BANKRUPTCY, power of Congress over, 10. legislation by the States, 18, 293, 294. BEARING ARMS, persons conscientiously opposed to, are excused, 478. BEASTS, police regulations regarding, 596. regulations making railway companies liable for killing, 579. BENEFITS, may be taken into account in assessments for local improvements, what may be deducted when private property is taken by the BETTERMENT LAWS, principle of, 386. are constitutional, 387. owner cannot be compelled to improve his lands, 385. not applicable to lands appropriated by the public, 389, n. BETTING ON ELECTIONS, illegality of, 615. BEVERAGES, police regulations to prevent the sale of intoxicating, 581. BILL OF RIGHTS (English), a declaratory statute, 23, 257. BILL OF RIGHTS (National), not originally inserted in Constitution, 256. reasons for omission, 256. objections to Constitution on that ground, 257-259. afterwards added by amendments, 259. BILL OF RIGHTS (State), generally found in constitution, 35. classes of provisions in, 35, 36. what prohibitions not necessary, 175. BILLS, LEGISLATIVE, constitutional provisions for three readings, 80, 81, 139, 140. (See LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE.) BILLS OF ATTAINDER, not to be passed by State legislature, 15, 33, 259. cases of such bills, 259-264. BILLS OF CREDIT, States not to emit, 15. BILLS OF PAINS AND PENALTIES, included in bills of attainder, 261. BLASPHEMY, punishment of, does not violate religious liberty, 471–476. BLASPHEMY- continued. nor the liberty of speech, 422. published in account of judicial proceedings is not privileged, 449. BOATS, ferry, licensing of, 593. speed of, on navigable waters may be regulated by States, 594. not to be affected by retrospective legislation, 378, 379, 382, n. issue of, by municipalities in aid of internal improvements, 119, BOOKS, 213-219. criticism of, how far privileged, 457. indecent, sale of, may be prohibited, 596. BOUNTIES, when earned, become vested rights, 383, 384. payment of, to soldiers by municipal corporations, 219-229. BOUNTY SUBSCRIPTIONS, by municipal corporations, how far valid, 219–229. BRIDGES, erection of, by State authority over navigable waters, 592. BUILDINGS, condemnation and forfeiture of, as nuisances, 583, 584. destruction of, to prevent spread of fires, 526, n. appropriation of, under right of eminent domain, 526. BURLESQUES, libels by means of, 423.· BY-LAWS, of municipal corporations, 198-203. must be reasonable, 200-203. must be certain, 202.. must not conflict with constitution of State or nation, 198. nor with statutes of State, 198. imposing license fees, 201. C. CALIFORNIA, legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110, n. protection of property, &c., by law of the land, 352, n. CANALS, appropriation of private property for, 533. CANDIDATES FOR OFFICE, criticism of, how far privileged, 431-441, 455. CANVASSERS, act ministerially in counting and returning votes, 622. whether they may be compelled by mandamus to perform duty, 623. CARRIERS, (See ELECTIONS.) police regulations making them liable for beasts killed, 570. police regulations making railway companies liable for killing, 579. further use of, may be prohibited when they become nuisances, 595. in England and America, 417-419, 420. CENTRALIZATION, American system the opposite of, 189. bad, of attorney, sufficient reason to exclude him from practice, 337. good, of defendant in libel suit, no defence to false publication, 466. CHARTERS, of liberty, 24, n. colonial, swept away by Revolution, 26. exceptions of Connecticut and Rhode Island, 26. municipal, do not constitute contracts, 193. control of legislature over, 192, 193. construction of, 195, 211. (See MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.) of private corporations are contracts, 279. police regulations affecting, 577-579. strict construction of, 394-396. CHASTITY, accusation of want of, not actionable per se, 423, 424. CHILDREN, control of parent, &c., over, 339, 340. obtaining possession of, by habeas corpus, 348. decree for custody of, in divorce suits, 405. CHRISTIANITY, its influence in the overthrow of slavery, 297, 298, and n. (See RELIGIOUS LIBERTY.) CHURCH ENDOWMENTS, not to be taken away by legislature, 275, n. CHURCH ESTABLISHMENTS, forbidden by State constitutions, 469. CHURCH ORGANIZATIONS, powers and control of, 467, n. CITIES AND VILLAGES, CITIZENS, who are, 11. (See MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.) of the several States, privileges and immunities of, 11, 15, 16, 391–397. jurisdiction of United States courts in respect to, 11, 12, 294. CIVIL RIGHTS, discriminations not to be made in, on account of religious beliefs, 467–470. CLASS LEGISLATION, private legislation which grants privileges, 389-397. party petitioning for, estopped from disputing validity, 390. public laws may be local in application, 390. special rules for particular occupations, 390, 393. proscription for opinion's sake unconstitutional, 390. suspensions of laws must be general, 391, 392. each individual entitled to be governed by general rules, 391, 392. equality of rights, &c., the aim of the law, 393. strict construction of special burdens and privileges, 393–397. power over, 10. COLLUSION, conviction by, no bar to new prosecution, 327, n. COLONIES, union of, before Revolution, 5. authority of the crown and parliament in, 5. Revolutionary Congress and its powers, 6, 7. controversy with the mother country, 23, 24. substitution of constitutions for charters of, 26. COLOR, not to be a disqualification for suffrage, 11, 599. COMMERCE, power of Congress to regulate, 10. State regulations valid when they do not interfere with those of Congress, (See POLICE POWER.) State taxation of subjects of, 586, 587. (See TAXATION.) in intoxicating drinks, how far State regulations may affect, 581–584. collection of information by, 135. COMMITTEES OF THE LEGISLATURE- continued. employment of eounsel before, 136. COMMON CARRIERS, police regulations regarding, 579-581. COMMON LAW, (See RAILWAY COMPANIES.) Federal courts acquire no jurisdiction from, 19, 20. what it consists in, 21. its general features, 22. modification of, by statutes, 22, 23. colonists in America claimed benefits of, 23, 24. how far in force, 23, n. evidences of, 24. decisions under, as precedents, 51, 52. gradual modification of, 54, 55. to be kept in view in construing constitutions, 60. statutes in derogation of, 61, n. not to control constitutions, 61. municipal by-laws must harmonize with, 202. rules of liability for injurious publications, 417, 422–425. modification of, by statute, 430. modification by police regulations of common-law liability of carriers, COMMON RIGHT, statutes against, said to be void, 165, n., 166, 167, n. COMPACTS BETWEEN STATES, must have consent of Congress, 15. are inviolable under United States Constitution, 275, and n.. for private property appropriated by the public, 559. (See EMINENT DOMAIN.) what the tax-payer receives as an equivalent for taxes, 498. COMPLAINTS, for purposes of search-warrant, 304. of crime how made, 309. COMPULSORY TAXATION, by municipal bodies, 231–233. CONCLUSIVENESS OF JUDGMENTS, full faith and credit to be given in each State to those of other States, 16, 17. but not in controversy with new subject-matter, 49. strangers to suit not bound by, 48. irregularities do not defeat, 409. (See JURISDICTION.) CONDITIONAL LEGISLATION, power of the States to adopt, 117. |