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by evaporation Pour the solution now into a wine-glass, and
proceed as follows:-
Into the Florence flask put about half an ounce of the
sulphuret of iron, broken small (about the size of peas); add
a mixture of six parts by measure of water, and one part by
measure of oil of vitriol; quickly replace the cork of the
Florence flask, and dip the end of the glass tube into the
vessel containing the zinc solution. From the contents of the
Florence flask a very offensive, but at the same time a very
useful gas will pass;-it is called sulphuretted hydrogen, or
hydro-sulphuric acid. The general disposition of the appa-
ratus is represented in the accompanying wood-cut, fig. 9.

Fig. 9.

of the zinc has been effected, is a very offensive gas. It is, than the gas itself, and sufficient for many purposes. Before, however, soluble in water, which solution is less offensive therefore, disposing of our apparatus, let us make a solution. rubber, supply a clean glass tube in its place, and proceed as Begin by taking out the terminal glass tube from the India follows:

Fig. 11.

Observe now the result. The zinc solution immediately deposits a white powder, and no other metal, except zinc, would, under the conditions of our experiment, have deposited a white powder. Thus arises a most important addition to our knowledge concerning zinc. To obtain this white powder, which is called sulphuret of zinc, being a compound of sulphur and zine,-to obtain this white compound, I say, is the object to which all our care and attention have been directed-all our cork-boring, and furnace-making energies, brought into play. Perhaps some chemical beginner may think the result hardly justifies the trouble with which it has been achieved. Not so; the result is all important, as will soon be perceived. One instance of its importance, slightly anticipating another part of our subject, I will now give.

Zinc is readily thrown down out of its solution in oil of vitriol and water, by transmitting through it a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, as we have seen. Most other metals are also capable of being thrown down by this gas, but iron is one of a few exceptions. Hence, supposing iron and zinc had both been dissolved in oil of vitriol and water, and the proposition had been to separate the iron from the zinc, this might readily have been effected by pouring through the mixed solution a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, which would have thrown down the zinc, but left the iron.

We have not quite left the zinc yet. We shall return to it hereafter; meantime, let the wine-glass be labelled "Sulphuret of Zine," covered with a pane of glass to protect it from dust, and set aside, fig. 10. Fig. 10.

Pour into the four-ounce phial cold distilled water, until the vessel is about two-thirds full, then cause the gas to pass through it in bubbles-the operator agitating the bottle frequently, fig. 11. Continue the operation until the water refuses removing the bottle from the table on which it stands; grasp it to dissolve any further portion of gas, which may be known by firmly, pressing the thumb against its mouth; agitate briskly. If the water be not yet satisfied, it will endeavour to suck in the thumb, fig. 12. Give it, therefore, more gas, and when fully charged, label it thus-"Hydro-sulphuric Acid Solution," and set it aside, fig. 13.

Fig. 12.

LESSONS IN

Fig. 13.

[graphic][merged small]

SULPHURET

OF

ZINC

The student will have noticed that the sulphuretted hydrogon, or hydro-sulphuric acid gas, by which the throwing down

ENGLISH.-No. LXVII.

By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.

AGREEMENT OF THE SUBJECT AND VERB. WHILE the subject of a proposition may agree with a qualifying adjective and a limiting or defining article, it specially agrees with the verb. The agreement is of two kinds, one of form, another of substance; one flexional, another logical.

We may express these facts differently, by saying that if the verb is in the plural number, its subject must be in the plural number; and if the subject is in the plural number, in the plural number must the verb be. In other words, both subject and verb take the same condition; and this is what I mean by stating that the subject and the verb must agree. Avoid, therefore, the error common with uneducated people, of joining together subjects and verbs of different numbers. This error most commonly consists in omitting the s where it should be placed, namely, in the third pernamely, in the third person plural. I subjoin the present tense son singular, and putting the s where it should not be placed, in its

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It is she, it is he, it is they, it is we.

Apposition may be regarded as a case of a compound sentence, and so might have been reserved until we treat of that part of our subject. Thus, in the instance

"But he, our gracious master, kind as just."--Barbauld. may be written out in full in this way :

He who is our gracious master and who is kind and just.
CORRECT THE FOLLOWING INACCURACIES.

In the third person singular and plural, nouns may take the at play. The consequence of your follies are that you will be place of pronouns; thus, we say,

they drink the women drink

Pronouns : he drinks they drink Nouns: the man drinks the men drink The subject and the verb then must be in the same person. Now the only person that ends in s is the third person; consequently, an put to the verb in any other person is an ungrammatical addition.

8

In general, then, the rule is this :

The subject and the verb must be in the same number and person; or, to state the same fact differently, the subjects and their verb must agree in number and person.

Nouns of multitude, i. e., nouns signifying many, take their verbs in the plural.

When, however, the idea of one predominates, that is, when you regard the object spoken of as a whole, and not as consisting of parts, then a collective noun requires its verb to be in the singular number; as,

The Parliament was dissolved; but

The People were admitted to the Queen's presence; for the word people gives the idea of many persons. Nouns are of the third person. But some grammarians have ascribed all the three persons to nouns. In only one form of construction, however, namely, the form that bears the name of apposition, can nouns have a first, a second, as well as a third person; e. g.,

Nouns in the first person: It is I, your old friend.

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Let me distinctly state that two or more nouns, or a noun and a pronoun, are said to be in apposition, when, being in the same number, person, and case, they refer to the same person or thing, and when the second is put in order to explain or add something in meaning to the first.

The essence of apposition is in the fact that a word or words are apposed (ad, to, and pouo, I put), with a view to explain, enlarge, or quality a foregoing noun or pronoun.

Observe that in every case of apposition there are two parts, the apposed part, and the part to which the apposition is made. Thus, in the sentence, "Richard, the king, lost his crown," the king is the apposed part, and Richard is the part to which the apposition

is made.

You will now readily see that the added part will partake of the person as well as the number of the part to which the addition is made. Call the latter the principal part; call the former the subordinate. Then the rule may stand thus:

In apposition, the subordinate part agrees with the principal part.

And this agreement will in general be not only in person and number, but also in gender and in case; so that if the principal part is of the feminine gender, in the feminine gender will the subordinate part be; and whether the principal part stand to the verb of the proposition in the relation of subject or object, in the same relation will the subordinate part stand.

In the sentences, "It is I; it is the Lord; the Lord sitteth king for ever," and others in which the second noun or pronoun aids to make up the intended idea, the second must of course have the same grammatical relations as the first which it aids. Thus, king has the same grammatical relations as the Lord. In other words, the rule may be stated thus:

The verb TO BE, and other verbs which in themselves do not express a complete idea, take the same case after as before them. Consequently, to say "It is me," in answer to the question "who is that?" is ungrammatical.

Remark, however, that it, used generally, is an exception so far as gender and number are concerned, for it is idiomatic to say

The master and mistress is going to town. I loves to see boys miserable. To die and to be no more is not the same thing. You gives the children too many sweetmeats. Let thou and I serve the Almighty.

"Do not think such a man as me contemptible for my garb."Addison.

"His wealth and him bid adieu to each other."-Priestley. "The Jesuits had more interest at court than him.-Smollett. "We sorrow not as them that have no hope."—-Matarin. "A stone is heavy and the sand weighty; but a fool's wrath is heavier than them both."-(Prov. xxvii. 8.)

"Better leave undone, than by our deeds acquire

Too high a fame, when him we serve 's away."—Shakspeare. "Now therefore come, let us make a covenant, I and thou.”—(Gen. xxxi. 44)

"Yet I supposed it necessary to send to you Epaphroditus, my
brother, and companion in labour, and fellow-soldier, but your mes-
senger, and he that ministered to my wants.-(Philipp. ii. 25.)
"Amid the tumult of the routed train,

The sons of false Antimachus were slain;
He, who for bribes his faithless counsels sold,
And voted Helen's stay for Paris' gold."-Pope's Iliad.
"The first, the court baron, is the freeholders' or freemen's court.
Coke.

Sale.

-

"The angels adoring of Adam is also mentioned in the Talmud."— "It was necessary to have both the physician and the surgeon's advice."Cooper. "And love's and friendship's finely-pointed dart Falls blunted from each indurated heart."-Goldsmith.

SKELETON MAPS.-No. IV.

AFRICA.

Under the

OUR Map of France, with the Railways, not being ready for this
number, we have inserted, for the use of our Geographical Stu-
endeavour to fill up, as we trust they have done the former
dents, a Skeleton Map of Africa, which they would do well tc
Skeleton Maps, from the lists of the Latitudes and Longitudes
vacant space in the left hand corner at the bottom of this Map,
of places given on the margin or in the text.*
intended for the name AFRICA, is a scale of British miles, of
which each division stands for 100 miles distance on the Map.
The middle parallel of Latitude, marked 0 at both ends, is the
10, 20, 30, &c. on the sides, and proceed upwards to the top of
Equator; from this parallel, the Latitudes which are marked
the map, are North Latitudes; and those which are marked 10,
20, 30, &c. on the sides, and proceed downwards to the bottom
of the map, are South Latitudes. The dotted parallels of Lati-
tude are the tropics; the one in Lat. 23° 28' N. being the tropic
of Cancer, and the other in Lat. 23° 28' S. being the tropic of
Capricorn; between these two parallels, the sun shines vertically
at noon on every place of the torrid zone, two days in the year.
In laying down the Latitudes on this map, there will be
little or no difficulty, inasmuch as the parallels of latitude have
been made parallel straight lines; only let it be observed that
every black or white space on the sides of this Map must be
reckoned two degrees of Latitude, that is, 120 Geographical
miles, or about 140 British miles. In laying down the Longi-
tudes, however, there will be considerable difficulty, owing to
the curvature of the meridian lines. This will be obviated by
graduating with a pencil the Equator, or the parallel of Lati-
tude marked 0 at both ends, exactly like the degrees of Lati-
tude at the sides of the map; for on the Equator the distance
between one degree of Longitude and another is exactly equal
to the distance between one degree of Latitude and another

The list of the Latitudes and Longitudes of the Capitals or
Chief Cities in Africa will be found at page 62, vol. iii., of the
Popular Educator."

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is to multiply 60 Geographical miles, the length of a degree of The trigonometrical rule for the construction of this table, Longitude on the Equator, by the cosine of the given Latitude, the product will be the length of a degree of Longitude in the given Latitude.

INTRODUCTION.

on any meridian. Supposing, then, that the Latitude and Longitude of a place are given, and you wish to find its place on the map in order to lay it down; supposing, also, that the Equator has been so graduated as we have said, and that the degrees of Longitude are marked at every 10 degrees, exactly like the degrees at the top and bottom of the map; then place a piece of whalebone, or other equally flexible substance, on the given degree of Longitude at the top, at the LESSONS IN ITALIAN GRAMMAR,-No. I. Equator or middle, and at the bottom, and it will assume very nearly the proper curve form of the meridian; while in of the University of Pavia, and Professor of the German and Italian By CHARLES TAUSENAU, M.D., this position, make a mark close alongside the piece of whalebone at the given degree of Latitude, and this mark will repreLanguages at the Kensington Proprietary Grammar School. sent the exact position of the place on the map whose Latitude and Longitude are given. Remember, however, that I propose to teach the grammar, structure, and vocabulary of every black or white space at the top and bottom of this map the Italian language by a method not commonly adopted by must be reckoned two degrees of Longitude, or 120 miles of Longi- the learned. A considerable experience in tuition has contude; these degrees or miles of Longitude vary in size according vinced me that a strict adherence to scientific forms, though to their position on the map, a fact which must be sufficiently all-important in the cultivation of a language, does not tend to obvious to the attentive reader, seeing that the meridian lines the advantage of the learner. Writers of practical grammar err, taper towards the poles both northward and southward, and that for the most part, in studying system too much. They teach all meridian lines do actually meet at the poles on the globe itself. grammar as they would the pure mathematics, as if an abstract The following table will show the exact size of the science of itself, and not as a practical guide through the degrees of Longitude in Geographical miles of Latitude idiomatic intricacies of living languages. Such instructions according to their distance from the Equator; if the size of may be very scientific in form, but they do not follow nature. these degrees be wanted in British miles, you have only There is no due separation of that which is the foundation, or to add to the number of Geographical miles given, one-sixth as it were the skeleton of a language, from those things which part of itself, for a first approximation to the truth; to obtain are the ornaments, the delicacies, the accidents and exceptions the next approximation, a very close one, deduct one-tenth of of speech. A language should be taught as anatomy is the preceding sixth-part from the first approximation, and you taught. We must first thoroughly study the bones, if we will have the number of British miles required. Suppose, for would successfully trace the intricate ramifications of nerves example, that you wished to know the length of a degree of and arteries. The learner of a foreign tongue cannot for himLongitude in Lat. 40° north or south of the Equator. Look in self judge of what is material or immaterial to his sure and the table, in the column marked Deg. Lat. for 40, and in the rapid progress. It will be my endeavour to instruct by a coladjoining column to the right marked Geog. miles, you will find loquial and natural, rather than a grammatical and purely 45.96; this shows that the length of a degree of Longitude in scientific method. Lat. 40°, is only about 46 Geographical miles, or exactly 45 such miles and 96 hundredth parts of a mile. In order to find the number of British miles, take one-sixth part of 45.96, which is 7-66, and add this part to itself; this gives 53.62 for a first approximation to the truth; next take one-tenth part of 7.66, which is 766 or 77 nearly, and deduct this part from 53-62, the first approximation; this gives 52.85 for the next approximation. Thus, we find that a degree of Longitude in Lat. 40° is only 52.85 British miles.

The Italian language has for a long time been regarded in this country as a fashionable branch of education. Knowledge of it has been reckoned an indispensable accomplishment of cultivated society, but rather, as it would seem to me, as a serviceable attendant at Italian picture galleries and operas, than as a guide to the philosophy of a Dante, the invention of an Ariosto, or the sagacity of a Machiavelli. The present is perhaps the first considerable attempt that has been made to popularise this noble and melodious tongue.

The Italian is the first born of the old language of Rome,

Table showing the Length of a Degree of Longitude on any Parallel and owns a strength and beauty worthy of its noble origin. of Latitude, between the Equator and the Poles :

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In cultivation, it is the oldest of European tongues. When Dante wrote, English, French, and German were comparatively rude dialects. To Italy, the world owes the preservation and regeneration of learning and the Arts; and its fine soil, the fertile mother of great spirits of old, has produced to the latest times men who have enriched every intellectual pursuit alike by their genius and learning. The language in which they expressed that infinite variety of thought and sentiment, contains a literature, the rich mine of which is in foreign countries only known to solitary and toilsome explorers. The time may not be distant when the increased intercommunication of nations, and the progress of popular education, will lay these rich treasures open to the many.

For its own intrinsic merits, however, as a language, Italian deserves to be studied by every one who would enjoy the pleasures of style, inexhaustible in variety: the energy of Dante, the graphic power of Boccaccio, the lyrical grace of Petrarca, the refinement of Ariosto, the ornament of Tasso, the satire of Berni and Aretino, the historical dignity of Guicciardini and Botta, the point and perspicuity of Macchiavelli, the hilarity of Casti, the music of Metastasio, and the Roman manliness of Alfieri. And they who would cultivate language for its excel lence must seek that of Italy for the ideal beauty of expression. My method will be a natural, a simple, and, I trust, an easy I shall discard, as much as possible, all the conventional terms of grammar. I shall not travel by the old beaten pathway through the parts of speech. My grammatical progress will imitate the action of the mind in the formation of a sen tence, with a due regard to peculiarities of idiom. As a child first learns the name of a thing, I begin with the noun, as soon as I have clearly explained the principles of pronunciation; and as the child demonstrates its progress in thinking, by connecting an action or suffering with the object named, I shall

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proceed at once to the verbs. The verb is the life of a language, | out the leading errors which Englishmen commit in pronounc-.
and he who knows the verbs thoroughly has mastered the ing Italian. The reason of this is, that men are apt to transfer
chief difficulty of his task. The remaining kinds of words will
be taught and discussed in the same natural order.

These lessons will contain, if I may so speak, two grammars. Presuming that I may find two classes of readers,-one anxious for knowledge by the most easy and rapid manner, the other with more preparation, inclination, and leisure for study, I have so shaped my labour as to combine in a form sufficiently marked though not separated, an elementary grammar which shall give the before-mentioned indispensable foundation and skeleton; and a grammatical treatise which shall, with philosophical reasons, satisfactorily explain the ornaments, the delicacies, the accidents, and exceptions of the language.

"

As I have said, I shall not divide my grammar into parts of speech, but into paragraphs. In the paragraphs I shall distinctly mark the line of separation between the elementary grammar and the grammatical treatise by the title of "ADDITIONAL REMARKS," The student who only desires to learn the language sufficiently to enable him to read, speak, and write with tolerabie accuracy, need only attend to the numbered paragraph; but he who would learn the language thoroughly, must follow me closely and carefully in all I may find occasion to say in the additional remarks.

Each paragraph will be complete in itself—a decided step in knowledge of the language. Every principle of the language will be clearly illustrated by examples, including vocabularies and exercises.

I have now only to ask the earnest and patient attention of my pupil readers.

I.

I shall teach the pronunciation of the Italian language in more detail than is generally pursued in English tuition. The profit to be derived from the study of any living language is much less if we are unable to pronounce it correctly. We can make little practical use of our theoretical acquirements, if in communication with those to whom this language is the mother tongue, we can neither make ourselves understood when we speak, nor understand when we are spoken to. And besides, no man, though he may gather the sense, can relish or even comprehend the beauties or delicacies of great poets, and prose writers too, in any language, and more especially in that of Italy, without an accurate knowledge of the sounds. In reading such poets as Ariosto or Tasso, the pleasure does not consist altogether in appreciating the thoughts or even shades of thoughts, but in the faculty to enjoy that divine harmony to which they have attuned the language. One may relish the beauty of the rose, but if he is deprived of the sense of smell, he can admire only a lifeless beauty. Such students of the Italian poets, to use a more homely figure, may read their poetry with the satisfaction with which one might admire a Turkey carpet, who has seen the reverse side only. There is no insuperable or even very considerable difficulty in mastering Italian pronunciation; but a thoughtful attention to some leading principles, and a student-like diligence, are conditions essential to success. My thoughtful and industrious pupils will very soon find that a prolixity in this the very outset of my labours which might seem trifling, is really most important-one of the fundamental parts of the language.

I am aware that I am writing for the most part for adult readers; but let them for a little space forget the dignity of manhood; for every learner of a language, be ne as old as Cato was when he learnt Greek, should be regarded as a child learning to express his thoughts. Indeed the more he is taught a foreign tongue as the child his mother's speech, the better for him.

involuntarily the peculiarities of their own language to that which they are studying. The first effort therefore in learning to pronounce Italian, should be to forget your native peculiarities. In the mastery of the pronunciation of the continental languages, and particularly of Italian, the Englishman's great difficulty is in the vowels.

The Englishman, perhaps from childhood, has heard no vowel sounds but those of his own island-his four sounds of a, his four sounds of o, his three sounds of u, his two sounds of e, and his two sounds of i,-sounds little swayed by rule, and changing continually. He begins Italian, but carrying to the study the complex vocal habit of his language, it must be some time before he can comprehend and practise the simplicity and permanence of the sound of one Italian a, one Italian i, one Italian u, two Italian e's, and two Italian o's. He therefore pronounces no vowel purely, and wherever he may move in Italy, his insular nativity will be instantly recognised by the facchino of any village inn, from his inveterate habit of giving to the Italian a, that most comical of sounds to a Tuscan ear, of a in hat and fat. Another radical error committed by Englishmen in pronouncing Italian, arises from two opposite principles which may be said to be the fundamental rules of the accentuation of the languages. In English, every word has its leading, marked, or strongly accented syllable-generally speaking the root of the word; and it follows that while this syllable is distinctly marked by the voice, the subordinate unaccented fade away in the utterance into an airy nothingness that can hardly be described. It is quite different with Italian. It has its accented syllables just as English, but the accent on the one does not destroy the vocal enunciation of the others. On the contrary, full and substantial justice must be done to every syllable, each being clearly sounded, full and roundly with the vowels, and in a resonant or vibrating tone with the consonants. The contrast may be observed in the pronunciation of any of the many words of a kindred sound in both languages derived from the same classic stock. Take the following: English. Difficulty. Voluntarily.

Detestably.

Generously.

Indifferently.

Repetition.

Italian.
Dif-fi-col-tá.

Vo-lon-ta-ria-men-ti.
De-te-sta-bil-men-te.
Ge-ne-ro-sa-men-te.

In-diffe-ren-te-men-te.
Re-pe-ti-zi-o-ne.

This peculiarity of the English language, it may be remarked, is the great obstacle which every English poet has encountered in the effort to naturalise the classic measures of antiquity. Contrasted with the open limpid vocalisation of Italy, the pronunciation of the English is to an Italian so obscure or indistinct, as very frequently not to be even understood. It might be presumed that in a word so sonorous as detestabilmente or volontariamente it would be impossible to miss the true sounds, yet an Englishman will, generally speaking so slur over what he would from the analogy of his own language conceive to be the subordinate parts of the word, as to be often quite unintelligible to an Italian.

A third and radical difference between the two languages, as regards the principles of pronunciation, proceeds from what may be termed the vocal mechanism or the physical principles of enunciation. Shortly stated, the physical difference is this, in England, they speak from the mouth; in Italy, from the chest. The Englishman whispers his words through the palate, tongue, teeth, or lips; the Italian throws them out with the vigour of his lungs. When therefore the Englishman attempts the pronunciation of Italian after his accustomed mode, he confines the open sounds of Italy to the limited mechanism of Lis hissing or lisping articulation above the throat, and turns Italian melody into harmonious discord, now a croak, now a

A living language can never be accurately and completely
expressed by signs. They who profess the contrary only
mislead the uninformed. But a tolerable approach to accuracy
in fixing pronunciation may be made by letter-signs represent-hiss.
ing analogous sounds familiar to the ear in one's own lan-
guage. If one has made himself so familiar with the imitated
sounds, as to have acquired a considerable vocal command of
the leading ones, he may very soon accurately and perma-
nently acquire them, by a few brief communications with an
educated native.

Perhaps the most useful beginning I can make, is to point

These are the radical differences and difficulties which my readers must strive to overcome. This is only to be accomplished by a constant recollection of these points of difference in connection with the rules I am about to state and illustrate, and by reading aloud, and with a clear and distinct voice uttered from the chest, every Italian word which I may have occasion to give in the course of the grammar

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λαιλάπες

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λαιλάπε

ν.

D. N.A.V.
G.D.

λαιλάπον

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Here belong the adjectives in k (gen. γος, κος, χος) and ψ (gen. πος), as o, ή, ἁρπαξ, ἄγος (Latin rapax, English rapacious), δ, ἡ ήλιξ, ἴκος, aequalis, of the same age ; ὁ, ἡ μώνυξ, ύχος, onehoofed, having solid hoofs (μονος, alone, one, and oνυξ, a hoof), and ὁ, ἡ αιγιλιψ, ἵπος, lofty.

VOCABULARY.

Οψ, οπος, ή, voice; (Lat. vox.) Ωψ, ωπος, ή, the countenance, fair.

Λιξ, αιγος, ή, a she-goat.
Μαστιξ, ἴγος, ή, a whip,
scourge.

Ορτυξ, ύγος, ό, a quail.
Σύριγξ, ιγγος, ή, a shepherd's
pipe, Pandean (from the
rural divinity, Pan) pipes
Τεττιξ, ἴγος, ὁ, the grasshopper.
Φόρμιγξ, ιγγος, ή, the harp.
Κολαξ, άκος, ό, a flatterer.
Μυρμηξ, ηκος, δ, the ant.
Φεναξ, άκος, o, a deceiver.

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EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

Οἱ κορακες κρωζουσιν. Τους κολακας φευγε. Απεχου του φενάκος. Οι ανθρωποι τέρπονται φόρμιγγι και ορχηθμῳ και φέγ. Οἱ ίπποι μαστίξιν ελαυνονται. Αἱ φορμιγγες τους των ανθρώπων θυμους τερπουσιν. Τεττιξ μεν τεττιγι φίλος, μυρμηκι δε μυρμης (sc.† εστιν). Οἱ ποιμένες προς τας συριγγας άδουσιν. Παρα τοις Αθηναίοις και ορτυγων και αλεκτρυόνων αγωνες ησαν. ποιμένες τας των αιγών αγέλας εις τους λειμωνας ελαύνουσιν. μυρμήκων και ορτυγων βιος πολυπονος εστιν. Πολλοι αγαθην μεν ωπα, κακην δε οπα εχουσιν.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

Οι

I avoid a flatterer. Ravens croak. You are delighted by the harp. Dances delight men. They drive the horses with (dat.)

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G.D.

The noun ὁ, ἡ παις, child, has in the vocative παι. Here belong the adjectives in us and ι, (gen, ίδος, ἴτος) as 6, ας, (gen. άδος), ὡς ὁ, ἡ φυγας, (β. φυγάδος), an exile, or banished ἡ ευχαρις, το ευχαρι, (g. ἴτος), pleasing, graceful; also, those in person; those, too, in ης, (g. ητος), ας δ, ή αργης, (g. ητος), white; those, moreover, in ως, (g. ώτος) as 6, ή άγνως, (β. αγνώτος), unknown, and those in is, (g. ίδος), as ὁ, ἡ αναλκις, (g. αναλκίδος), without strength; ή πατρις (sc. γη land,) β. πατρίδος, one's native country; finally, those in us, (g. ύδος), as 6, 3 νεηλυς, (β. νεηλύδος), recently come.

VOCABULARY.

Γέλως, ωτος, ό, laughter.
Έρως, ότος, ό, love (English
erotic, as in erotic poems).
Κακότης, ητος, ἡ baseness.
Νεότης, ητος, ή, youngness,
youth.

Ομοιότης, ητος, ή, likeness,
resemblance.

Χαρις, ἴτος, ἡ, Ιoveliness, plea-
singness, favour, benefit,
gratitude (Lat. gratia, Eng.
gratis).

Ερις, ερίδος, ή, strife.
Ελπις, ελπίδος, ή, hope.
Παις, παιδος, ό, ή, a child, son,
daughter.

Φρόντις, ίδος, ή, care.

Πένης, πενητος, ὁ, ἡ, poor.
Νυξ, νυκτος, ή, night.
Κουφός, η, ον, light, light-

minded.

Απορία, ας, η. want of means,
destitution, need.

Φιλοχρημοσύνη, ης, η, love f
money, avarice.
Πας, πασα, παν, every; in the
plural, παντες, all.
Απας, άπασα, ἅπαν, another
form of πας, πασα, παν, the
à giving the force of toge-
ther, all together, so of com-
bination,

Αδελφος, ου, o, a brother,
Αδελφη, ης, ή, a sister.
Πλουτος, ου, o, wealth.
Πλούσιος, α, ον, rich.
Εγείρω, I stir up, arouse,
awaken.

Ενεγείρω, εγείρω with ev, which
here acts as an intensive, that
is, it strengthens the force
of the verb.

Κατακρύπτω, I conceal.
Κολάζω, I punish, chastise.
Μακαρίζω, I account happy
congratulate.

EXERCISES. GREEK-ENGLISH.

Οι ορνίθες άδουσιν. Χαρις χαριν τικτει, ερις εριν. Μακαρίζομεν την νεότητα. Απορία τίκτει εριδας. Πλουσιοι πολλακις την κακότητα πλούτῳ κατακρύπτουσιν. Ω καλε παι, στεργε τον αγαθον αδελφον και την καλην αδελφην. Η φιλοχρημοσύνη μητηρ κακότητος άπασης εστιν. Οἱ πενητες πολλακις εισιν ευδαιμονες. Η σοφία εν τοις των ανθρωπων θυμοις θαυμαστους των καλών έρωτας ενεγείρει. Ο θάνατος τους ανθρώπους φροντίδων απολύει. Note, sc. stands for scilicet (that is, scire licet) and points βουλη τοις σοφοις γιγνεται. Οἱ σοφοι κολαζουσι την κακότητα. Η φιλία δια ὁμοιότητος γίγνεται. Οίνος εγείρει γελωτα. Εν νυκτι a word is understood, that is, left out, and is to be. Οἱ άνθρωποι πολλακις κουφαίς ελπίσι τερπονται :sc. is therefore equivalent to our that is, or supply: ο. εστιν means that the verb εστι, is, being omitted athor, is to be supplied by the reader.

The iota, which is subscript with small letters, is written by the side of capitals, but not sounded; thus φδη becomes Ωιδη, and ᾄδω becomes Αιδω.

Instead of Λαμπαδσι, κορυθσι, ορνιθσι ανακτσι, επεί ελμινθαι.

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