L

.

Ju

msses y carcareous maris that pre

La suect ever to be Locky A KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN THE ellan depil and exten

話

ge pores with wish

progt as a genera magna dhe dize of a gold de helped to

1 when firs€ rummul de rocks spread in Las arrested the attention of all At Norbert, Italy, in a district near Nice, as a senata fures. They are also found Le sperma in v tatas of the Pyrenees, and among 11A DEL LLIIM. They verur in Asia Minor, and may be traced #meras wing the wide tract of country which extends the Keanerranean to the borders of Western India. Ima deporns of the same calcareous nature are found in Serene and a Lo Sur RODERICK MURCHISON has lately SUFI IL a paper read before the Geological Society of London, Star Thest IWILI Laut rocks supply one of the chief connecting imes between the deposits of India and those of Europe. *They eziens," he says, " at intervals through no less than twent-diva segrees of latitude, and near one hundred degrees smrthernmost ridge on the north flank of the Carpallians being early identcable with its southernmost KW 11011 11 th, and its western masses in Spain and hidrevet peng similar as those of the Bramahpootra" in the

By JOHN R. ELARD, D.D.

(Continued from page 59, Vol. IV.)

Vol. III. p. 72-ENGLISH-LATIN.

Reipublicae interest; mei refert; iliorum interest; omnium interest; neminis refert; se demum reversurum esse certiorem me fecit fes; maritum valere certiorem fecit matrem filia tua; animi fum confusus; mali saepe confusi sunt animi; temporis et neces Ritatis senatum regina admonet; me suscepti negotii taedet; boni malorum miserentur; los taedet vitae; te uxorem habere mihi venit in mentem; praeteritorum recordatur; rei militaris es peritus; e Esclane recti est mens tua? consuli mei te faciam certiorem; Literarum appetens puer fiet sapiens; piscibus scatet mare; mitis est ingenii soror tua; a plurimis divitiae magni aestimantur; quanti bune librum emisti? non unius assis me faciunt; nostrum est imperare, tuum obsequi; proditionis est accusatus; capitis damnabitur, claves urbis potestatis suae fecerunt hostes.

Vol. III. p. 95.—LATIN-ENGLISH.

Caesar said to Dumnorix that he pardoned the past misdeeds of his brother Divitiacus; the abandoned woman cursed both; physi cians, while they minister to the whole body, cure not even the smallest part; Venus was married to Vulcan; Gabinius is reviled; I have reproved Trebatius because he does not regard his health sufficiently; the unwilling are not easily persuaded; I am of this opinion; a good citizen makes to the republic a present of his private hatreds; the Germans are given to labour and hardships; in dangers; the physician applied remedies to the wounds; Caesar I am satisfied that you are worthless; a good general is present made war on Gaul; certain signs precede certain things; father compares smail things with great; the consul preferred the safety of all to the safety of individuals; I set before myself all things; he esteemed his love for his son less than the public good; Quintius Fabius alone survived the slaughter of his family at Cremera; the senate bestowed honours on illustrious men; the virgin married him whom Caecilia had had for a husband; thy keepers have given thee the name of madman; the name of that disease is all things belonging to human life ought to have been investigated, avarice; my name is Arcturus; I have deliberated and determined; heard, read, discussed, and handled by the orator; Alcibiades had such sagacity that he could not be deceived, especially when he purposely kept his mind on the watch; majesty and love dongt well agree, nor tarry in one abode; the father gave his son a dog; the Rhine approaches the ocean; you do not know what man you speak ill of; avoid the dog; surely these things do not seem to you suitable to a marriage? the villas, built along the pleasant places of the river, stand on its margin; the world obeys God, and the seas and the lands obey him, and the life of man obeys the com mands reed between Dejotarus and myself [comma atter compey of the supreme law; I keep constant guard against thee; that he with his troops should be in my camp; he advised Pompey th fear my house and be on his guard against me; but it is agreed to by all that the Sibyl brought three books to Tarquinius Super. bus; it is foolish to allow what you can prevent; neither the plan nor the conversation suits me; an image of victory stood in the right hand of Ceres; the Parthians had taken the standards from Crassus; Caesar betrothed the granddaughter of Atticus to Tiberius Claudius Nero; it is advantageous to the country itself to have citizens who perform what they owe to their parents; no fool nor dishonest person can be well off; Caesar made to his country

What have been briefly stated in this lesson what an important infuence the number, the at the decay of muruse bodies and invisible agents de laan boom bus progressive formation of our Earth's In bulat sutra u casos appreciable even by : 10 enormous masses produced by their present of his grudges; Perseus familiarly smiled on persons whom he scarcely knew; the praise and the glory of other men are Well might Infinite commonly objects of envy; you ought to have discerned these over some supendous operations, and ask "who things, who has not heard of the watchings (vigiliae) of Demos; It is by means of thenes Plet us always live as if we thought we had to give an account; Loa the use brought to pass the most in the school of Pythagoras silence was imposed on disciples for Let magrifcent results. five years; Aeneas is seen by no one; Julianus and Apollinaris alide sulatuites have contri- in their lasciviousness and sloth, were like gladiators rather than sutsuit ge cover of the globe, generals; if my son sins at all he sins against me; we wish to be But explants, and whales, nich not only for ourselves but for our children, our relatives, our that of the language of the friends, and, above all, for the commonwealth; I recommended Mais e LLY works: in wisdom peace to Pompey and the senate; who is a witness of this thing? Warcical ale le corging and sea-stand what is the meaneither give not receive as a gift; it is batly of avarice in old age; virtue is the only da carta as ful of try riches; so is what is Celsus doing, I wonder? what do you wish? I do not underZuese wait all upon and nefarious to make a gain of politics; they blame me greatly five for her meat a cue season. because I oes all the death of my friend; Pausanias went to assist to takes away the inhabitants of Attica; the Veientes go to aid the Sabines; I they chose this place as their residence; Caesar left behind five

GERMAN.-No. LXX.

Irregular Verbs, continued from p. 33.

$ 80. PARADIGM OF A VERB OF THE NEW FORM.

Loben, to praise.

Pluperfect Tense.

I might have
praised, &c.

(if) I shall ich würte
praise, &c. tu würdest
er würte

IN ETUDIANT: The letter is put at the end of words ending in a vowel and coming before a word beginning with a vowel, whether a comma intervenes or not; but it may be omitted. The correction suggested was made in answer to another correspondent, vol. iii., p. 311, where the meaning of Xoup (I rejoice) is given. The following is the translation of the lines of

Homer:

"For there is not anywhere a more miserable being than tran among all the creatures that breathe and crawl upon the earth." "And when the early rosy-fingered dawn appeared."

JACQUES KNOX: We cannot answer the first query satisfactorily, but can only conjecture there may be some reasons of a local character for using a feminine noun to designate a man. case in a partitive or indefinite sense to express some, any; as, des pommes, The word des is used with a nominative some apples, or simply apples. See vol. i., pp. 32 and 63. which a in the word amans our correspondent means.

We do not know

A CONSTANT SUBSCRIBER: "Which is the better of the two?"

undoubtedly correct, and best is, strictly speaking, wrong; but it may be questioned whether usage, which is the only guide in long list, Curay not

afford the latter sanction enough to render it allowable.

TERTIAN: We have not room for the complete parsing of the sentence

referred to, nor do we see any difficulty in it.

ZIG-ZAG (Spalding): His geometrical trisection of an angle won't do; his other queries are exceedingly small.-G. B. (Manchester) is right; he will dal the matter put right at p. 89 of the same volume. See the 1st No. of vo iv.-W. R. C. (Stepney): The Stadium differs in different places and with different ancient writers.-J. C. C.: We really cannot well advise without nore definite information; if in town, a personal interview would save immense trouble.-AN ADMIRER: See past Notices to Correspondents.X. Y. Z. Liverpool: Study Latin well first, and then Greek. UN ELEVE (Birmingham): Here is a French song for you:

AQUILA PULCHRA: The preposition ab is indispensable before names of living agents, bu: is not used before those of lifeless instruments, which are simply put in the ablative. Ad insulam could not be changed to insula, the

DODECALOGUE DE L'AMITIÉ.

Un ami tu te choisiras
Sans te presser aucunement.
Semblable à toi tu le voudras
D'âge, de goûts, de sentiment.
A t'aimer tu le convieras
En vivant charitablement.
Ton respet tu lai prouveras
En le reprenant franchement.
Jamal: au sien tu ne voudras
Qu'il préfère ton jugement.
Au besoin tu le dé endras
Contre tous intrépidement.
A sa parole tu eroiras
Comine à son entier dévouement.
Beaucoup tu lui pardonneras

Sin vouloir qu'il t'en fasse autant.
Ses peines tu devineras
Pour les consoler seulement,
Les tiennes tu ne lui diras
Que s'il y peut soulagement.
Sa femme tu respecteras
Et li tienne pareillement.
Avec lui tu partageras

Tous tes biens fraternellement.
Et faisant ainsi tu seras

Sûr d'ê re aimé bien tendrement.

F. II. J. (London) and J. E. H. (Kidderminster): Thanks.-J. DOWELL (Birminghun): Thanks; the cause for a standing army is to keep the balance of power in Europe, as well as for national defence. The second question is absurd.-CRATES: We don't know the Heir-at-Law Society."J. RUTHERFORD (Buckden): The correct answer to a question implying an affirmation is yes; and to one implying a negative, is no.-NIL DESPE RANDUM asks too much of us.-W. B. HODSON (Lincoln): Series is both singular and plural; hence we can say both this series and these series.W. W. B. (Taunten) and A FATHER (Burnley): We cannot undertake to Eetting questions.-J. C. JOHNSTONE: We meas that the whole ne recommend one Assurance Society more than another.-C, THOMAS (St. Austel): Right.-J. THOMAS (Sheffield): We never undertake to auswer Testament in French can be had for 6.1. The specific gravity of silver, fine and not hammered, is 10474, and hammered, 10 511; of tin, pure and not hardened, 7-291, and hardened, 7-299; that of water being 1.000. ALPHA (Farringdon): To differentiate y=(1+x2)3 (1+x)', apply the formula dydur=nde+rdu, thus: dy=(1+x)d(1+x)'+(1+x)1d(1+x·)'= · (1+x)4(1+x) dx+ 1+x)13(1+x2)?d(1+x2)= (1+x2)°4 ̧1+x2) (1+x)'dx+(1+x2)2(1+r)2(1+x)6xdx= (1+x°)?(1+x)' { 4+4x2+6x+6x2 } dx=

(+6x+10) (1+x2)(1+x)dx.

LITERARY NOTICES.

FRENCH

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A COMPLETE MANUAL OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE, by Professor De French Language which has hitherto been published. The plan upon chestLolme, just published, price 3s. neatly bound. This forms one of the most simple, practical, and complete Guides to a thorough knowledge of the

en conducted as admirally calculated to accomplish the proposed clearly laid down, and, secondly, these Principles are copiously illustrated by suitable, In the first place, the Grammatical Principles of the Language are clearly Exercises of English to be turned into French.

CASSELL'S LESSONS IN FRENCH, in a neat volume, price 2s. in stiff covers or 2s. 6d. neatly bound in cloth.

dative case. The word to, after a word signifying motion, must generally the Exercises, with numerous references to the Grammatical Rules, price be translated by ad, followed by an accusative, though the preposition is 1s. paper covers, or 1s. 6d. cloth. A KEY TO CASSELL'S LESSONS IN FRENCH, containing Translations of all omitted before the name of a town or small island. The French books mentioned are good and cheap.

H. STYLE: We are now preparing an easy German reading book, which will ished soon, under the title of Lessons in German Pronunciation," already published an "Eclectic German Reader," containing select

GERMAN.

Monthly Parts, Is. each.
CASSELL'S GERMAN DICTIONARY is now issuing in Numbers, at 3d. each

CASSELL'S LESSONS IN GERMAN, price 28. in stiff covers, or 2s. 6d.

d extracts from German authors. Both these works have a dic- cloth.
f all the words at the end.

E(Manchester): All right.-SALOPIAN (Shrewsbury): We do not
-10 ORAMUS (Amble): Not.

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LESSONS IN CHEMISTRY.-No. V.

ON HYDROGEN.

THE student will remember that in the first lesson he was told to prepare a certain combination of tobacco-pipes, corks, and large-mouthed bottles. They have not been employed hitherto, and the learner may consequently think I have forgotten all about them: not so.

It has been my especial object to arrange these lessons in such a manner that manipulative details, or the directions for conducting the mechanical part of operations (and chemistry is full of such), may be interspersed with a due proportion of thinking philosophy. I shall continue to hold this object in view, and therefore shall not set off the manipulative part of chemistry by itself, but describe the manufacture of every instrument when wanted.

Perhaps the operative student may have observed-at any rate, he ought to have observed, for no phenomenon occurring during the performance of a chemical operation and appertaining to it should remain unnoticed,-I say he may have observed, that during the act of solution of the zinc in dilute sulphuric acid a certain gas was evolved. Now this gas is termed hydrogen; it is the lightest ponderable body in nature, and the common method of procuring it is really that which the student has already followed, namely, by the operation of dilute sulphuric acid upon the metal zinc: iron will answer nearly as well. Perhaps, moreover, the student may have observed that the hydrogen gas thus developed had a peculiar smell; this, however, is a casualty-pure hydrogen is almost devoid of smell. I need not describe on what the smell depends just at this time, further than stating that the cause is a sort of oil generated during the process of dissolving zinc in dilute sulphuric acid.

Let us now learn a few properties of this gas by experiment, generalising these properties hereafter. For this purpose, repeat the act of solution,-using zinc and dilute sulphuric acid as before,-only let the solution be performed in the bottle instead of an open dish, and stop its mouth with the perforated cork, armed with its tobacco-pipe shank, immediately after the zinc and dilute acid have been poured into it. It is scarcely necessary to intimate that the mixture of sulphuric acid with the predetermined quantity of water can scarcely, with safety, be attempted in the bottle itself, on account of the heat developed. It requires to be effected in an earthenware basin, jug, cup, or something of that sort.

Having generated hydrogen in this way, we shall soon learn one of its most prominent qualities: causing a flame to approach the end of the tobacco-pipe shank, the hydrogen which escapes will immediately take fire, proving that it is combustible. In performing this experiment, it will be well for the operator to place himself at some little distance from the apparatus, because if the light be caused to approach the extremity of the tobacco-pipe shank before the generated hydrogen has forced out all the atmospheric air which the bottle originally contained, an explosion will be the result: not dangerous in itself, but it may be destructive to the clothes by the diffusion of the dilute acid in spray. Every phenomenon, as I have before remarked, occurring during the performance of a chemical experiment is important, and should never be passed unchallenged. In the present case, we do not stipulate for an explosion; we will effect that purposely, and by a convenient process, hereafter. Nevertheless, should an explosion occur, it would only serve to anticipate a communication of the fact, that hydrogen gas forms an explosive mixture when mingled with air in certain proportions. If an explosion occur, replace the stopper, and wait this time before applying the flame until all the atmospheric air has been expelled. This period may be readily guessed at, or may be insured, by giving the operation a little more time. Applying now the flame, the jet of hydrogen will burn tranquilly.

The next experiment we will perform shall have reference to the extreme lightness of hydrogen. It is this:-Attach to one end of a thin slip of deal, a drinking-tumbler, or other similar vessel, as indicated in the accompanying diagram at t, fig. 23, and to the other end of the same slip of deal any pan-like contrivance for the suspension of a counterpoise w; next, support the slip by a fulcrum f (an upright board,

VOL. IV.

the apparatus be sufficiently delicate, the tumbler t will be raised, thus proving the levity of hydrogen gas. There are many processes of demonstration more elegant than this: several will be mentioned hereafter. There are none, however, of equal simplicity, as they require the use of apparatus not yet described.

For

The next experiment to be mentioned shall have reference to the products of the combustion of hydrogen gas. this purpose, ignite a jet of such gas as it emerges from the shank of the tobacco-pipe, and hold over the flame a widemouthed bottle or tumbler, as represented in the following diagram, fig. 24:

After the lapse of a few seconds, the vessel, previously dry, will be bedewed with moisture. Where does the student believe the moisture comes from? His first idea, perhaps, might be, that it comes from little particles blown out, as it were, from the liquid in the bottle. În our rough experiment, probably a little is attributable to that source; but if every care be taken to dry the gas, still its combustion yields water-nothing but water. Hence hydrogen derives its name from vdwp, water, and yevvaw, I form; hydrogen, then, means the water-former.

bottle (a soda-water bottle answers remarkably well), he will If, instead of a tumbler, the student uses a large-mouthed generally succeed in eliciting a roaring or singing noise, attributable to vibrations set up in the contained air by means of the burning hydrogen.

Of this kind is Cavendish's

when describing these bodies (the term sounds oddly to an un-
The chemistry of gases is very delicate; I shall, therefore,
chemical ear, though it is correct) frequently require to men-
tion instruments that the student neither has nor requires to
have, a mere description of their form and mode of operation
being sufficiently instructive.
Eudiometer, the instrument by which the truth that hydrogen
by combustion with oxygen (for that is essential) yields water,
nothing but water, was first determined. In the experiment
which we have performed, the hydrogen supplied itself with
oxygen from the atmospheric air; but it would have been com-

petent for the operator to have mixed it with oxygen previous | although not very correct in its results. The second method to combustion: and this is what the chemist Cavendish did. is by exhaustion, as we have seen in the instance of Cavendish's Having effected a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen, and filled Eudiometer. The third method, now to be described, is by far with this mixture a thick glass vessel, as represented in the the most usual and most important, collection by the pneuaccompanying diagram, fig. 25, and since known as Cavendish's matic trough. If a bottle be taken, filled with water, and held thus inverted over water, I need hardly say the water which it Fig. 25. contains will not escape; but if a jet of gas be liberated under the mouth of the bottle, it follows, from a consideration of some ordinary laws of hydrostatics, that gas being lighter than water, the former will ascend and the latter will descend, until ultimately the bottle becomes quite filled with gas, but empty of water. For this elegant contrivance we are indebted to the ingenuity of Dr. Priestley. In my sketch, fig. 26, I have represented

a common basin as the vessel in which the bottle is inverted, and I have represented the bottle as supported by the hand. I need not say this way of proceding is inconvenient; to give full effect to the operation one requires that the bottle shall stand without support, and that the vessel shall be large-one, in fact rather like a tub than a basin; a vessel thus modified becomes the pneumatic trough.

As relates to the bottle or jar in which the gas is to be collected, it will stand quite well without any support provided its mouth be sufficiently wide; if circumstances of any kind require the use of a narrow-mouthed bottle, it may be supported in dozens of ways, readily occurring to the operator. The student need not expend one penny in the purchase of a pneu matic trough, except he has to deliver public lectures, and requires display. The first wash-bowl, kitchen-tub, foot-pan, or slop-basin he can lay hands on will answer sufficiently well; and as for the support, I will now just mention one that in many cases answers even better than a shelf. It is this. Fig. 27.

Eudiometer, he then caused an electric discharge to traverse a pair of wires a b, penetrating the glass stopper s, so that an electric spark should pass through the space : by this elegant contrivance the gas was ignited, and the sides of the vessel became bedewed with moisture, which on being examined was found to be water. As the experiment adverted to will scarcely be performed by any chemical novice, it would be a waste of time to describe in detail the construction and use of this beautiful instrument. I shall merely content myself, therefore, with observing that the stopper is screwed tightly down by means of a contrivance indicated in our diagram; and the foot m of brass is not permanent, but admits of being

Fig. 28.

screwed off at m', and the instrument attached to this point of Taking a piece of tin or iron, or other metal plate, fold it into junction to the receiver of an air-pump. The student will easily understand, that the air originally contained in the vessel being pumped out, a vacuum will ensue, and the stop-cock e being screwed on to a vessel containing gas, the latter will rush in. The method here described is not the usual one by which vessels are filled with gas; chemists accomplish the object far more readily by what is called the pneumatic trough, to be described presently. In the experiment of Cavendish, however, water would have been inadmissible as the filling agent, and mercury scarcely more eligible.

Methods of Collecting Gas.-Two methods of collecting gases have already come under our notice. Firstly, we collected hydrogen by simply inverting a tumbler over a jet, through which the gas was escaping. This method is usually called that of a displacement, and is sometimes had recourse to,