Εικόνες σελίδας
PDF
Ηλεκτρ. έκδοση

known, we have the height h of the column & c. The point bis then closed with a little wax, and the barometric pressure is noted. Now, if this pressure be denoted by H', the pressure in the reservoir B, is denoted by 'h. The reservoir is now withdrawn from the ice and weighed, in order to ascertain the weight of the mercury which has been introduced into it. This reservoir is then completely filled with mercury at 0° Centigrade, and the weight P' of the mercury contained both in the reservoir and the tube is ascertained. Now, if k denoted the co-efficient of the expansion of glass, a that of air, and D the density of mercury at 0° Centigrade, we find a by the following process. The volume of the reservoir and of the

P'

D

tube at 0° Centigrade is from the formula PVD formerly given; consequently, at t° Centigrade this volume, by a pre

ceding problem, is (1 kt), at the pressure H, which was

D

stationary. Hence the indications of the air-thermometer are influenced by the pressure of the atmosphere, and thus require to be corrected at every observation.

When variations of temperature of considerable extent are to be measured, the air-thermometer is furnished with a tube similar to that employed in measuring the co-efficient of the expansion of gases in the apparatus of M. Regnault (figs. 184 and 185). Making experiments with this tube, as explained in the description of that apparatus, the quantities P, r', H, H', and h, which enter into equation (3.) are determined; and as a is known, this equation, by reduction, will give the temperature t, to which the tube has been raised. According to the researches of M. Regnault, the air-thermometer sensibly agrees with the mercurial thermometer as far as 260° Centigrade, or 500° Fahrenheit; but beyond this point the mercury expands more rapidly than the air.

Density of Gases.-The specific weight or density of a gas is the ratio of the weight of a certain volume of the gas to that of the same volume of air, the gas and the air being both at the same temperature and pressure; and in the use of the Centigrade thermometer, this temperature and pressure are 0° Centigrade and 29.922 inches, which we shall call the standard temperature and pressure. According to this definition, the density of a gas is found by determining the weight of a certain volume of the gas at the standard temperature and pressure; next, the weight of the same volume of air at the standard temperature and pressure: and then by dividing the former weight by the latter. In determining the density of gases, a glass vessel or

the pressure when it was hermetically sealed. Therefore at P' (1 kt) H the pressure hit is ; (1.), by the law of Marh D iotte. Again, according to the formula PVD, the volume of the air which remains in the reservoir is represented by at the temperature 0° Centigrade and at the pressure -h. At the same pressure, but at to, this volume is there-globe, whose capacity is about that of two imperial gallons, is

p' P

D

P

fore (a); and at the pressure h, it becomes

P'

D

(P' — P) (1 + a t) (H′ · (PP) (1+at)

h D

H)

; (2.) But the volumes represented by the formulæ (1.) and (2.) are the volume of the reservoir and the tube at the pressure h; they are therefore equal. Whence, by suppressing the common denominator, we have the equation

P' (1' + k t) x = (r′ —P) (1 + a t) (x − h); (3.) from which may be deduced the value of a.

By experiments and calculations of this kind, M. Regnault found that from 0 to 100° Centigrade, and for barometric pressures between 11.8 inches and 59 1 inches, the co-efficients of expansion for certain gases were as follows:

:

employed, having a stop-cock at the neck or aperture, which can be screwed to an air-pump. This globe is weighed first when empty, that is, when a vacuum has been made in it; second, when full of air; and third, when full of the gas whose density is to be found. The air and the gas are dried by the same process as that followed in the experiments made with the apparatus represented in fig. 184. By sub racting the weight of the globe when empty from its weights respectively when full of air and full of the given gas, we have the weights of the same volume of the air and of the gas. In the case where the experiment has been made at the standard temperature and pressure, it is sufficient to divide the weight of the gas by the weight of the air, and the quotient will be the density required. The process of finding the density of a gas in general requires numerous corrections, in order to refer it to the standard temperature and pressure, as well as to reduce the temperature of the glass vessel to 0° Centigrade. These

TABLE OF THE CO-EFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION FOR corrections are effected by means of the formula which we have

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

Carbonic Acid... These numbers show that the co-efficients of the expansion of gases differ only by quantities which are extremely small. M. Regnault has proved, also, that at the same temperature the expansion of any gas is greater in proportion to the increase of pressure; and that the co-efficients of the expansion of two gases differ more when they are subjected to greater pressures. The Air Thermometer.-This thermometer, as its name indicates, is founded on the principle of the expansion of air. When it is intended to measure small variations of temperature, the same form is given to it as that employed by Gay-Lussac in order to measure the co-efficient of the expansion of the gases (fig. 183); that is, it is composed of a glass bulb, to which is Cemented a long capillary tube or stem. The bulb is filled with air perfectly dry; and there is introduced into the stem, a small quantity of sulphuric acid, coloured red, to serve as an index; the instrument is then graduated by comparing its indications with those of a mercurial thermometer. The extremity of the stem of this thermometer must be allowed to remain open; otherwise, the contraction or expansion of the air above the index would take place at the same time as that of the air in the bulb, and the index would remain

given in this lesson for the solution of problems of this description, but most of these may be avoided by the following method:

M. Regnault has applied to the preceding process some modifications, which dispense with part of the corrections. For this purpose, the globe, which is employed to weigh the given gas, is hung on the one scale of a balance, and it is brought into equilibrium with another globe of the same volume hermetically sealed and hung on the other scale. These two globes expanding equally under the same degree of temperature, always displace the same quantity of air, whence the variations in the temperature and pressure of the atmosphere have no influence on their weights. Now, when the first globe is successively filled with the air and with the gas whose density is required, it is placed in a zinc vessel, and surrounded with ice. By this means it is brought to the standard temperature; and by shutting the stop-cock when the gas introduced into it is at the same temperature, the corrections for temperature are avoided. Lastly, the two gases can be easily brought to the standard pressure by referring the pressure under which the experiment is made to the law that the weights are proportional to the pressures.

In the case of gases which act upon brass, as chlorine for example, a brass stop-cock cannot be employed. It is then necessary to employ a glass bottle with a ground stopper, and to introduce the gas by a bent tube which reaches to the bottom; the bottle being held upright or inverted, according as the gas introduced into it is heavier or lighter than the air. When all the air is expelled from the bottle, the tube is removed, and it is closed by the stopper. If the bottle be then weighed full of gas, the weight obtained will include the weight

of the bottle, plus the weight of the gas, minus the weight of the air displaced, according to principles formerly explained. Now, the weight of the bottle is easily determined; and if it be gauged by finding the volume of water which it contains, its volume will thus be found, and consequently the weight of the air which it displaces. If, then, we subtract the weight of the bottle itself from the weight obtained by weighing it when full of gas, and add to the remainder the weight of the air displaced, we have the required weight of the gas. It now only remains to divide the weight of the gas by the weight of the same volume of air, care being taken to make the necessary corrections for temperature and pressure in order to refer them to the same capacity, and the standard temperature and pressure. The following table shows the density of some gases which have been thus determined at the standard temperature and pressure above mentioned:

TABLE OF THE DENSITY OF GASES,

That of air being taken as unity.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

CHANGE OF STATE IN BODIES.

The Laws of Fusion. Of the various phenomena which are presented by bodies under the influence of caloric, we have only hitherto considered those of expansion. Now, if we first turn our attention to solid bodies, it is evident that this expansion has a limit. For, in proportion as a solid body absorbs a greater quantity of caloric, the repulsive force of its particles is increased; and a period may arrive when the molecular attraction is insufficient to preserve the body in the solid state. A new phenomenon then takes place; viz. that of fusion (melting), or the passage of a body from the solid to the liquid state. Yet a great number of substances, as paper, wood, wool, and certain salts, do not melt under the action of an elevated temperature, but are decomposed. Of all the simple bodies, one only has not hitherto been fused by the action of the most intense sources of heat, and this is carbon.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors]

Latent Caloric.-When the temperature remains constant during the period of fusion, while a body passes from the solid to the liquid state, whatever may be the intensity of the fire, it is evident that in order to change its state, the body absorbs a considerable quantity of heat, of which the sole effect is to keep it in the liquid state. This quantity of heat, which does not act on the thermometer, and which is combined in some way with the particles of the body, is denominated latent caloric, or the caloric of fusion. The following experiment will give a clear idea of what is to be understood by latent caloric: if we mix a pound of water at 0 Centigrade with a pound of water at 79° Centigrade, we shall have immediately two pounds of water at 39.5 Centigrade, that is, at the mean temperature of the two quantities mixed; this result was to be expected, because they are of the same nature, and of an equal quantity, But if we mix a pound of water at 79° Centigrade with an equal weight of pounded ice at 0° Centigrade, the ice will instantly melt, and we shall have two pounds of water at 0° Centigrade. Thus we see that, without changing its temperature, and solely to effect its fusion, one pound of ice absorbs the quantity of heat necessary to raise one pound of water from the freezing point to 79° Čentigrade, or 1649.4 Fahrenheit. This quantity of heat, therefore, represents the caloric of fusion, or the latent caloric of ice. Each body has its own particular quantity of latent caloric, which may be determined by calculation.

The following are the two general laws of fusion to which bodies are subjected, as discovered by experiment. 1. Every body enters into a state of fusion at a certain temperature, which is invariable for each individual substance. 2. What ever may be the intensity of the source of heat at the moment when fusion commences, the temperature ceases to rise, and remains constant until the fusion be completed. The following table exhibits the temperatures at which fusion commences in different substances :

TABLE OF THE MELTING POINTS OF BODIES.
Substances.
Melting Points.
40 Cent. or 40° Fahr.
32
91.4
111.2

Mercury

Ice

Tallow

[ocr errors]

...

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

رو

33

44

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[blocks in formation]

131 134.6 140

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]
[merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

Phosphorus

Potassium

[ocr errors]

Margaric Acid

Stearin

White wax

Stearic Acid

Alloy (1 lead, 1 tin,

4 bismuth)

Sodium

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors][ocr errors]

145 4,9 158

[ocr errors]

,, 201.2,,

Solution.-A body is said to be dissolved, or put into a state of solution, when it is liquified by the effect of the mutual at traction of its particles and those of a liquid. Thus, gum arabic, sugar, and the greater number of salts, are soluble in water. During solution, as well as during fusion, a greater or less quantity of heat is absorbed. This is the reason why the solution of a salt, in general, occasions a lowering of temperature. Yet it happens that in certain solutions the temperature does not vary, and in others that it even rises. This will be understood by observing how these two simultaneous and contrary effects are produced. The first is the passage from the solid to the liquid state, an effect which produces a lowering of temperature; the second is the combination of the dissolved body and the liquid. Now, every chemical combination takes place with the development of heat; consequently, according as one of these effects predominates over the other, or as one is equal to the other, so is cold or heat the result, or the temperature remains constant.

Solidification.-Solidification, or congelation, is the passage from the liquid state to the solid. This phenomenon takes place according to the following laws, which are the converse of those of fusion, and are proved by experiment: 1. Solidification is produced in every body at a fixed temperature, which is exactly that of fusion. 2. From the moment when solidification commences until it be completed, the temperature of the liquid remains constant. This second law is the consequence of the fact that the latent caloric absorbed during fusion is set free at the moment of solidification. Many liquids, as alcohol and ether, are not solidifiable by the greatest lowering of temperature to which they have been exposed. In general, bodies which pass slowly from the liquid to the solid state assume determinate geometrical forms called crystals; such as those of the tetrahedron, the cube, the prism, and the rhom bohedron. If the body which solidifies be in a state of fusion, its crystallisation is said to take place by the dry method; but if the body be held in solution in a liquid, its crystallisation is said to take place by the humid method. It is by allowing the liquids which hold salts in solution to evaporate slowly, that salts are made to crystallise. Snow, ice newly formed, and salts, exhibit fine examples of crystallisation. shall take the first opportunity to bring under the notice of our students the subject of crystallisation.

We

The Formation of Ice.-Distilled water becomes solid at the temperature of 0 Centigrade, and is then called ice; but the

The in

congelation takes place but slowly, because that the frozen part gives out its latent caloric to the rest of the liquid mass. Ice presents this remarkable phenomenon, that it possesses less density than water. We have already shown that, by cooling or lowering the temperature, water only contracts in volume as far as 40 Centigrade, but that beyond this point it expands. Now, this increase of volume remains and increases still more at the moment of congelation; and we find that the volume of ice is 1'075 times that of water at 4° Centigrade. Hence, the density of ice is only about 0-930, that of water being 1; consequently, ice always floats on the surface of water. crease of volume which ice assumes in its formation is accompanied with a considerable expansive force, which frequently bursts the vessels which contain it. The rending of stones after a frost is due to the effect of the water which has penetrated their pores and become frozen. It is the same increase of volume which renders the action of frost so injurious to plants, because their sap, when frozen, breaks their tissues. M. Williams, in England, in order to demonstrate the expansive force of ice, placed in an atmosphere several degrees below zero, a bomb-shell filled with water, after he had firmly closed the orifice with a wooden stopper. At the instant of congelation, this stopper was forcibly thrown to a great distance, and an icy border was formed round the edges of the orifice.

Retardation of the Freezing of Water.-The temperature of the congelation of water is retarded by salts or other substances which it holds in solution. Sea-water, for instance, does not solidify till it be lowered to the temperature of -29.5 Centigrade, or 27.5 Fahrenheit. The point of the solidification of pure water may be retarded several degrees, if it be deprived of the air which it generally contains, and if it be kept entirely free from all agitation. Thus, in a vessel surrounded with a frigorific mixture, and placed under an exhausted receiver, the water may be made to fall to -12° Centigrade, or 10°4 Fahrenheit, and even lower than this before congelation. But if then a slight motion be given to the mass, a part of the liquid will be instantly frozen; and this remarkable phenomenon will be observed, that the remaining part of the liquid will suddenly rise to 0 Centigrade, or 32° Fahrenheit. This rise in the temperature is owing to the latent caloric, which is freed by the formation of the ice.

[merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small]

When, then, you meet with w, so as to give you an idea that it is a contracted form, you know that its elements must be found in the list of its equivalents just given: the same may be said of ov and oi.

The contracted verbs agree with the uncontracted verbs in this; namely, that generally the characteristic root-vowel of the Present and Imperfect is lengthened in the other tenses: thus we change

[merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small]

This lengthening into a takes place when the vowel is preceded by ε, 4, or p; as,

LESSONS IN GREEK.-No. XXXI.
By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.
CONTRACTED VERBS PURE.

CONTRACTED Pure Verbs are those which have for their
characteristic either a, e, or o, and blend those vowels with
the immediately following mood-vowel. The mixing of the
vowels takes place in only the Present and Imperfect of the
active and middle (or passive), since only in those two is the
characteristic vowel followed by the modal vowel. The v
EpEAKUOTIKOV in the third person singular, Imperfect, active, is
not employed with the contraction.

The blending of two vowels produces various vowels or diphthongs, as appears in the following table, where +, the aign of plus in Mathematics, denotes that the two vowels be tween which it is placed, melt together to produce another or a diphthong, and, the sign of equality, is prefixed to the result, showing that the latter is equivalent to the former.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small]
[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small]

Observe that Xovw, I wash, forms from the simpler verb λοω, the Middle Present λοῦται, λούμενος, λοῦ, λοῦσθαι ; the the other parts are Imperfect lovuny, eλov, ελouro, etc.: regularly formed from Xovw.

Contracted Verbs are conjugated. In committing the ensuing I must now lay before you an example of the way in which forms to memory, you should repeat first the uncontracted form, and then the contracted form. The uncontracted form, to take an instance from the table, is Tμaw, the contracted Tip: the uncontracted form is appended to the common stem in parentheses thus, ru(a-w); the contracted form stands immediately after the second parenthesis. This, then, is the way in which I advise you to repeat every part, in order to commit the whole to memory; namely,

Τιμαω, τιμῶ; τιμαεις, τιμᾷς; τιμαει, τιμᾷ τιμαετον, τιμᾶτον ; τιμαετόν, τιμᾶτον ; τιμαομεν, τιμῶμεν; τιμαετε, τιμᾶτε;

τιμαουσι, τιμῶσι,

Τιμαομαι, τιμῶμαι; τιμαεσθω, τιμασθω; μισθοεσθων, μισθου σθων; φιλεόμενος, φιλούμενος; εφιλεόμεθον, εφιλουμεθον ; ετιμαεσθε, ετιμᾶσθε; ἔφιλέοντο, εφιλοῦντο, etc.

[ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

εφιλ(ε-ε)εῖ τον εφιλ(ε-ε)ει την εφιλ(ε-υ)οῦ μεν

εμισθο-εού-τον

εμισθίο-ε)ου-την

εμισθο-ο)ού-μεν

εμισθο-ελού-τε

Du. τιμα-ω)ω-μεθον φιλε-ω)ω-μεθον

τιμα-η)ᾶ-σθον φιλ(ε-η)ῆ-σθον

τιμα-η)ᾶ-σθον

Ρι. τιμα-ωω-μεθα

τιμα-η)α-σθε τιμα-ω)ῶ-νται

Imperative.

φιλ(ε-ου)οῦ φιλ(εε)ει-σθω φιλε «λεῖ-σθον

μισθο-ηλοῖ μισθο-η)ῶνται μισθο-ω)ω-μεθον

μισθο-η)ῶ-σθον

φιλ(ε-η)ή-ται

φιλ(ε-η)ῆ-σθον

μισθο-η)ῶ σθον

φιλε-ω)ω-μεθα

φιλε-η)ή-σθε

μισθίο-ω)ω-μεθα μισθο-η)ώ-στε

φιλ(ε-ω)ῶ-νται

μισθο-ω)ώνται

μισθο-ου)οῦ μισθίο-ε)ου-σθω

μισθο-ε)οῦ-σθον

μισθίο-ε)ου-σθων

μισθο-ε)οῦ-σθε

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small]

εφιλ(ε-ε)εῖ τε
εφιλίε-ον)ουν

Optative. φιλ(ε-οι)οῖ- μι φιλε-οις οῖς φιλε-οι)οῖ φιλ(ε-οι)οῖ-τον φιλ(ε-οι)οι-την φιλε οι οί μεν φιλε οι)οῖτε φιλ(ε-οι)οῖ-εν Attic Optative. φιλ(ε-οι)οι ην φιλε-οι)οι-ης φιλε-οι)οι-η φιλε οι)οι-ητον φιλε οι)οι-ητην φιλε-οι οι ημέν φιλε-οι)οι ητε φιλ(ε-οι)οῖ-εν

εμισθο-ον)ουν εμισθό-ες)ους

εμισθο-ον)ουν

μισθίο-οι)οι μι
μισθο-οις)οῖς
μισθίο· οι)οῖ
μισθο-οι)οῖ-τον
μισθο-οι)οι-την
μισθο-οι)οῖ-μεν
μισθο-οι)οῖ-τε
μισθο οι)οῖ-εν

μισθ(ο-οι)οι-ην
μισθο-οι)οι-ης
μισθο-οι)οι η
μισθο-οι)οι·ητον
μισθίο-οι)οιητην
μισθο-οι)οι-ημεν
μισθο-οι)οι-ητε
μισθο οι)οῖεν

Sing. τιμα-ου)

τιμα-ε)α-σθω

τιμα-ε)α-σθωσαν φίλε-ε)ει-σθωσαν μισθίο-ε)ου-σθωσαν οι τιμ(α-ε)α-σθων οι φιλε-ε)ει-σθων οι μισθο-ε)ου-σθων

[blocks in formation]

Sing. τιμ(α-οι)φ-μην

τιμα-οι), ο

Optative.

φιλε-οι)οι-μην
φιλ(ε-οι)οῖ-ο

τιμα-οι)φ-το φιλ(ε-οι)οῖ-το Du. τιμα-οι)ς-μεθον φιλε-οι)οι-μεθον τιμία·οι)ῷ-σθον φιλε-οι)οῖ-σθον τιμα-οι)φ-σθην φιλε-οι)οι-σθην Pl. τιμα· οι)φ-μεθα φιλε-οι)οι μεθα τιμ(α-οι)φ-σθε φιλε-οι)οῖ-σθε τιμα-οι)φ-ντο φιλ(ε-οι)οῖ-ντο

INDICATIVE MOOD,

απόχρη (abbreviated from αποχρῇ), it is sufficient, inf. αποχρῖν,
impf. απέχρη; χραω, χρῶ, 1 give an oracle, χρῇς, χρῷ, inf.
χρήν.

μισθο-οι)οι-μην
μισθο-οι)οῖ-ο Respecting the use of the Attic forms of the Opta ive in nv,
μισθο-οι)οῖ-το observe that in the singular of the verbs in to and ow the form
μισθο-οι)οι-μεθον στην is preferable to the ordinary form, and in the verbs in
μισθο-οι)οι-σθον aw is almost exclusively to be employed; but in the dual and
μισθο· οι)οι-σθην | the plural the ordinary form in all three kinds of verbs is more
μισθίο· οι)οι μεθα usual The third person plural has regularly the shorter
μισθο-οι)οῖ σθε
μισθο-οι)οῖ-ντο

[blocks in formation]

Pres. Ind, πλεομαι, πλες, πλεῖται, πλεομεθον, πλεισθον, etc. Inf. πλεῖσθαι, Part, πλεομενος, Impf. επλεομην. The verb dew, I bind, admits contraction in all its forms, especially in its compounds, as, το δοῦν, του δοῦντος, διαδοῦμαι, κατεδοῦν; but not δεῖ, it is necessary, nor δεομαι, I must. Several verbs depart in contraction from the ordinary rules: de, all, an, ay, become ŋ and y, instead of a and a; as, Law, ζω, Γίνε, ζῆς, ύ, ἦτον, ὅτε, inf. ζῆν ; imperat. ζῆ, imperf. έζων, ης, η, ήταν, ήτην, ἥτε : also, πεινα-ω, πεινῶ, I am hungry, inf. πεινήν, etc., διψάσω, διψώ, I am thirsty, inf. διψήν. Further, Ανάω, κυῶ, I scratch, inf. κνῦν ; σμαω, σμῶ, I wash, inf. σμην ; ψαῳ, ψῶ, I rub, inf. ψὴν, χράομαι, χρώμαι, I use, need, χρι, χρῆται, inf. χρῆσθαι : 50 αποχρώμαι, I waste, inf. αποχρήσθαι,

η

form.

State what is the part, and what the English, of the words in the following

EXERCISE.

Ετίμησα; εμισθωθην; τιμηθησομαι; φιλητέος; τετιμηκα; τιμητέος, τιμῷμι; φιλοιην; φιλοῖεν ; τιμῳμην; τιμῳμεθα ; τιμῳ ; τιμῷεν ; φιλοῖτον; μισθοῖτε; τιμήμεθα; ετίμων: ετιμα ; εφίλει; εμισθου; ετιμάτο; εφιλεῖτο; μισθοῦτο; ετιμῶμεν ; εφιλεῖτε; εμισθουτε; ετιμᾶσθε; εφιλεῖσθε, εμισθ. ἔσθε; τιμῶν; τιμῶσα; φιλουντος; μισθούσης; τιμωμένη; φιλουμένους μισο θοῦσθαι; μισθοῖ; φιλῶμαι; φιλουμαι; φιλμ; φιλοῦνται; φιλῆται ; φιλεῖσθαι.

Give the contracted form for these

UNCONTRACIED FORMS.

τιμάετε ;

Τιμάεις; φιλέω ; τιμαόμεν ; τιμαε; φιλέομεν ; τιμαουσι ; εφιλεον; εμισθοε; ετιμαεσθον ; ετιμαοντο ; εφιλεόμην ; εμισθοετο ; εφιλεεσθε; μισθούμενος; τιμαοιμι ; τιμαοιεν ; φιλέοιμεν; μισθοοι; μισθοοιμι; τιμαοιμην; τιμαοιτο; μισθοοιντο; τιμαοιημεν; φιλεοιην; φιλεοιημεν ; μισθοοιητον; μισθοοιητε; φιλέοιτο; φιλεοιντο.

Write out in full, according to the paradigms, the following verbs, first in an uncontracted form, and then in a contracted form, and then again in the two forms combined:

φοβεω, I frighten, φοβήσω, πεφοβηκα, πεφοβημαι.
χωρεω, I yield, χωρησω, κεχώρηκα, κεχωρημαι.
ποιεω, I wake, ποιησω, πεποίηκα, πεποίημαι.
αγαπάω,
I love, αγαπησω, ηγαπηκα, ηγαπημαι.
νικάω, I conquer, νικήσω, νενικηκα, νενικημαι.
δηλόω, I show, δηλώσω, δεδηλωκα, δεδηλωμαι.
χρυσόω, Igild, χρυσώσω, κεχρυσωκα, κεχρυσωμαι,

In order that you may not blindly copy, I give a specimen of another arrangement, which I advise you to follow, as well as that which precedes:

Active,-Present Tense, Indicative Mood.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small]

Observe that the first person dual is nothing else than a repetition of the first person plural; accordingly in the full paradigm it is altogether omitted.

Il n'est pas d'alliance, ni de société plus belle, plus douce et plus heureuse qu'un bon mariage. C'est une joie de voir deux έpoux vivre unis et en paix, mais aussi rien at plug carer geux plus douloureux que quand ce lien se déchire. Luther.

« ΠροηγούμενηΣυνέχεια »