologne Earth, a kind of ochre, of a deepbrown colour, transparent, and durable in water-colour painting. It is an earthy variety of lignite or partially fossilized wood.

Cologne Yellow, a pigment consisting of 2 parts yellow chromate of lead, 1 of sulphate of lead, and 7 of sulphate of lime or gypsum. It is prepared by precipitating a mixture of nitrate of lead and nitrate of lime with sulphate of soda and chromate of potash.

Colom'bia, REPUBLIC OF, formerly called New Granada, a republic of South America, consisting of the nine departments or states of Antioquia, Bolivar, Boyacá, Cauca, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Panamá (or Istmo), Santander, and Tolima. The population in 1881 was 3,878,600. The chief towns are Bogotá, the capital; Medellin, and Panamá. The territory of the republic includes the whole of the isthmus of Panamá, to the borders of Costa Rica, the Pacific coast

- COLOMBIA.

south to Ecuador, and that of the Caribbean Sea east to Venezuela; but there is much disputed boundary territory in the inland regions towards the south and east. The area is estimated officially at 504,773 square miles, but many consider this much too large. According to surface conformation the country may be divided into the elevated region of the Cordilleras in the west, and that of the low-lying lands in the east. The former occupies the greater portion of the country, and presents a richly-diversified surface, being formed chiefly of three mountain chains which stretch north and south in a nearly parallel direction, inclosing between them the valleys of the rivers Cauca and Magdalena. These, the two great navigable rivers of the country, flow northwards, joining their waters about 120 miles from their embouchure in the Caribbean Sea. In the central ridge is the culminating point of Colombia, the volcano of Tolima, 18,315 feet high. The low lands of the east form a transitionary region between the plains of North Brazil and the llanos of the Orinoco region, the drainage being carried to the Amazon and Orinoco. The chief coast indentations are the gulfs of Panamá and Darien. The climate is naturally as varied as the surface of the country, but over a great part of the republic is very hot. At Cartagena, on the Caribbean Sea, and on the Pacific coast, yellow fever is endemic at some places; while on the elevated country, as the plain of Bogotá, 8000 feet above the sea, the climate is perfectly salubrious, and the temperature seems that of eternal spring. The flora is rich and luxuriant. A great part of the country is still covered with virgin forests, which yield excellent building-wood, Peruvian bark, caoutchouc, vanilla, &c. The fauna includes the jaguar, puma, tapir, armadillo, sloth, various species of deer, and the gigantic condor. The mineral wealth is various and abundant, though still imperfectly explored. It comprises coal, gold, silver (both now largely worked by foreign companies), emeralds, and salt. Industry is at a very low stage. Maize, bananas, and plantains are the chief articles of food. Tobacco and coffee are cultivated and exported. Sugar is also grown. Manufactures can scarcely be said to exist, Panamá hats, mats, and coarse cotton cloths being almost the only articles that can be mentioned in this class. The chief ports are Barranquilla, Carthagena, Colon (Aspinwall), and Panamá. The possession of the Isthmus of Panamá