1815. During this time he produced his work on Natural Theology, and his "Sketches of Moral and Mental Philosophy." His "Evidences of the Christian Revelation" were originally published in the "Encyclopædia Britannica," under the management of Dr. Brewster. In Glasgow, his astronomical and commercial discourses, so sensible, so profound, and so Christian, proved of incalculable benefit to the moral and social improvement of his fellow citizens. His work on the civic and Christian economy of large towns is of inestimable value. In 1823 Dr. Chalmers accepted the Chair of Moral Philosophy in the New College of St. Andrew's, where he remained until 1828, when he received the appointment of Theological Professor in the University of Edinburgh.

From the period of his settlement at St. Andrew's until his removal to Edinburgh he published his works on "Endowments," and on "Political Economy," his "Bridgewater Treatise," and his "Lectures on the Romans." Altogether his published works form. twenty-five volumes: their circulation has been very large. In 1843 the Doctor resigned his Professorship in the University, and became Principal of the New College. The death of Dr. Chalmers was very sudden. He was found on the morning of the 31st ult., dead in his bed, to which he had retired the previous night, in apparent health. As the intellectual leader of the Free Church of Scotland, as an able writer and preacher, and as one of the best of good men, Dr. Chalmers leaves behind him an undying reputation. The spiritual and earthDr. Chalmers' Grave, Edinburgh in the distance. ly welfare of all men was the mainspring of his thoughts and actions. His love and care extended to every class, but his heart was chiefly with the poor of his people. He devoted his great and comprehensive powers to their enfranchisement from sin and suffering. Under his influence, virtue and happiness have become the inmates of many, many cottage homes in Scotland.

Dr. Chalmers died May 31st, 1847, and his funeral is said to have been the largest which ever took place in Scotland. He was buried in the southern cemetery near Edinburgh. A view of the place of his sepul. ture, with part of Edinburgh in the distance, is given in the engraving annexed. A writer in the London Magazine, gives the following account of Dr. Chalmers' appearance in London :

When he visited London, the hold that he took on the minds of men was unprecedented. It was a time of strong political feeling; but even that was unheeded, and all parties thronged to hear the Scottish preacher. The very best judges were not prepared for the display that they heard. Canning and Wilberforce went together, and got into a pew near the door. The elder in attendance stood close by the pew. Chalmers began in his usual unpromising way, by stating a few nearly self-evident propositions neither in the choicest language nor in the most impressive voice. "If this be all," said Canning to his companion, "it will never do." Chalmers went on -the shuffling of the congregation gradually subsided. He got into the mass of his subject; his weakness became strength, his hesitation was turned into energy; and bringing the whole volume of his mind to bear upon it, he poured forth a torrent of the most close and conclusive argument, brilliant with all the exuberance of an imagination which ranged over all nature for illustration, and yet managed and applied each of them with the same unerring dexterity, as if that single one had been the study of a whole life. The tartan beats us," said Mr. Canning; we have no preaching like that in England."

DAVID HUME, a celebrated English writer, born at Edinburgh, 26th April, 1711. He was intended, by his family, for the profession of the law, but he had greater regard for Virgil and Cicero, than for Voet and Vinnius. At last, however, he was forced from the narrowness of his fortune, to embark in a mercantile concern, at Bristol, 1734; but in a few months he quitted the place in disgust, and retired to France, determined with the most rigid economy to guide his expenditure by his income, while he devoted himself to literary pursuits. In 1742 the first part of his Essays appeared, but to support himself he was obliged to enter into the service of the marquis of Annandale, as an attendant, during the weak intervals of his lordship's intellects. He afterwards attended General St. Clair, as his secretary, on the coast of France, and in his embassy at Vienna and Turin, and after the lapse of two years he congratulated himself on being master of independence, and of £1,000, and retired to pursue his literary labors in Scotland. His Political Discourses, and his Inquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, appeared in 1752, but though he considered these works as highly finished compositions, they met with little notice from the public. In 1754 he published his portion of English history from the accession of James I to the revolution, and, though the work was disregaded by the nation, he continued his labors, and, in 1756, published another volume, which attracted some public attention, and served, as he said, to buoy up its unfortunate brother. His Natural History of Religion about this time had appeared, and though it met with few readers, yet it was attacked by Warburton. In 1759 the history of the house of Tudor was published, and, in 1761, the more early part of English history, and thus the plan was completed, and the author, though he found cavillers and opponents in consequence of the partiality of his opinons and the licentious tendency of his principles, had the satisfaction to see his work grow popular, and thus ensure him a handsome reward from the booksellers. While forming the plan of a literary seclusion from the busy world, in 1763, he was invited by lord Hertford to accompany him as secretary to his embassy at Paris, and the offer was too flattering not to be accepted. In the summer, 1765, he was left there as charge d'affaires, and soon after, on his return to Scotland, he was persuaded to become under secre

tary of state to General Conway. In 1769 he returned to Edinburgh, very opulent, as he observes, possessing a revenue of £1,000 a year, healthy, and, though somewhat striken in years, with the prospect of enjoying long his ease. In 1775 he was attacked with a disorder in his bowels, which, though at first disregarded, proved incurable, and at last fatal. He died 25th August, 1776. He has written an account of his life to the 18th April, 1776, prefixed to his works. His dialogues concerning Natural Religion appeared after his death. Though Hume pos sessed the deep research of the historian, the patience of the philosopher, and the subtleties of the metaphysician, he is to be read with caution, as his principles on religion and morality are insidiously clothed in fallacious language, and would tend to undermine the salutary doctrines which teach mankind to reverence the divinity as a beneficent creator, an omniscient governor, and a just and impartial judge.

Professor DUGALD STEWART, was the son of Dr. Stewart, of Edinburgh, and was born in the College buildings, Nov. 22, 1753. At the early age of nineteen he taught his father's mathematical classes, and in two years was appointed his assistant and successor. He was one of the most popular of all lecturers, and greatly distinguished himself by his philosophical writings. His "Philosophy of the Human Mind" was first published in 1792. His last work, "A view of the Active and Moral Powers of Man," was published a few weeks before his death, which took place June 11th, 1828.

Dr. WILLIAM ROBERTSON, a celebrated historian, born in Scotland, 1621. He was educated at Edinburgh university, and from his earliest years evinced the most laudable application, and the strongest wishes of distinguishing himself in literature. His first and greatest work, the History of Charles V, was followed by the History of Scotland, in which he labored earnestly to vindicate the character of the unfortunte Mary. His next work was the History of America, which is unfinished, and afterwards he published a disquisition concerning India. These popular compositions did not pass to the perusal of the public unrewarded. The author was made principal of the University of Edinburgh, historiographer to the King for Scotland, one of his Majesty's chaplains for Scotland, and one of the ministers of the Old Gray Friars church, Edinburgh, and he might have risen to higher honors if he had been willing to remove from Scotland into the English church. As a preacher, zealous, active, and pious, he acquired no less fame than as an elegant, well-informed, and luminous historian. His learning and abilities have conferred immortal honor, not only on the university over which he presided with such dignity, but on the whole kingdom; and the History of Charles V will be read to the latest times with increasing approbation. This worthy man left two sons and three daughters, and died universally and most deservedly esteemed, at Grange-house, Edinburgh, June, 1793.

LEITH, the sea-port of Edinburgh, is distant about a mile and a-half from the center of the metropolis. It was not only the first, but, for several centuries, the only port in Scotland, traces of its existence being found in documents of the twelfth century. During its early history, few places have so often been the scene of military operations.

In 1313, all the vessels in the harbor were burned by the English, and in 1410 a similar act of vengeance was repeated. "In 1544, the town was plundered and burned, its pier destroyed, and its shipping carried off, by the Earl of Hertford, to avenge the insult which Henry VIII conceived the Scotch had offered him by refusing to betroth their young queen, Mary, to his son Prince Edward. Three years subsequent to this, it was again plundered and burned by the English, under Hertford, then Duke of Somerset, and its whole shipping, together with all that in the Forth, entirely annihilated by the English admiral, Lord Clinton. Four years after this, the town was fortified by Desse, a French General, who came over with 6,000 men to assist the Queen-Regent in suppressing the Reformation. On the completion of these fortifications, which consisted in throwing a strong and high wall, with towers at intervals, around the town, the Queen-Regent took up her residence there, and, surrounded with her countrymen, hoped to be able to maintain her authority in the kingdom. These measures, however, had only the effect of widening the breach between her and her subjects, till they finally took up arms, and besieged her in her stronghold. In October 1559, the Lords of the Congregation invested Leith with an army, but, after various ineffectual attempts to gain access to the town by scaling the walls, they were driven back with great slaughter by a desparate sally of the besieged.

In 1561, when Queen Mary came from France to take possession of the throne of her ancestors, she landed upon the pier of Leith; but of this pier no vestiges now remain. In 1650, the town was occupied by Cromwell, who exacted an assessment from the inhabitants. In 1715, the citadel was taken by a party of the adherents of the Stuart family, but, upon being threatened by the Duke of Argyle, it was speedily evacuated. George IV, upon visiting Scotland in 1822, landed at a spot a little to the North of the New Drawbridge, where an inscribed plate has been inserted in the pavement to commemorate the event.

The town "is for the most part irregularly and confusedly built, and a great portion of it is extremely filthy, crowded, and inelegant. Some parts of it, again, are the reverse of this, being spacious, cleanly, and handsome. Such are two or three of the modern streets, and various ranges of private dwellings, erected of late years on the eastern and western skirts of the town."

Leith is the most important naval station on the east coast of Scotland, and a considerable traffic is carried on at the port, the gross revenues of which average above £20,000 a year: but "it is universally admitted that the harbor, in its present state, is very inadequate to the accommodation of the trade of Edinburgh and of the Firth of Forth, especially to the important branches of steam navigation and the ferry communication between the opposite shores of the Firth." Government, in the arrangement of the affairs of the city of Edinburgh, by an Act passed in July 1838, made provisions for making extensive improvements in the harbor, a portion of which have been carried into effect. The pier, which is a fine work, forms an excellent promenade. Leith, with Musselburgh, Portobello, and Newhaven, contained, in 1851, a population of 30,919.

ROSLIN CHAPEL is situated about seven miles from Edinburgh, on the banks of the North Esk. The vale of Roslin is one of those sequestered dells. abounding with all the romantic varieties

of cliff, copsewood, and waterfall. Its Gothic Chapel is an exquisitely decorated specimen of ecclesiastical architecture, founded in 1446, by William St. Clair, Earl of Orkney, and Lord of Roslin. At the Revolution of 1688, part of it was defaced by a mob from Edinburgh, but it was repaired in the following century by General St. Clair; and a restoration of its more dilapidated parts has recently been made by the present Earl. "This building," says Mr. Britton, "may be pronounced unique, and I am confident it will be found curious, elaborate, and singularly interesting. The chapel of King's College, St. George, and Henry VII, are all conformable to the styles of the respective ages when they were erected; and these styles display a gradual advancement in lightness and profusion of ornament: but the Chapel of Roslin combines the solidity of the Norman with the minute decoratious of the latest species of the Tudor age. It is impossible to designate the architecture of this building by any given or familiar term: for the variety and eccentricity of its parts are not to be defined by any words of common acceptation." The nave is bold and lofty, inclosed, as usual, by side aisles, the pillars and arches of which display a profusion of ornament, executed in the most beautiful manner. The "Prentice' Pillar" in particular, with its finely sculptured foliage, is a piece of exquisite workmanship. It is said that the master-builder of the Chapel, being unable to execute the design of this pillar from the plans in his possession, proceeded to Rome, that he might see a column of a similar description which had been executed in that city. During his absence his apprentice proceeded with the execution of the design, and. upon the master's return, he found