measured on the ground, at so many inches or fractions of an | greater or less extent, below which are found two strata imperinch per yard. The stand or support for this instrument, o, is 0. meable to water, as AA and BB, and having between them a permeable stratum м м. Suppose also, that the latter communicates with a more elevated stratum, through which rain-water passes. This water, following the natural declivity of the ground along the permeable stratum, is found below the topographical basin which we have supposed to exist, without being able to communicate with it, in consequence of the interposition of the impermeable stratum A A. But if, in the surface of the ground, we sink a shaft which goes through this stratum, then the waters, which seek always to find their level, will rise in this shaft to greater or less height, in Fountains and Artesian Wells.-Lakes, seas, fountains and rivers, are so many vessels communicating with each other, in which the waters are incessantly endeavouring to and a new level. To these may be added Artesian wells, so called because they were first discovered in the province of Artois in France. The origin of some of these wells goes back to the end of the twelfth century. At a period much earlier than that just mentioned, wells of this kind were constructed in China and Egypt. These wells are very narrow shafts sunk in the ground and of very variable depths. Their waters are generally of the nature of a continued spring or fountain. Their theory is the following: the strata of which the exterior covering of the earth is composed, are chiefly of two kinds; the one permeable to water, as sand and gravel; and the other impermeable, as clay, &c. Now, suppose that fig. 32 represents a local valley or topographical basin of LESSONS IN GREEK.-No. XIV. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Superlatwe (from super, above, beyond, and latus, carried) is in grammar applied to adjectives when they are in that form which signifies the greatest degree or amount of the quality described by them. The degree below, or an inferior degree of the quality, is called the comparative; and the simple state of the adjective is named the positive; thus sweet is the positive, sweet-er the comparative, and sweet-est the superlative. The Greek language has two forms of comparison. The first, and by far the most common, adds to the positive repos, τερα, τερον for the comparative, and τατος, τατη, τατον for the superlative; the second adds for the comparative lov, iov, or wv, ov, and for the superlative ιστος, ιστη, ιστον. The ter proportion as they communicate with a stratum of greater or less elevation. The water which supplies the Artesian wells often comes from the distance of 60 or 100 miles. Their depth varies with the localities in which they are found. The Artesian well of Grenelle in Paris, is 1,794 feet deep, and the temperature of its water is 82° Fahrenheit. It yields about 660 Imperial gallons of water per minute, being one of the most abundant in supply, and one of the deepest which have hitherto been sunk, though surpassed by that of Mondorf in Prussia, the depth of which is 2,202 feet, and the temperature of its water 93° Fahrenheit. According to the law of the increase of temperature in the terrestrial strata, it would be necessary that the depth of an Artesian well should be about 500 feet, in order that its water should be, during the whole year, of the temperature of our common baths, viz. 90° Fahrenheit, or blood-heat. damonian. Αριστείδης, ου, ό, Aristides. o or w. The connecting vowel is o when a long syllable | Ινδος, ου, o, Indian. Comparative. Superlative. Πατρις, ίδος, ή, one's mother | Κύκλωψ, ωπος, ό, Cyclops. Αγαλλω, I adorn; in the mid- The English adverb of comparison, than, is represented by η (Latin quam); thus, the son is wiser than the father, is in Greek, ὁ υἱος σοφώτερος εστιν η ὁ πατηρ. Another form of comparison drops the n, and instead, as in the previous instance, of having the same case after the n, than, as before it, puts the second noun in the genitive, as ὁ υἱος σοφώτερος του πατρός εστιν. Positive. κουφ-ος, light κουφ-ο-τερος, lighter κουφ-ο-τατος, lightest ισχυρος, strong ισχυρ-ο-τερος,stronger ισχυρ-ο-τατος, strongest λεπτος, thin λεπτ-ο-τερος, thinner λεπτ-ο-τατος, thinnest σοφος, wise σοφ-ω-τερος, wiser σοφ-ω-τατος, wisest εχύρος, secure εχθρ-ω-τερος, securer εχρ-ω-τατος, securest Contracted words in εος, οὖς, and oος, οὓς, undergo contractions also in the comparative and superlative; the former Αριστείδης πτωχίστατος ην, αλλα δικαιοτατος. Οἱ Κύκλωπες blend e and w into w, the latter assume the connecting syllable | βιαιοτατοι ησαν. Καλλιας πλουσιώτατος ην Αθηναίων. Ουδεν εσ, and blend it with the foregoing o; thus Here belong also contracted adjectives of two terminations in oυs and ουν, as ευ-νοος, ευ-νους (well disposed), εν-νοον, ευ-νουν; comparative, ευνο-εσ-τερος, ευ-νουσ-τερος; superlar tive, ευνο-εσ-τατος, ευ-νουσ-τατος. The ensuing four adjectives in αιος, namely, γεραιος, old; παλαιος, of old, ancient ; περαιος, belonging to the other side (of the river); σχολαιος, idle; take the endings τερος and τατος, without any connecting vowel, as δ. γεραι- τατος. Ρ. γεραι-ος. The following eight adjectives in os, namely ενδιος, fair (weather), ήσυχος (ὁ and ἡ), quiet, ισος, like, παραπλησιος, similar, ορθριος, early (in the morning), οψιος, late, πρωιος, in the dawn, append the connecting syllable a to the stem, so that the comparative and superlative exactly correspond to the forms of the preceding, as Ρ. μεσ-ος. Two adjectives in os, namely ερρωμενος, strong, and ακρᾶτος, mmized, append the connecting syllable εσ to the stem, as ερρωμεν-εσότερος, ερρωμενεσ-τατος, ακρατέστερος, ακρατεστατος. 5ο αιδοιος, α, ον, modest, has in the superlative αιδοι C. μεσ-αι-τερος. δ. μεσ-αι-τατος. εστατος. The following four adjectives in oc, namely λαλος, talkative, μονοφαγος, eating alone, οψοφαγος, fond of good eating, and πτωχος, poor, begging ; take us for their connecting syllable, ας λαλ-ος, λαλ-ισ-τερος, λαλ-ισ-τατος. Adjectives in ης (g. ου), after dropping the ης, take the connecting syllable σ, as Ρ. κλεπτης, thievish. C. κλεπτ-ισοτερος. 5. κλεπταισ-τατος, So also one in ηs of the third declension, namely, ψευδης, ες (g. εος, ους), false, makes ψευδιστερος, ψευδέστατος. EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH. σιωπης εστι χρησιμωτερον. Σιγη ποτ' εστιν αἱρετώτερα λόγου. εἰσιν. ENGLISH-GREEK. Ω Βαθύς, εια, υ, deep. [some. Βαρύς, εια, υ, heavy, burdenΠρέσβης, (the only cases besides the nom. are acc. πρεσβυν, and voc. πρεσβυ; in the plur. oεoßetc), old,| an old man. Devç, ɛtα, v, swift. Aoderng, ec, powerless, weak. Ευσεβης, ες, pious, EXERCISES. Arvxia, aç, n, misfortune. 'Hẞn, ng, n, youth. ness, zeal. Kotzias, ov, d, Critias. Παρέρχομαι, I paes by. GREEK-ENGLISH. νους, Δίψα, ὡς νόημα, παρέρχεται ήβη, οὐδ ̓ ἱππων ὁρμη γίγνεται ωκυτέρα. Το γηρας βαρύτερον εστιν Αιτνης. Ο θάνατος τῳ βαθυτατῳ ὕπνῳ παραπλησιωτατος εστιν. Οἱ νέοι τοις των Oi Sold at Liverpool, by the agency of Thomas Jones, Net 8580lbs at 6d. per lb. 18th. £20 0 0 ... £232 7 6 5 16 2 £226 11 πρεσβυτέρων επαινοις χαιρουσιν. Φιλιας δικαίας κτησις εστιν Drew out of the London and Westminster Bank £190 0 0 ασφαλέστατη. Η μεσότης εν πασιν ασφαλέστερα εστιν. 18th, Βουλης ορθής ουδεν εστιν γεροντες ασθενεστεροι εισι των νεων. Σwкрaτηg εyrρa- Paid Osmond and Co., of London, ασφαλεστερον. Οἱ κορακες μελαντατοι εισιν. For Cotton bought of them on the 4th inst. Εν ταις ατυχίαις πολλακις τέστατος ην και σωφρονέστατος. 20th. Old age is very burdensome. Nothing is swifter than thought. No bird is blacker than the raven. Moderation is the safest. The boy is swift, the man is swifter, the horse is swiftest. The horse is swifter than the man; the man is swifter than The the boy. Youth is more attractive than old age. No one of the Athenians was Ethiopians are very black. more self-controlled than Socrates. Critics was more given to plunder (robbing) than Alexander. Nothing is more pleasing than beautiful flowers. Drew out of the London and Westminster Bank £290 0 0 24th. Paid Bill No. 1, drawn by Osmond and Co. 25th. Received of Lloyd and Co., of Liverpool, The following remittances in Bills, £288 3 4 No. 2, drawn on Warwick and Co., due May 15th £120 10 0 25th. 25th 102 19 10 3 Drew out of the London and Westminster Bank £238 17 4 25th. Paid the East India Company, £330 0 0 The remaining moiety of the amount due for Cotton £330 16 0 Deposited in the London and Westminster Bank £180 0 0 Deposited in the London and Westminster Bank £100 0 0 128 May 31st. June 21st. Received of Perkins and Co., London, 4 Bills, viz., 16 Russell and Co. Payne and Co. 18 Alexander and Co. 28th 0 26th. June 1st. Sold to Powell and Co., of Manchester, 24 bags of Demerara Cotton (on credit) Net 7362lbs. at 10d. per lb. Incidental expenses 3rd. 0 Received in Cash for Bill No. 13, Wagnall and Co. £100 00 Received in Cash for Bill No. 5, Baring and Co. £36 0 3rd. Drew out of the London and Westminster Bank Deposited in the London and Westminster Bank. £100 00 £100 0 0 Deposited in the London and Wes m ster Bank £250 0 0 Deposited in the London and Westminster Bank £200 0 0 fifteen or twenty drops of liquor potasse to about a wine-glassful B is the bottle in which the arseniuretted hydrogen gas is to e generated by mixing together zinc, dilute sulphuric acid, and liquor arsenicalis; t the tobacco-pipe shank, and f the flame which the products of combustion (water and arsenical fumes) produced by the burning gas; T is a thin bent glass tube, through pass into the Florence flask F. The tube bends downwards in the By this arrangement most of the arsenic enters the bent tube in flask until it nearly touches, but not quite, the potash solution. the state of arsenious acid, passes along the tube, comes in contact with the potash solution, and is by the latter eventually absorbed. £40 0 0 During the progress of the operation it will be well, from time to time, to agitate the Florence flask in order to facilitate absorp tion of the gas. Received in Cash for Bill No. 12, Baring and Co., £41 5 2 The student must not imagine that by the arrangement of |