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Provinces.
Moldavia,
Wallachia,

BOUNDARIES.

NORTH: Austria and Russia.

SOUTH: Greece, and the Archipelago.

EAST: The Black Sea, and the Sea of Marmora.
WEST: Gulf of Venice and the Ionian Sea.

DIVISIONS.

(PROVINCES N. OF THE DANUBE.)

Chief Towns.

Jassy.

Bukharest.

(PROVINCES S. OF THE DANUBE.)

Bulgaria,

Sophia.

Servia,

Belgrade.

Bosnia,

Bosna-serai.

Croatia,

Bania-louka.

Herzgovinia,

Mostar.

(SOUTHERN PROVINCES.)

Roumelia,

CONSTANTINOPLE.

Albania,

Scutari.

Thessaly,

Yenishehr.

Epirus,

Janina.

ISLANDS.

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Stalimene or Lemno (Lemnos). Lemno.

SEAS, GULFS, STRAITS, &c.

Gulf of Ven ce (Adriatic), W. of Turkey.
Archipelago (Egean), S. of Turkey.

Sea of Marmora (Propontis), S.E. of Turkey.
Black Sea (Euxine), E. of Turkey.
Ionian Sea, S of the Adriatic.
Gulf of Saloniki, Archipelago.
Gulf of Cassandria, Archipelago.
Gulf of Monte Santo, Archipelago.
Strait of the Dardanelles, Hellespont.
Strait of Constantinople, Bosphorus.
Besika Bay, S. W. of the Dardanelles.
GREECE.

NORTH: Turkev in Europe.
SOUTH: The Mediterranean.
EAST: The Ionian Sea.
WEST: The Archipelago.

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Santa Maura (Leucadia),

Cephalonia (Cephallenia),
Cerigo (Cythera),
Koluri (Salamis),

Engia (Egina),

Hydra (Hydrea),
Spezzia,

Skyro (Scyros),
Scopelo (Scopelos),
Ipara (Ipsera),

Negropont (Euh),
Audro (Andros),

Zea (Ceos),

Thermia (Sythenus),
Syra (Syros).
Tino (Tenos),
Miconi (Mvconos),

Siphanto (Siphnos),
Paro (Paros),

Naxia (Naxos),

Amorgo (Amorgos),
Milo (Melos),

Argentiera (Cimolus),

Nio (Los),

Sikino (Sicinus),

Santorini (Thera),

Zante.

Bathi.

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JOHN CASSELL, LA BELLE SAUVAGE YARD, LUDGATE HILL.

MDCCCLIV,

250 d $8.
260. h. 7.

TO OUR
OUR READERS.

In bringing our Fourth Volume to a close, we heartily thank all our Subscribers for their steady and unwearied support. The letters of encouragement and of commendation which we have received during the past six months, have been more numerous and more gratifying than ever. We have endeavoured to show our sense of these favours, by labouring more earnestly to impart solid and useful instruction in various important branches of learning; we have, in fact, considered that we were entrusted by our readers with the responsible task of their education, and we ave aimed at fulfilling our duties to their satisfaction. We have given a concise and popular summary of the leading facts in several branches of Natural Philosophy, as may be seen by consulting the Index; but many highly useful and interesting departments are soon to follow in their order; these are Calorie and Optics, or the doctrines of Heat and Light, including some of their most interesting applications, as the Steam Engine, the Telescope and Microscope, Daguerreotype and Photography; Magnetism and Electricity, including the nature of the Telegraph, the Electrotype, and other useful applications; and, as soon as possible, Astronomy, which is much in demand.

Chemistry has also been treated in a highly popular manner, and has converted a great number of our Subscribers into practical Students of that art. The elegant languages of ancient Greece and of modern Rome have also occupied our pages, and have been expounded with great care by the authors of the Lessons on these branches of Literature; ror have we forgot our Students in French. as a "Course of Readings" in that popular language is still appearing at convenient intervals. The Mathematics, including Algebra and Geometry, with Instrumental Arithmetic and Mathemaʼical Illustrations, have also been progressing under our own care, and these branches will be still more vigorously pursued in our next Volume, where some of them, if possible, will be brought to a conclusion. Bookkeeping has already occupied a portion of our labours, and we shall conclude this branch in a few early Numbers, with the subject of Foreign Trade. The Lessons in Reading and Elocution will be rendered still more useful and attractive in our next Volume; but we cannot promise any new language till we have finished one or more of those now in hand; the German, however, is very near a conclusion. We are preparing for Lessons in Mechanical Drawing, and in various etter branches which have been unavoidably, postponed, on account of the great demand for those which we have given, and which we are now carrying on. In closing these remarks, we can only say that we shall continue to place before our Readers, as we have always striven to do, those subjects which are the most in demand, and which are calculated to do the greatest possible good to the greatest possible number."

BOD

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I. Introduction; Pronunciation

II. Pronunciation of Vowels and Consonants; First
Pronouncing Table

19

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III. First Pronouncing Table continued; Semivowels
IV. Pronunciation continued; Second Pronouncing
Table

V. Of Diphthongs; Third Pronouncing Table
VI. Fourth Pronouncing Table

VII, VIII. Fifth Pronouncing Table.

IX. Sixth Pronouncing Table, Accents, etc...
X. On the use of the Apostrophe
XI., XII. The Articles; Declension of Nouns
XIII., XIV., XV. Use of the Preposition or case-sign

XVII., XVIII. Use of the Preposition Da; etc.

XXI. Use of the Preposition Per, and Exercises......

LESSONS ON MUSIC.

XX. Introduction to the Old Notation; Relative
Length of Notes; Absolute Length of Notes
and Speed of Movement; Pauses of the Voice;
Time Signatures; Absolute Pitch and Clefs;
Keys and their Signatures...

XXI. Of accidendal Flats and Sharps, and Rules

for recognising on the Staff the Notes of Tran-

sition, the Distinguishing Notes of Minor

Keys, and Chromatic Notes; other Symbols

of frequent occurrence

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159, 178

192, 211, 232

253

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XXII. The Condenser; Condensing Syringe; Condensed
Air Fountain; Air-gun; Hero's Fountain;
Intermittent Fountain; Siphons

XXIII. Pumps; the Suction-Pump, Forcing-Pump,
Lift-and-Force Pump; Valves; Bramah's
Press; Mariotte's Bottle

XXIV. Acoustics: Production, Propagation, and Reflec-

tion of Sound; Intensity of Sound; Savart's

Apparatus for Increasing Sound; Effect of

Tubes; Velocity of Sound; Laws of Reflected

Sound

XXV. Echoes and Ringing Sounds; the Speaking and

Hearing Trumpets; Vibrations of Cords; the

Monochord; Nodes and Nodal Lines; Savart's

Toothed Wheel; the Siren; the Blowing

Machine.

XXVI. Physical Theory of Music; Quality of Musical
Sound; Unison; Gamut; Diatonic Scale;
Intervals, Sharps and Flats; Harmony, Dis-
cord; Pulsation; Tuning Fork; Vibrations
of Rods, Plates, and Membranes

LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION.

I. Punctuation; Characters employed

II. The Period; the Note of Interrogation; the

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VI. Laws of Gravity; the Pendulum.
VII. Molecular Forces; Particular Properties of
Solids; Tenacity of Metals, etc.....
VIII. Hydrostatics; Properties of Liquids; Piesome-
ters; the Principle of Pascal; Pressure in
Liquids from Gravity; Hydrostatic Paradox 105
IX. On the Equilibrium of Liquids, in single and
communicating vessels; the Hydraulic Press;
Levels and Levelling; Fountains and Arte-
sian Wells.
X. Bodies immersed in Liquids; Principle of
Archimedes; Hydrostatic Balance; Meta-
centre; Specific Gravity; the Areometer....
XI. Specific Gravity; Tables of the Specific Weights
of Solids and Liquids; use of these Tables ..
XII. Areometers; Nicholson's and Baumé's Arcome-
ters; Gay-Lussac's Densimeter

XIII. Hydrodynamics; Efflux of Liquids; Liquid

Vein; Vena Contracta; Theorem of Torri-

celli; Discharge, theoretical and effective, etc.

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