long sleeves, having a circular cut at the bottom; the hood is of black silk, lined with crimson.

The gown of a Bachelor of Arts is of Prince's stuff, or crape, has a full sleeve, looped up at the elbow, which terminates with a point; the head-dress is of black silk, trimmed with fur. Noblemen and Gentlemen-Commoners, who graduate as Bachelors and Masters of Arts, wear silk gowns.

Noblemen have two dresses: the first is a gown of purple damask silk, ornamented with gold lace, which is worn on publie occasions; the second is of black silk, with full sleeves, and a tippet attached to the shoulders; a square black velvet cap, with gold tassel, is worn with these dresses.

The dress gown of the Gentleman-Commoner is of black silk, richly ornamented with silk tassels; the undress gown is also of black silk, plaited at the sleeves; with both these dresses is worn a square black velvet cap, with silk tassel.

The Commoner wears a gown of black Prince's stuff, without sleeves, it has a broad strip from each shoulder, reaching to the bottom of the dress, which are gathered into plaits near the top; a square black cloth cap, with silk tassel.

A Civilian or Student in Civil Law, wears a plain black silk gown, square cloth cap, with silk tassel. Members on any foundation, who have not taken a degree, wear a plain black gown of Prince's stuff, with full sleeves, half the length of the gown, and a square black cloth cap, with silk tassel.

The Chancellor's dress-robe is of black damask silk, splendidly ornamented with gold embroidery, a lace band, and square velvet cap, with gold tassel; his undressrobe is the same as the gown of a Doctor in Divinity.

The annexed engraving is a view of the "Martyrs' Monument" in Oxford, erected in 1841, in memory of the martyred prelates, Archbishop Cranmer, and the Bishops Latimer and Ridley, who suffered near this spot. The monument is seventy-three feet in height, and is in the style of the Cross near Waltham Abbey, erected by Edward the First, in honor of his Queen Eleanor. The carved figures of the martyrs appear on the monument, with appropriate emblems. The following is the inscription seen on the north face of the basement story:

"To the glory of God, and in grateful commemoration of his servants, THOMAS CRANMER, NICHOLAS RIDLEY, HUGH LATIMER, prelates of the Church of England, who, near this spot, yielded their bodies to be burned; bearing witness to the sacred truths which they had affirmed and maintained against the errors of the Church of Rome; and rejoicing that to them it was given not only to believe in Christ, but also to suffer for his sake. This monument was erected by public subscription, in the year of our Lord God, 1841."

In St. Mary Magdalene Church, (the tower of which is seen in the engraving) is the "Martyr's Aisle," commemorative of the martyrs in its external decorations. In the sunk pannels of the buttresses are the armorial bearings of Cranmer, Ridley, and Latimer, with those of their respective sees, and into the cornice, (upon bosses of foliage,) the initials of their names-also emblematic devices, such as the hand of Cranmer, in the flames, a paten and chalice, with the wheat-ear and vine-branch, an open Bible, a fire-brand and crozier saltier; and, in like manner, the palm of triumph crossed by the fire-brand of torture. The commemorative devices on the monument are, (over Archbishop Cranmer's statue,) the pelican, allusive to the saying of Henry VIII, when he changed the Archbishop's arms from three cranes to three pelicans, "that he should be ready, as the pelican, to shed his blood for his young ones." The panel below exhibits his arms coupled with those of the see of Canterbury. In the front of the canopy, over Bishop Ridley's statue, there are two firebrands saltier with a mitre over them, and on the panel below, his family arms, with those of the see of London; in like manner, in the front of the canopy, over Bishop Latimer, there are two palm-branches saltier, overlaying a fire-brand, the whole surmounted by a crown of glory; his family arms, with those of the see of Worcester, being laid on the panel below. The three intermediate sides of the hexagon are charged respectively with the following expressive symbols on shields :-the crown of thorns and crown of glory-the sacramental cup and open bible, (two of the greatest blessings obtained for the Laity by the triumphs of the martyred Bishops,) two crossed palm-branches and two crossed firebrands: these devices in saltier being each on separate shields.*

JOHN HAMPDEN.

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JOHN HAMPDEN was born in London, in 1594, and at an early age was entered as a gentleman-commoner at Magdalene College, Oxford. After an abode of three years in that university, he took chambers in one of the inns of court, and applied diligently to the study of the law. He had made considerable progress in this and other studies, when the death of his father put him in possession of an ample estate. For

John Hampden's Signature.

* On our visit to Oxford, we were shown the Room, or Hall, where Latimer and Ridley were tried for their lives, the door of the prison in which they were confined, and the identical spot in the street, in the vicinity of the monument, where they were burned at the stake.

some time he indulged himself in the unrestrained course of life usual to country gentlemen; till at length the serious aspect of the times, and probably his personal connections, brought him to a greater strictness of conduct; still, however, without altering the cheerfulness and affability of his natural disposition. He was cousin-german, by the mother's side, to Oliver Cromwell, and with him attached himself to the party in opposition to the court. He entered into public life in 1626, as a member of the second parliament under Charles I.

About this time he married a lady of the name of Foley, then the widow of E. Knightley, Esq., of Northamptonshire. For some years, though an uniform opposer of arbitrary practices in church and state, he acted no very distinguished part in parliament. He was, however, so determinate in the cause of liberty, that he was one of those, who, in 1637, had engaged a ship to expatriate themselves to New England, rather than submit to the tyrannical proceedings of the star-chamber and ecclesiastical courts. Hume has endeavored to throw ridicule upon this resolution of the parliamentary chiefs, as being founded upon the mere desire" of enjoying lectures and discourses of any length or form which pleased them;" and asks, if from this fact "any one can doubt that the ensuing quarrel was almost entirely theological, not political?" The question, with regard to Hampden, is answered by the famous transaction in which he was engaged immediately after the prohibition of this intended emigration. This was, his resistance to the illegal demand of ship-money; concerning which action even Lord Clarendon says, that "he grew the argument of all tongues, every man inquiring who, and what he was, that durst, at his own expense and peril, support the liberty and property of the kingdom, and rescue his country, as he thought, from being made a prey to the court." It was after the declaration of the judges in favor of the king's right to levy ship-money, that Hampden refused the payment. He was prosecuted in the court of Exchequer, and he himself, with his counsel, for twelve days together, argued the case against the crown lawyers before the twelve judges. It was deci ded against him by eight of the number; but the victory, in the popular opinion, was on his side; and his reputation was raised to such a height by this noble struggle, that he thenceforth received the appellation of Patriot Hampden; a title which, so far, seems generally to be admitted to have been his just due. His temper and modesty on this great occa sion did him as much credit as his firmness and perseverance.

From this period he was a leading man in the great contest between the crown and the people; and, according to Lord Clarendon, "his power and interest were greater to do good or hurt than any man's in the kingdom, or than any man of his rank hath had in any time." He was a member of the long parliament, and was appointed to watch the king's motions in Scotland, and to treat on the part of the parliament with that nation. He was also of the committee for preparing the charge against Lord Strafford, and arranging the evidence. When a scheme took place for admitting some of the popular party into the ministry, the post of preceptor to the young prince was designed for Hampden, which seems to prove that he was esteemed for his literary talents, as well as

for the purity of his character. This intention was not brought to effect; the breach afterwards widened, and his parliamentary conduct became so obnoxious to royalty, that he was one of the five members whom, in 1640, the king so imprudently caused to be accused of high treason, and attempted in person to seize in the house. When the appeal was made to the sword, it could not be doubted which side Hampden would take. He accepted the command of a regiment of foot in the parliament army, under the Earl of Essex; but his military career only permitted him to make a brief display of the same courage in the field which he had shown in civil debate. Prince Rupert having beat up the quarters of the parliament troops near Thame, in Oxfordshire, on June 18, 1643, Hampden eagerly joined a few cavalry who were rallied in haste, and proceeded to Chalgrovefield, where the enemy faced about. The rest of the officers would have waited for a reinforcement; but Hampden persuaded them to advance. In the skirmish which ensued, he received a shot in the shoulder which broke the bone; and after suffering extreme pain for six days, his wound proved fatal on the twenty-fourth of that month. It is said that the king testified his respect for him, by sending his own physician to visit him, and offering the aid of his surgeon.

In 1843, a monument was erected to his memory on Chalgrovefield, about twelve miles from Oxford. On the northern side of the monument is the following inscription from the pen of Lord Nugent:

"Here, in this field of Chalgrove, JOHN HAMPDEN, after an able and strenuous, but unsuccessful resistance in Parliament, and before the Judges of the Land, to the measures of an arbitrary Court, first took arms, assembling the levies of the associated Counties of Buckingham and Oxford, in 1642; and here, within a few paces of this spot, he received the wound of which he died while fighting in defense of the free Monarchy and ancient liberties of England, June 18, 1643. In the two hundredth year from that day, this stone was raised in reverence to his memory."

On the west side are the arms of the Hampden family, and on the south the names of the principal subscribers to the memorial. The eastern side has a recess, in which are inserted a medallion bust of John Hampden, with his name underneath, and the family motto, "Vestigia nulla retrorsum," above.*

The above is a view of Great Hampden Church, in which the patriot's remains were interrred. It is a good specimen of an old English house of worship, consisting of a naive with side aisles and chancel. In this is a monument erected by Hampden, to the memory of his wife, with the following inscription:

"To the eternal memory of the very truly vertuous and pious ELIZABETH HAMPDEN, wife of John Hampden, of Great Hampden, Esquier, sole daughter and heir of Edward Symeon, of Pyrton, in the County of Oxon, Esqr., the tender mother of an happy offspring in (of) nine hopefull children. In her pilgrimage the staie and comfort of her neighbours, the joy and glory of a well ordered family, the delight and happiness of tender parents, but a crowne of blessings to her husband. In a wife, to all an eternal patterne of goodness and cause of joye, whilst she was in her dissolution a valuable loss to each, yet herself blesst, and they fully recompensed in a translation from a tabernacle of claye and fellowshipp of mortals to a celestial mansion and communion with a Deity, the 10 day of August, 1634. John Hampden, her sorrowful husband, in perpetual testimony of his conjugal love, hath dedicated this monument."

At the time of his funeral, such of the soldiers of the Parliament as could be spared from the several adjacent quarters of the army, were gathered together to accompany the corpse of their honored leader to his grave, in Hampden Church; they marched to the sad music of the muffled drum, and with reversed arms, through the lanes and over the hills of the Chilterns; as they conducted the body to the grave, the soldiers chanted the ninetieth psalm:

"In the morning they are like grass which groweth up: in the morning it flourisheth and groweth up; in the evening it is cut down and withereth."

On their return from the interment, they sung the forty-third psalm:

"Judge me, O God, and plead my cause against an ungodly nation: O deliver me from the deceitful and unjust man.

"Why art thou cast down, O my soul? and why art thou disquieted within me? Hope in God; for I shall yet praise Him, who is the health of my countenance and my God."