which floats above, boil the precipitate with a mixture of ' water, containing a few drops of muriatic acid, decant the liquid, finally wash with water and dry. I will show you now how to dry a closed tube or a bottle or flask, neither of which is so simple an operation as you may think. For certain reasons, which I need not explain in this place, the amount of heat that you may employ without prejudice to your result is very trifling. Without danger of any bad consequences, however, the tube may be thoroughly warmed before a fire. Being warm, insert a tube thus, fig. No. 2, and exhaust the air with the mouth, by which means all the mois ture will be gradually removed. Mere blowing will not do, inasmuch as the breath contains moisture. The exhaustion might in this case be performed, without prejudice to health, by the lungs; but in many other cases the vapour might be injurious; it is well therefore to be always on the guard against contingencies, and get into the habit of performing exhaustion by the mouth and cheeks, not bringing the lungs into play. When the tube and its contents have become thoroughly dry, proceed as follows, fig. No. 3. Fig. No 3, Holding the tube by means of a paper handle in a spiritlamp flame, at about the angle of 45, apply heat until an incrustation takes place in the tube somewhere about the position b. Now what, think you, this incrustation is? Rub it with the end of a stick, and remark what follows. The crust disappears and a number of liquid metallic globules become evident; sometimes indeed they appear at a stage of the operation much anterior to this. These globules are of mercury, they are metallic quicksilver. This fact is quite evident, then, our protomuriate of tin has taken away, either directly or indirectly, all the chloride from the bichloride of mercury. The reason of this change will be most easily rendered apparent by means of a diagram, and in reference to this diagram let me premise that, just as we are allowed to call a solution of protochloride of tin, protomuriate of oxide of tin, so may we also call a solution of bichloride of mercury, bimuriate of oxide of mercury. We will frame our diagram in accordance with this assumption. LESSONS IN GERMAN-No. LXXIX. $93. OBSERVATIONS ON THE PARADIGM. (1) An inspection of the preceding Paradigm will show, that the separation of the prefix from the radical part of the verb takes place in the Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Infinitive, (when preceded by zu,) and the Perfect Participle. In the Indicative and Subjunctive, however, the separation is not made, when, in dependent sentences, the verb is placed at the end of a clause or period: thus, als tie Senne tiefen Morgen aufging, se verschwant ter Nebel, when the sun rose (aufging) this morning, the fog disappeared. 2) In regard to the position of the particle when separated, perative, it stands after the radical; often, also, after the several it must be noted that, in the Indicative, Subjunctive, and Imwords dependent upon it: thus, ich fange das Buch an, (where an belonging to fange, comes after the object), I begin the book. (3) In the Infinitive and the Perfect Participle, on the contrary, the particle comes before the radical: being separated from it, in the Infinitive, by u, (when that preposition is emPermuriate of ployed), and, in the Participle, by the augment gc, which is Peroxide of peculiar to that part of the verb: thus, anzufangen, (an+zu+fangen) Tin to begin; to commence; vergestelit, (ver+ge+stellt) placed before one; represented. is deposited The preceding diagram demonstrates the changes which ensue on the assumption, that the two respective chlorides become muriates or hydrochlorates on solution; the following diagram demonstrates the changes on the assumption that the two respective chlorides dissolve as such. In this case the final result will be arrived at by the occurrence of the following decomposition. (4) It remains to be added, that particles, when separated from the radicals, receive the full or principal accent; and that the radicals (if verbs) have the same form of conjugation, old or new, regular or irregular, as when employed without prefixes. $94. INSEPARABLE PREFIXES. The Prefixes of this class, as the name implies, are always found in close union with their radicals. They allow not even the augment syllable ge, in the Perfect Participle, to intervene, but reject it altogether: from this, however, must be excepted the case of the Prefix miß, which, in a few instances, allows the augment ge to be prefixed; thus, (from misteuten, to misinterpret) we have, in the Perfect Participle, gemipreutet; as Klagen, to moan. Streuen, to strew. Folgen, to follow. Arbeiten, to labour Lachen, to laugh. Flügel, a wing. Glud happiness. Frei, free. Beklagen, to bemoan. Bestreuen, to bestrew. Vefelgen, to follow after, i.e. to obey. Beflügeln, to furnish with wings. In some instances, it is merely euphonic. (2) Emp and ent. &my is, probably, only another form of ent: occurring, however, only in three verbs (empfinden, to feel; empfangen, to receive; empfehlen, to recommend); and bearing a sense but remotely related to its original. The prime and predominant power of ent, is that of indicating separation, departure, privation. In some instances it has the kindred sense of approach or transition from one point or condition towards another. Examples. Ent is sometimes, also, merely intensive or euphonic: as, entleeren, (from leer, empty), to empty out. (3) Gr and ver. Er, as a general rule, conveys the idea expressed by the word connected with it; as, erbitten, to get, of getting or gaining for some one, by means of that which is or try to get, by begging. It finds its exact opposite in vcr: which marks what is against or away from some one's interest or benefit; as, verbitten, to beg off, to decline. The force and use of these particles are best illustrated by examples. Baten to bathe. Finten, to find. Stehen, to stand. Sagen, to say or speak. Erbaten, to get or gain by bath. UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.-No. V. (Continued from page 209.) Wednesday, July 6.-Afternoon, 3 to 6. 1. Describe the chemical properties of the atmosphere, referring particularly to the nature and proportion of its constituent gases and the uses of each in the economy of nature. 2. What are the products of the combustion of metals, of hydrogen, and of ordinary carbonaceous fuel, in atmospheric air? Explain the nomenclature of oxides. 3. Give the chemical formulæ and equivalents of the following compounds :-water, nitric acid, ammonia, carbonic acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid, chloric and hydrochloric acids. 4. How is chlorine gas prepared? Mention the remarkable compounds into which that element enters as a constituent. 5. What are the products of the action of diluted sulphuric acid upon the metals zinc and iron? How is the solution of zinc affected by bringing copper or platinum into contact with | librium of a lever. Is this condition independent of the weight that metal in the acid? 6. Give an account of the composition and properties of the alkali potassa. 7. What are the earthy salts which occasion the hardness of water? 8. What takes place in the slaking of quicklime with water, and in the setting of plaster of Paris? 9. How is the metal iron prepared from the argillaceous bonate of iron, the most common ore of that metal ? of the lever? A uniform lever is 12 inches long, find where the fulcrum must be placed so that a weight of 70 ounces at one end shall balance 50 ounces at the other (1) when the lever is without weight, (2) when it weighs 30 ounces. 3. What is understood by obtaining a mechanical advantage? In a single fixed pulley, is any mechanical advantage obtained? car-lift by means of a single fixed pulley? In a single movable What is the greatest weight a man standing on the ground can pulley with the strings parallel, state the condition of equilibrium. If the strings be not parallel, will it require more or less power to support the same weight? 10. What are the acid solvents of mercury, silver, gold, and platinum? 11. What is the cause of the liquefaction of ice, and of the conversion of water into steam? equal to them, of the other. How may this proposition be proved, when the triangles are on different sides of the common base? 5. To draw a straight line perpendicular to a given straight line of unlimited length, from a given point without it. 6. If a straight line fall upon two parallel straight lines, show that it will make the alternate angles equal to one another; and the exterior angle equal to the interior and opposite upon the same side; and likewise the two interior angles upon the same side together equal to two right angles. Discuss Euclid's twelfth axiom. Is it necessary that some positive property of parallel lines should be assumed as an axiom, on which reasonings on such lines may be founded? 7. Equal triangles upon the same base, and upon the same side of it, are between the same parallels. Hence show that a triangle may be bisected by a line drawn rom any point in one of its sides. 8. To describe a parallelogram equal to a given rectilineal figure, and having an angle equal to a given rectilineal angle. 9. In any right-angled triangle, the square which is described upon the side subtending the right angle, is equal to the squares described upon the sides which contain the right angle. 10. Find a point within a given triangle, from which lines drawn to the several angular points will divide the triangle into three equal parts. Thursday, July 7.-Afternoon, 3 to 6. 4. How is velocity estimated (1) when uniform, (2) when variable? How is uniform force' numerically measured? Is gravity a uniform force? If gravity be measured by 32.2 feet, find the space a body will fall through in one second from rest find the velocity it will acquire in 50 seconds; find also the space it falls through in four seconds and a half. 5. State the third law of motion; mention any experiments that support the truth of this law. What is understood by the momentum of a body? How is moving force estimated? If a weight of 100 lbs. fall freely, and a weight of 200 lbs. slide down a smooth plane inclined at an angle of 30° to the horizon, compare the moving forces. 6. Define a fluid; distinguish between compressible and incompressible fluids. Why is water considered generally in hydrostatical problems as incompressible? great one? How is it shown that by the transmission of fluid pressure, any very small force may be in equilibrium with any very gravities of solid bodies, what advantages has a liquid (water) 7. Define specific gravity; in determining the specific as the medium of comparison? Show how to determine the specific gravity of a lump of heavy metal. 8. Describe the construction and action of the common barometer; supposing the vacuum at the top of the tube perfect, would the mercury be actually supported in the tube if the open end were not inverted in a cup of mercury? In ascending a mountain, does the mercury in the barometer rise or fall? 9. How is a ray of light represented geometrically? What is understood by a pencil of rays? Explain the reflexion of light, and trace the position of the images of a point placed between two plane mirrors parallel to each other, Friday, July 8.-Morning, 10 to 1. LATIN. (Examiner, Dr. WILLIAM SMITH.) (A.)—“A.” inquit "ille Virginius, quia in Capitolio non fuit, minus supplicii (1) quam Ap. Herdonius meruit? Plus hercule aliquanto, qui vere rem æstimare velit. Herdonius, si nihil aliud (2), hostem se fatendo (3) prope denuntiavit ut arma caperetis (4): hic negando bella esse arma vobis (5) ademit, nudosque servis vestris et exsulibus objecit. Et vos (C. Capitolinum signa intulistis quam hos hostes de foro tolleretis? Claudii pace et P. Valerii mortui loquar) prius in clivum Pudet deorum hominumque (6). Cum hostes in arce, in Capitolio essent, exsulum et servorum dux profanatis omnibus in cella Jovis optimi maximi habitaret. Tusculi (7)_ ante quam Romæ sumpta sunt arma. In dubio fuit utrum L. Mamilius NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.-(Examiners, G. B. JERRARD, Esq., Tusculanus dux an P. Valerius et C. Claudius consules Roma and Rev. Prof. HEAVISIDE.) nam arcem liberarent (8): et qui ante Latinos ne pro se quidem ipsis, cum in finibus hostem haberent, attingere arma passi sumus, nunc, nisi Latini sua sponte arma sumpsissent, capti et deleti eramus (9). Hoc est, tribuni, auxilium plebi ferre, inermem eam hostí trucidandam objicere? Scilicet st quis vobis (10) humillimus homo de vestra plebe, quam partem velut abruptam a cetero populo vestram patriam peculiaremque rem publicam fecistis, si quis ex his domum suam obsessam a familia armata nuntiaret, ferendum auxilium putaretis (11). Jupiter optimus maximus exsulum atque servorum septus armis nulla humana ope dignus erat? et hi postulant ut sacro2. Define a lever. Express generally the condition of equisancti habeantur, quibus ipsi dii neque sacri neque sancti suntį 1. Define force. Explain the advantage of representing forces by geometrical lines, and show the propriety of doing so. When two forces act upon a particle, what must be the magnitude and direction of a third force acting upon the same particle to keep it at rest? Will two forces acting in one plane always have a single resultant? Find the resultant of two equal forces acting on a point at an angle of 120o. At enim divinis humanisque obruti sceleribus legem vos hoc anno perlaturos dictitatis. Tum hercule illo die, quo ego consul sum creatus, male gesta res publica est, pejus multo quam eum P. Valerius consul periit, si tuleritis."-Livy. Book III. chap. 19. Explain fully the construction of all the words to which numerals are attached in the preceding passage. (B.)-Ad clades ab hostibus acceptas duo nefanda facinora decemviri belli domique adjiciunt. L. Siccium in Sabinis, per invidiam decemyiralem tribunorum creandorum secessionisque mentiones ad vulgus militum sermonibus occultis serentem, prosqeculatum ad locum castris capiendum mittunt. Datur negotium militibus, quos miserant expeditionis ejus comites, ut eum opportuno adorti loco interficerent. Haud inultum interfecere: nam circa repugnantem aliquot insidiatores cecidere, cum ipse se prævalidus, pari viribus animo, circumventus tutaretur. Nuntiant in castra ceteri præcipitatum in insidias esse Siccium egregie pugnantem, militisque quosdam cum eo amissos. Frimo fides nuntiantibus fuit. Profecta deinde cohore ad sepeliendos qui ceciderant, decemvirorum permissu, postquam nullum spoliatum ibi corpus Sicciumque in medio jacentem armatumque, omnibus in eum versis corporibus, videre, hostium neque corpus ullum nec vestigia abeuntium, profecto ab suis interfectum memorantes rettulere corpus. Invidiæque plena castra erant, et Romam ferri protinus Siccium placebat, ni decemviri funus militare ei pubiica impensa facere maturassent. Sepultus ingenti militum mæstitia, pessima decemvirorum in vulgus fama est.-Livy. Book III. chap. 43. 1. Name the voice, tense, and mood of the following verbs, and the present tense of each :---desideret, inchoastis, perculit, expulerat, assereret, faverit, arcessi, decresse, accendisset, pateretur. 2. Name the principal parts (i.e. the present infinitive, preterperfect indicative, and past participle) of the following verbs--abstraho, adorior, adimo, progredior, pergo, spondeo, prehendo, quiesco, queror, sino. 3. Decline the following nouns :-iter, bos, senex, vis, jusjurandum. 4 Name the distributive numerals from one to ten inclu 5. Give the exact meaning of the pronominal adverbs :—hic, hac, hine, hac. 6. Give the etymology of the following words :-insidie, magister, integer, effrenatus, expeditus, iniquus. 7. Draw a map of Italy, showing its political divisions in the last century of the republic. 8. Give the dates of the following events:-the battle of Zama, the capture of Corinth, the death of Tib. Gracchus, the death of Julius Cæsar. 9. Give a brief account of the internal history of Rome from the expulsion of the kings to the legislation of the decemvirs. 10. Translate into Latin :- (a) If I see him, I will tell him. (5.) This prevented me from seeing my brother. (c.) The enemy sent ambassadors to say that they surrendered everything to the consul. (d.) The chief knew that those things were true, and no one received more pain from his conduct (ex eo) than himself, (e.) The chief said he knew that those things were true, and no one received [he said] more pain from his conduct than himself. (1.) You must consider what you are to do, whether you will be at Rome, or along with me in some secure place. Friday, July 8.- Afternoon, 2 to 5, ENGLISH LANGUAGE,-(Examiner, Mr. BURCHAM.) 1. Who were the Angles, and what was their relation to the Saxons? Mention the chief Anglo-Norman elements of the English Language. 2. State the languages from which the following words were introduced into the English:-flannel, jerked, hammock, chapman, holme, holt, apparatus, plaid, street, muslin. 3. Give a list of words in the English which seem to be vernacular though they have a foreign origin. How do you account for the introduction of such words? 4. What is the grammatical distinction between gender and sex?" We may consider such substantives to have been considered as masculine, which were conspicuous for the attributes of imparting or communicating; or which were by nature active, strong, and efficacious, and that indiscriminately, whether to good or to ill; or which had claim to eminence either laudable or otherwise." Give instances from languages to which the above theory is applicable or otherwise. 5. Determine the meaning of compound words by the order in which their components occur, and give examples. 6. "In certain words of more than one syllable it is difficult to say to which syllable an intervening consonant belongs." How do you solve the question? formed? What division has there been made of verbs and 7. In what different modes is the perfect tense of the English tenses in consequence of this difference of formation? How do you account for the fact that a great number of verbs in one of these divisions has a double form of the perfect? 8. What is the origin of the word own in the phrase to own to a thing? Explain and account for the phrases-this will doit did for him-mind and do this-he minded his business. 9. What words may be called significant by themselves, and what significant by relation? Classify the words in the following passage according to this distinction The man that hath no music in himself, And is not moved with concord of sweet sounds, 10. "As words follow the nature and genius of things, such substances admit of number as denote genera or species, while those which denote individuals, in strictness, admit it not." Explain the above passage, and enumerate the causes from which individual or proper names have been made plural. 11. What is the reason that in the English and most languages the pronoun of the third person has its genders, while the pronouns of the first and second have none at all? 12. Give a rule for distinguishing between the genuine pronoun and the genuine article. Why did the old grammarians call the relative pronoun-vжоTAKTIKòv appov-the subjunctive article? οίτινες αίτινες άτινα, οι άττα ώντινων (rarely ώτων) οἷστισι (rarely ὁτοις), οἷστισι ούστινας, ἀστινας, άτινα, οι άττα G.D. οντινοιν, αίντιναιν. Dual, Ν.Α. ότινε, ἅτινε, The interrogative pronouns, such as ποιος, of what kind ποσος, how great? ποτερος, which (of two) in becoming indefinite and dependent, take ὁ before them thus : όποιος, of whatever kind; όποσος, of whatever magnitude, ὁπότερος, whichever The negative compounds of ris, namely ουτις, ούτι, μητις, μητι, no one, nothing, follow the simple τis, thus : ούτις, ούτινος, ουτινι, ουτινα, ουτι, ουτίνες, ουτινα, Re. γνώμη Ει Ο ανηρ οὗτος (οι οὗτος ὁ ανηρ) αγαθός εστιν. Η αὕτη (οτ αὕτη ἡ γνωμη) δικαια εστιν. Η γυνη ήδε (οι ήδε ή γυνη) καλη εστιν. Ο ανήρ εκείνος (or εκείνος ὁ ανήρ) βασιλευς εστιν. Ο βασιλευς αυτος (or αυτος ὁ βασιλεὺς) στρατηγος εστιν. Φερε αυτό, ω παι, την κλειν. Ενιοι περί των αυτών της αυτής ήμερας ου ταύτα γιγνωσκουσιν. Το λέγειν και το πράττειν ου ταύτον εστιν. Ταῦτα τα ῥοδα, ά θάλλει εν τῳ κηπῳ, καλά εστιν. Σοφον τι χρήμα ὁ άνθρωπος εστιν. φιλίαν του (for τινος) διώκεις, τον τρόπον αυτου εξεταζε. Τίς γράφει ταυτην την επιστολήν; Λέγε μοι όστις ταύτην την επιστολήν γράφει. Ων (by attraction for &) έχεις, τούτων άλλοις παρέχου (communicate to others (some) of those things which you have). Ολβιος εστιν ᾧ παιδες φίλοι εισιν. Εκείνος ολβίωτατος, οτῳ (for φτινι) μηδέν κακόν εστιν. Τί φροντίζεις ; Ου λέγω ὁ τι φροντίζω. Οἷον το έθος ἑκάστου, τοιουτος ὁ βιος. Τίς εστιν εκείνη ἡ γυνή; Λέγε μοι, ήτις εστιν εκείνη ή γυνη. There are some things in this exercise on which a few words First advert to an exemplification of an seem desirable. enclitic, as seen in the words σοφον τι : τι is here an instance of an enclitic; first observe it comes after σοφον, and then observe that it is so connected with it as that the two are pronounced together, almost or quite as if they were one word, thus σοφοντι. In consequence of this, τι receives the name of enclitic; and for the same reason, losing its own accent, it throws it back on the preceding word, thus, σοφόν τι ; so in the Latin, sapiensque. You see, in these exercises, the free use made by the classic Greeks of the article: thus they say ὁ ανηρ οὗτος, ἡ γυνη εκείνη, οὗτος ὁ παις, τούτο το πραγμα (or το πραγμα τούτο), that is, the woman this, or this the woman, for this woman; some times, as when emphasis is sought, we have such a construction as the following, ὁ ανηρ ὁ ούτος, the man, the this. The difference between the interrogative and indeterminate | pronouns is exemplified in two or three examples in the last exercise, thus: Interrogative, τίς γράφει ταυτην την επιστολήν ; The direct interrogative 7g passes in the second sen. tence into the indirect interrogative, or the dependent and indefinite όστις : take another instance Direct Interrogative, τί φροντίζεις, What are you caring for? Indirect Interrogative, ου λέγω ό τι φροντίζω, I tell thee) not what I am caring for. ENGLISH-GREEK, The These men are good. Those opinions are just. children of this woman are beautiful. Those roses are beautiful. The father himself writes the letter. His son (the son of him) is wise. His daughter is beautiful. I admire those beautiful roses, bring them to me. The children of the same parents are often different. This rose which blooms in the garden is beautiful. Virtue is something beautiful. What sider (φροντίζω) what friendship is. do they concern themselves about? (φροντίζω). They conWhat is more beautiful than virtue ? CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS. are such as express a mutual relation one to another, as is exemplified in the words-how much ? so much; this kind, that kind, &c. They may be arranged under the heads of interrogative, indefinite, demonstrative, relative and depend ent pronouns. Thus, πόσος, hoto much? (Latin, quartus?) asks a question which is answered by τοσος, so much (tantus) ; πόσος may also signify of some size (aliquantus), and so become indefinite; and if we wish to say "I know not how much," wemploy όσος οι ύποσος, and so call into use a relative and dependent form, The enclitic ye is appended to the personal pronouns of the first and second person, so as to give force and prominence to the word, us εγωγε, έμοιγε, έμοιγε, εμεγε, συγε, &c. It is almost impossible to give an English equivalent for γε, for by this, as well as by other particles, the Greeks expressed shades of meaning to which we have no counterparts; γε, however, may be approximatively rendered by at least, or but. The particles δη, δηποτε, and our are added to the interrogative and indefinite pronouns, as well as to οσος, in order to generalise their application, that is, to make them apply to everything included in the idea they convey, having a force similar to our ever, soever, &c, as in whatsoever, whosoever, how much soever, &c. ; e. g. όστις δη, ὅστιςδηποτε, όστιςουν, ήτιςουν, ὁτιουν, whoever, whosoever, whosoever it may be, &c. (Latin, quicunque); genitive, οὑτινοσουν οι ὁτουουν, ἡστινoςουν ; dative, φτινιουν οι ότῳουν, &c.; so also, όποσοςδη, όποσοςουν, ὁποσοςδήποτε, how greater soever (Lat. quantuscumque); genitive, ὁποσούδη ὁποσηςδη, ὁποσουουν, ὁποσηςουν, όποσουδήποτε, όποσηςδήποτε. The enclitic Ep is subjoined to relatives, in order to raise the relative import into a demonstrative, as όςπερ, ήπερ, όπερ, who indeed, so όσοςπερ, οίος περ ; also, όθιπερ and όθενπερ. The inseparable demonstrativum, demonstrative iota, is affixed to demonstratives as well as to some adverbs, to augment the demonstrative force, being equivalent to our |