Bitter Legacy: Ideology and Politics in the Arab World

Abduh activists Aflaq al-Sayyid Alawi Arab Communist parties Arab nationalism Arab nationalist Arab nationalist movement Arab political Arab society Arab unity Arab world argued Bakdash Barth Batatu Bath Beirut British century challenge Chiha Christian collapse crisis cultural defeat developed dominant Druze early economic Egypt Egyptian nationalism emerged established French Greater Lebanon groups Husri idea identity ideological movements ideology individual influence intellectual Iraq Iraqi Islamic movements leaders leadership Lebanese Lebanese nationalism Lebanon legitimacy liberal Lutfi Maronite Marxist ment Michel Aflaq middle class Middle East modern moral Musa al-Sadr Muslim Brotherhood mutasarrifiyyah Nasir nationalist movement opposition organization Ottoman Ottoman empire Palestine Palestinian petty bourgeoisie PFLP political system popular position psychological Qur'an Qutb radical reform regimes religion religious revolution revolutionary Arab nationalism rise role Sa'adeh Sadr sectarian secular Shi'a socialist Soviet sphere SSNP struggle Sunni Syrian nation thought traditional ulama upper class urban West