BORDELAIS WINES marriage of Eleanor, daughter of the last Duke of Aquitaine to Henry II. of England, Bordeaux was transferred to the English crown. Under Charles VII. in 1451, it was restored again to France. Montaigne and Montesquieu were born in the neighbourhood; the latter is buried in the church of St. Bernard. Pop. 252,415. Bordelais Wines, the wines of Bordeaux and district, the name of vin de Bordeaux being generally given to the wines made in the eleven departments of the South-west of France, Gironde, Landes, Lot, Tarn et Garonne, &c., though it is in the Gironde alone that the famous growths are found. The soil of Médoc (a sandy and calcareous loam) produces such famous wines as Château-Margaux, Château - Lafitte, and Château-Latour. The wines of this country are the best which France produces. Their characteristics are fine bouquet, velvety softness on the palate, and the faculty of acting beneficially on the stomach without mounting too readily to the head. Besides the red wines of the Bordelais, known under the general name of claret, there are also white wines, of which the finest growths are Sauterne, Preignac, Barsac, &c. Bor'dentown, a manufacturing town in New Jersey, U.S., on the Delaware, 26 miles N.E. of Philadelphia. Pop. 4110. Border (or BORDERS), THE, the territory adjacent to the frontier line between England and Scotland, the scene of frequent fight and foray among neighbouring clans and families from the 11th till the end of the 17th century. The dividing line varied at different times, shifting according to the surging of the tide of war or diplomacy. At present the line consists partly of natural and partly of imaginary outlines from near the mouth of the Tweed to the Solway. Bordighera (bor-dē-gā'rà), town of N. W. Italy on the Mediterranean coast, district of San Remo, favourite winter residence for invalids. Pop. 3000. Bordone (bor-dō'nā), PARIS, Italian painter of the Venetian school, born at Treviso in 1500, died at Venice 1570. He was a pupil of Titian, and was invited to France by Francis I. whose portrait he painted, as also those of the Duke of Guise, the Cardinal of Lorraine, and others. His works are not rare in the public and private collections of Europe, his most famous picture being the Old Gondolier Presenting a Ring to the Doge, at Venice. BORGIA. tide into the estuary of a river from the sea, the inflowing water rising to a considerable height and advancing like a wall against the current. The most celebrated bores in the Old World are those of the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra. The last is said to rise to a height of 12 feet. In some rivers in Brazil it rises to the height of 12 to 16 feet. In Britain the bore is observed more especially in the Severn, Trent, Wye, and Solway. Bo'reas, the name of the north wind as personified by the Greeks and Romans. Borecole (bōr'kōl), a variety of Brassica oleracea, a cabbage with the leaves curled or wrinkled, and having no disposition to form into a hard head. Borer, a name given to the larvæ of certain insects which bore holes in trees and thus injure them. Borgerhout (bor'ger-hout), a Belgian town, forming a suburb of Antwerp, with bleaching and dyeing-works, and woollen manufactories, &c. Pop. 25,306. Borghese (bor-ga'ze), a Roman family, originally of Sienna, where it held the highest offices from the middle of the 15th century. Pope Paul V., who belonged to this family, and ascended the papal chair in 1605, loaded his relations with honours and riches. He bestowed, among other gifts, the principality of Sulmone on Marco Antonio Borghese, the son of his brother Giovanni Battista, from whom is descended the present Borghese family.-Borghese, CAMILLO PRINCE, was born in 1775, died in 1832. When the French invaded Italy he entered their service, and in 1803 he married Marie Pauline, the sister of Napoleon (born at Ajaccio 1780, died at Florence 1825). In 1806 he was created Duke of Guastalla, and was appointed governor-general of the provinces beyond the Alps. He fixed his court at Turin, and became very popular among the Piedmontese. After the abdication of Napoleon he broke up all connection with the Bonaparte family, and separated from his wife. The Borghese Palace at Rome was begun in 1590, and completed by Paul V. It contains one of the richest collections of art in the city. The Villa Borghese, a celebrated country-house just outside the Porta del Popolo, Rome, belonging to the Borghese family, also contains a valuable art collection, and the surrounding grounds are very beautiful. Borgia, CESARE (che'zȧ-re bor'jà), the Bore, or EAGRE, a sudden influx of the natural son of Pope Alexander VI., and of BORGIA a Roman lady named Vanozza, born in 1478. He was raised to the rank of cardinal in 1492, but afterwards divested himself of the office, and was made Duc de Valentinois by Louis XII. In 1499 he married a daughter of King John of Navarre, and accompanied Louis XII. to Italy. He then, at the head of a body of mercenaries, carried on a series of petty wars, made himself master of the Romagna, attempted Bologna and Florence, and had seized Urbino when Alexander VI. died, 1503. He was now attacked by a severe disease, at a moment when his whole activity and presence of mind were needed. He found means, indeed, to get the treasures of his father into his possession, and assembled his troops in Rome; but enemies rose against him on all sides, one of the most bitter of whom was the new pope, Julius II. Borgia was arrested and carried to Spain. He at length made his escape to his brother-in-law the King of Navarre, and was killed before the castle of Viana, March 12, 1507. He was charged with the murder of his elder brother, of the husband of his sister Lucretia, and the stiletto or secret poisoning was freely used against those who stood in his way. With all his crimes he was a patron of art and literature. Borgia, LUCRETIA, daughter of Pope Alexander VI., and sister of Cesare Borgia. In 1493 she was married to Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro, but after she had lived with him for four years, Alexander dissolved the marriage, and gave her to Alphonso, nephew of Alphonso II. of Naples. Two years after this new husband was assassinated by the hired ruffians of Cesare Borgia. Her third husband was Alphonso d'Este, son of the duke of Ferrara. She was accused by contemporaries of incest, poisoning, and almost every species of enormous crime; but several modern writers defend her, maintaining that the charges which have been made against her are false or much exaggerated. She was a patroness of art and literature. Born 1480, died 1523. Borgo, Ital. for 'town' or 'castle,' occurs as part of the names of many places in Italy. One of the most important is Borgo San Donnino, a cathedral city of Parma, with a pop. of 5000. Bor'gu, a district of Africa, in the Western Sudan, lying about lat. 10° N., and stretching from the meridian of Greenwich east to the Niger. Kiama and Wawa are chief towns. BORKUM. Boring, the process of perforating wood, iron, rocks, or other hard substances by means of instruments adapted for the purpose. For boring wood the tools used are auls, gimlets, augers, and bits of various kinds, the latter being applied by means of a crank-shaped instrument called a brace, or else by a lathe, transverse-handle, or drilling-machine. Boring in metal is done by drills or boring-bars revolved by boringmachines. Boring in the earth or rock for mining, geologic, or engineering purposes is effected by means of augers, drills, or jumpers, sometimes wrought by hand, but now usually by machinery driven by steam or frequently by compressed air. In ordinary mining practice a bore hole is usually commenced by digging a small pit about 6 feet deep, over which is set up a shear-legs with pulley, &c. The boring rods are from 10 to 20 feet in length, capable of being jointed together by box and screw, and having a chisel inserted at the lower end. Α lever is employed to raise the bore-rods, to which a slight twisting motion is given at each stroke, when the rock at the bottom of the hole is broken by the repeated percussion of the cutting-tool. Various methods are employed to clear out the triturated rock. The work is much quickened by the substitution of steam-power, water-power, or even horse-power for manual labour. Of the many forms of boring-machines now in use may be mentioned the diamond boringmachine, invented by Leschot, a Swiss engineer. In this the cutting-tool is of a tubular form, and receives a uniform rotatory motion, the result being the production of a cylindrical core from the rock of the same size as the inner periphery of the tube. The boring-bit is a steel thimble, about 4 inches in length, having two rows of Brazilian black diamonds firmly embedded therein, the edges projecting slightly. The diamond teeth are the only parts which come in contact with the rock, and their hardness is such that an enormous length can be bored with but little appreciable wear. Borissoff, a Russian town, gov. Minsk. Not far from it took place the disastrous passage of the Berezina by the French in 1812. Pop. 16,537. Borissoglebsk, town of Russia, gov. Tambov; active trade. Pop. 13,007. Bor'kum, a flat sandy island in the North Sea, near the coast of Hanover, off the estuary of the Ems, belonging to Prussia, a favourite resort for sea-bathing. Pop. 600. BORLASE Bor'lase, WILLIAM, English writer, born in Cornwall, 1695; died 1772; studied at Oxford, entered into orders, and became successively rector of Ludgvan and vicar of St. Just. In 1754 he published Antiquities of Cornwall, and in 1758 Natural History of Cornwall. Bor'mio, a small town of N. Italy, prov. Sondrio, with celebrated warm mineral springs. Pop. 1750. Born, BERTRAND DE, French troubadour and warrior, born about the middle of the 12th century in the castle of Born, Périgord; died about 1209. He dispossessed his brother of his estate, whose part was taken by Richard Coeur de Lion in revenge for De Born's satirical lays. Dante places him in the Inferno on account of his verses intensifying the quarrel between Henry II. and his sons. Borna, an old town of Germany, in Saxony, 15 miles s.E. of Leipzig, with some manufactures. Pop. 7350. Borneo (corrupted from Bruni or Brunei, the name of a state on its north-west coast), one of the islands of the Malay Archipelago, and the third largest in the world. It is nearly bisected by the equator, and extends from about 7° N. to 4° s. lat., and from 109° to 119° E. lon.; greatest length 780, greatest breadth, 690 miles; area 283,358 sq. miles. It is not yet well known, though our knowledge of it has been greatly increased in recent years. There are several chains of mountains ramifying through the interior, the culminating summit (13,698 ft.) being Kini-Balu, near the northern extremity. The rivers are very numerous, and several of them are navigable for a considerable distance by large vessels. There are a few small lakes. Borneo contains immense forests of teak and other trees, besides producing various dye-woods, camphor, rattans and other canes, gutta-percha and indiarubber, honey and wax, &c. Its fauna comprises the elephant, rhinoceros, tapir, leopard, buffalo, deer, monkeys (including the orang-outang), and a great variety of birds. The mineral productions consist of gold, antimony, iron, tin, quicksilver, zinc, and coal, besides diamonds. It is only portions of the land on the coast which are well cultivated. Among cultivated products are sago, gambier, pepper, rice, tobacco, &c. Edible birds'-nests and trepang are important articles of trade. The climate is not considered unhealthy. The population is estimated at about 1,700,000, comprising dence of the sultan. Since 1841 there has been a state under English rule (though not under the British crown) on the w. coast of the island, namely, Sarawak (which see), founded by Sir James Brooke, while Labuan, an island off the N.W. coast, is a British colony. Recently an English commercial company, with a charter from the British government, has acquired sovereign rights over the northern portion of the island, extending northwards from about lat. 5° 6' N. on the west, and lat. 4° 5' on the east, and including some adjacent islands. British North Borneo has an area of about 31,000 sq. miles (slightly greater than Scotland), several splendid harbours, a fertile soil, and a good climate. At present the population is sparse, and a large part of the territory The soil is beconsists of virgin forests. BORNHOLM lieved to be well adapted for coffee, sago, tapioca, sugar, tobacco, cotton, &c. Probably there are valuable mineral deposits also, gold having been already found. The chief settlement is Sandakan, the capital, on Sandakan Bay. The government is similar to that of British colonies. The revenue is from customs and excise dues, licences, &c. Birds'-nests, rattans, gutta-percha, timber, &c., are exported, the trade being chiefly with Singapore and Hong Kong. Pop. estimated at 150,000. Bornholm, a Danish island in the Baltic Sea, 24 miles long and 16 broad; pop. 35,364. It is rather rocky, and better suited for pasture than tillage. The people are chiefly engaged in agriculture and fishing; pottery ware and clocks are made. Rönne is the chief town. Bor'nu, a negro kingdom of the Central Sudan, on the w. side of Lake Chad, with an area of about 79,000 sq. miles, and a pop. estimated at 5,000,000. It is a pleasant and fruitful land, intersected by streams that enter Lake Chad, and presents a remarkable example of negro civilization, having a well-organized administration, a court and government, with all its dignities and offices. The people practise agriculture and also various arts and manufactures. They are Mohammedans. The Mai, or sultan, has an army of 30,000 men, many armed with fire-arms. Kuka, the capital (pop. 60,000), near the western shore of Lake Chad, is one of the greatest markets in Central Africa, a large trade being done in horses, the breed of which is famed throughout the Sudan. Another large town, on the shore of the lake, is Ngornu. The whole policy of the state is based on slavery. Boro Bu'dor, the ruin of a splendid Buddhist temple in Java, situated near the junction of the rivers Ello and Progo. It is a pyramid, each side measuring 600 feet at the base; and is supposed to belong to the 7th century of our era. Borodino', BATTLE OF (called also battle of the Moskwa), a sanguinary battle fought near a village of this name on the river Moskwa, 7th September, 1812, between the French under Napoleon and the Russians under Kutusoff. Each party claimed the victory. At the end of the day the Russians retreated in good order, no pursuit taking place. The French force amounted to about 150,000 men; the Russian was somewhat less; 50,000 dead and dying covered the field. BORROMEO. Boro-glyceride, a compound of boracie acid with glycerine, represented by the formula C2HBO,. It is a powerful antiseptic, and being perfectly harmless is as useful in the preservation of food as in surgery, &c. Boron (symbol B, atomic weight 11), the element from which all boracic compounds are derived, is a dark brown or green amorphous powder, which stains the skin, has no taste or odour, and is only slightly soluble in water. It also crystallizes into darkish brilliant crystals nearly as hard as diamond, which, in the form of dust, are used for polishing. It is one of the few elements which combine direct with nitrogen. Borough (bu'rō), originally a fortified town. In England, a corporate town or township; a town with a properly organized municipal government. If it sends a representative or representatives to parliament it is a parliamentary borough, if not it is only a municipal_borough. The qualifications for voters in both classes of boroughs are the same. In all boroughs a mayor is chosen annually, and a certain number of aldermen and councillors periodically, the burgesses or voters electing the councillors, and the councillors electing the mayor and aldermen. Mayor, aldermen, and councillors form the council. In the United States an incorporated town or village. Borough-English, in law, a mode of descent in some ancient boroughs and manors, in which the owner's youngest son, or his youngest brother (if he has no issue), is the heir. Evidently a custom of Saxon origin, and so named to distinguish it from the Norman customs. Borovitchi (-vich'e), a Russian town, gov. of Novgorod, on the great canal and river water-way which connects the Volga with Lake Ladoga. Pop. 9918. Borovsk, a Russian town, gov. Kaluga, with a good trade. Pop. 9659. Borrome an Islands, four small islands in Lago Maggiore, N. Italy, taking their name from the family of Borromeo. Vitelliano Borromeo in 1671 caused garden soil to be spread over them, and converted them from barren rocks into gardens. Bella, the most celebrated of the group, contains a handsome palace, with gardens laid out upon terraces rising above each other. Isola Borromeo, CARLO, COUNT, a celebrated Roman Catholic saint and cardinal, born 1538, at Arona, on Lago Maggiore, died at BORROW Milan 1584. In 1560 he was successively appointed by his uncle Pius IV. apostolical prothonotary, refendary, cardinal, and Archbishop of Milan. The re-opening and the results of the Council of Trent, so advantageous to the papal authority, were chiefly effected by the great influence of Borromeo, which was felt during the whole sitting of the council. He improved the discipline of the clergy, founded schools, libraries, hospitals, and was indefatigable in doing good. Immediately after his death miracles were said to be wrought at his tomb, and his canonization took place in 1610.-His nephew, COUNT FEDERIGO BORROMEO, also cardinal and Archbishop of Milan, equally distinguished for the sanctity of his life and the benevolence of his character, was born at Milan in 1564; and died in 1631. He is celebrated as the founder of the Ambrosian Library (which see). Bor'row, GEORGE, English writer, born 1803, died 1881. He had a passion for foreign tongues, stirring scenes, and feats of bodily prowess. He associated much with the gypsies, and acquired an exact knowledge of their language, manners, and customs. As agent of the British and Foreign Bible Society he travelled France, Germany, Russia, and the East; spent five years in Spain, and published The Gypsies in Spain (1841), and The Bible in Spain (1842), the best known of his works. Other works are Lavengro, largely autobiographical (1850), The Romany Rye (1857), Wild Wales (1862), and Dictionary of the Gypsy Language (1874). Borrowdale, a beautiful valley in the lake district of England, in Cumberland, at the head of the Derwent. Borrowing Days, the last three days of March; the popular notion being, in Scotland and some parts of England, that they were borrowed by March from April. The fiction is of great antiquity, and probably arose in the observation of a frequent wintry relapse about the end of March. Borrowstounness (popularly Bo'ness'), a town in Linlithgowshire, Scotland, with good docks and a large trade in coal, iron, timber, &c. The wall of Antonius ran through the parish of Borrowstounness, and traces of it, called Graham's Dyke, are still visible. Pop. 4449. Borsad, a town of India, Bombay Presidency, about midway between Baroda and Amedabad, and distant from each about 40 miles. Pop. 12,228. BOSCOBEL. Borsip'pa, a very ancient city of Babylonia, the site of which is marked by the ruins Birs Nimrud. Bory de Saint Vincent (bo-rē-de-sanvan-san), JEAN BAPTISTE GEORGE MARIE, French naturalist, born 1780; died 1846. About 1800-2 he visited the Canaries, Mauritius, and other African islands. He afterwards served for a time in the army, and conducted scientific expeditions to Greece and to Algiers. Chief works, Annales des Sciences Physiques (8 vols.), Voyage dans les quatre principales Iles des Mers d'Afrique; Expedition Scientifique de Morée; L'Homme, Essai zoologique sur le Genre Humain. Boryslaw (bor'i-slav), a town of Austria, in Galicia. Ozokerit and petroleum are here obtained. Pop. 9318. Borysthenes (bo-ris'the-nez), the ancient name of the Dnieper. Bosa, a seaport, west coast of Sardinia, in an unhealthy district, with a cathedral and a theological seminary. Pop. 6500. Boscan-Almogaver', JUAN, a Spanish poet, born towards the close of the 15th century; died about 1540. He was the creator of the Spanish sonnet, and, in general, distinguished himself by introducing Italian forms into Spanish poetry. Boscaw'en, HON. EDWARD, British admiral, son of the first Viscount Falmouth, was born in 1711, died 1761. He distinguished himself at Porto Bello and Cartagena, and in 1747 took part, under Anson, in the battle of Cape Finisterre. His chief exploit was a great victory in 1759 over the Toulon fleet, near the entrance of the Straits of Gibraltar. Bosch-bok (bosh'bok), the bush-buck, a name given to several South African species of antelope. See Bush-buck. Bosch-vark (bosh'värk), the bush-hog or bush-pig of South Africa (Choiropotămus africanus), one of the swine family, about 5 feet long, and with very large and strong tusks. The Kaffirs esteem its flesh as a luxury, and its tusks, arranged on a piece of string and tied round the neck, are considered great ornaments. Bos'cobel, locality in Shropshire, remarkable historically as the hiding-place of Charles II. for some days after the battle of Worcester, Sept. 3, 1651. At one time he was compelled to conceal himself among the branches of an oak in Boscobel Wood, where it is related that he could actually see the men who were in pursuit of him and |