has well planted his field. The Greeks are fond of placing between the article and the participle, in phrases such as this, the qualifying and dependent words.

EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

Οἱ περὶ Λεωνιδαν τριακοσιοι γενναίως μαχόμενοι ετελεύτησαν. Νικησον οργήν τῳ λογίζεσθαι καλώς. Μακάριος όστις ευτύς χησεν εις τέκνα. Πολλους κακώς πράττοντας ωρθωσε τυχη. Σφαλλει εκείνους ούς αν ύψωση τυχη. Ρᾳδια παντα Θεῷ τελεσαι. Μηδέποτε κρίνειν αδαήμονας άνδρας εασης. Εν οίς αν τόποις τις ατυχήση, τούτοις πλησιάζων ουχ ήδεται. Ο νεανίας ακολουθησατω τη σοφίᾳ. Ο ποιητής τον λογιωτατον Οδυσσεα σιωπηλοτατον πεποίηκεν. Oi ayaloɩ avoρeç Tarpica κοσμησουσιν. Πολλακις πενιχρος ανήρ άιψα μαλ' έπλούτησεν. Πολλοι, κεκτημενοί μεν πολλα, οὐ χρωνται δε δι' ανελευθερίαν. Λύσανδρος, ο Σπαρτιατης, μεγάλων τιμῶν ηξιώθη. Οἱ ἡμεροδρομοι ουκ έχρησαντο υποδήμασιν εν τοις όδοις. Ἡ πολις πολλων ανδρων εχηρωθε. Οἱ ιατροι τα έλκη ακεσονται. Hyrra σιγην καιρίαν κεκτημένη και γέροντι και νεῳ τιμην φέρει. Ουδεις | επαινον ήδοναις εκτησατο. Ούτε τῳ καλως αγρον φυτευσαμένω δηλον εστιν, όςτις καρπώσεται, οὔτε τῳ καλως οικίαν οικοδο

μησαμένῳ δηλον όστις οικήσει,

ENGLISH-GREEK.

exertions of genius. I conclude with observing, that though men of genius may be said to be properly of every country, those of the same country consider themselves as having a particular interest in them. Upon this natural disposition, we who are here assembled have a particular interest in Mr. Watt. He belongs to this part of the country both by birth and education, and we feel, like others, some shade of conscious pride in this claim of ours. One object that may per haps occupy this meeting is, whether there should be one separate monument in different places; or one great and magnificent one in the most appropriate place. I acknowledge my leaning is to one great, magnificent, and sublime monu ment, which shall command the attention of all, and which is likely to be lasting. 1 am for a monument which shall be durable, such as will wear out the teeth of envious time, and hand down the memory of this great man to the latest posterity.

the measure of erecting a great national monument ih WestMr. MONTEITH said. He was happy to think that although minster Abbey to the memory of that great man, James Watt, had not met with great encouragement in this city and district, this arose entirely from a very general opinion that as this city from Mr. Watt's discoveries, and as the inhabitants were and neighbourhood had derived the most essential benefits chiefly engaged in busthes, immediately connected with these discoveries, it would be more appropriate to erect this monument among themselves than at a distance. He would not enlarge on the transcendant talents of Mr. Watt, but having The good love and honour the good; the good will love and had the honour of knowing him, he could not but recollect honour the good; the noble youths will follow virtue; the his modest and unassuming disposition, the urbanity of mancitizens will account the brave warrior worthy of great honour.ners which distinguished him, which endeared him to every Alexander, the king of the Macedonians, conquered (aorist) one, and which would have rendered his memory respected, Darius, the king of the Persians. Leonidas and his three even if he had not possessed the high talents which have hundred warriors adorned their country by their bravery. Proved so beneficial to this country. When he considered The citizens accounted the general worthy of great honour. that, in this city, the genius of Mr. Watt was nurtured and Accomplish for me, O Jupiter, this prayer. The soldiers have matured-when he considered that Glasgow, in numbering besieged the enemy. The war has bereaved the city of many him among her citizens-but, above all, when he considered citizens. The enemy were conquered (aor. pass.); the brave every class of the inhabitants, from the highest merchant and warriors were accounted worthy of honour; the physicians manufacturer to mechanics of every description, had derived Healed the wound; no one will gain praise by enjoyments; the greatest benefits from his talents, he anticipated that all the city has been bereaved of many citizens; all things have would come forward to promote the proposed measure, and that a monument would soon appear, worthy of this great; following resolution, which was seconded by William Dunn, wealthy, and prosperous city. He concluded by moving the Esq.:

been well ended.

Explain the formation of the ensuing verbal-forms; that is, give the English and the root; assign the mood, tense, person, etc, and show by what rule, or by what exception, the verb has its actual form.

BIOGRAPH Y.-No. XIV. JAMES WATT, INVENTOR OF THE STEAM ENGINE. (Continued from page 177.)

I HAVE often made use of this beautiful analysis received from Mr. Watt, in another department in which I have been long engaged, to illustrate and encourage the progress of genius in youth; to show, that once in possession of a habit of attention, under proper direction, it may be carried from one easy step to another, till the mind becomes qualified and invigorated for uniting and concentrating effort the highest

I. "That to the highly inventive talents of the late James Watt, and in particular to his improvements upon the steamengine, this country is indebted for a large portion of its prosperity and commercial greatness."

Mr. KIRKMAN FINLAY next addressed the meeting. He said that it was his happiness to have enjoyed, for many years, frequent opportunities of knowing and admiring Mr. Watt's Beautiful comparison which had been lately applied by an great mind, and seeing his extensive usefulness. That eloquent member of the House of Commons, to an illustrious statesman then recently dead, might with truth and propriety have been applied to characterise the great mind of Mr. Watt: "It was like the proboscis of an elephant, which could pick up a needle and bend an oak," To an extent and variety of kindness and liberality which made that knowledge the proknowledge which no other individual possessed, was joined a perty of the public, and available on all occasions to the advancement of the arts and manufactures of his country. He might be said to be a great reservoir of knowledge, to which the men most eminent in this kingdom for their talents and their usefulness were always happy to apply, and where they were certain to find the most important information. The advantages which have been derived by this country from the invention of the steam-engine had been so well stated by his learned and honourable friends who preceded him, that he would not detain the meeting further on that subject. The account which the meeting had just heard of the first steps of that great discovery, in the highly interesting speech of his learned friend, was peculiarly gratifying to the admirers of that illustrious man. The motion which had been put into his hands related to the benefits which this city in particular had experienced from the great improvement which had been made in the steam engine; and certainly it could not be difficult to

satisfy any one on that head, for there was certainly not an effective, productive, and permanent strength to this empire, individual of any class or profession who had not felt the than, to use the phrase of Swift, all the tribe of politicians put advantage of the general and rapid improvement which had together. How much this country has already been indebted been the consequence of it. It extended our commerce and to his discoveries, it would be presumptuous in such a meeting manufactures, increased our comforts, and was likely to be the to calculate; but it might be stated, that the number of steammeans of adding to our security, in the event (which God for- engines employed in Britain were estimated as equivalent to bid) of another war, when it could not be doubted that this the power of nearly half a million of horses. How much this wonderful machine might be employed to add to our means of country may yet be indebted to his discoveries, no human defence. To all his other advantages, Mr. Watt joined the penetration could foresee, as the systein was still in its infancy. possession of a memory so retentive and so just, that he was Within the period of a few short years it had produced a new enabled to bring to bear upon any subject he was consider-era in the practice of navigation-it was now on the very eve ing, the whole extent of his own former investigations, and all of producing a new era in the mode of carriage and travelling he had gathered in the course of his reading and conversation. by land-and in the event of another war, whether by steainIt was indeed a marvellous exhibition of the powers of mind, vessels on sea, or steam-guns on land, it might overturn the of infinite value in the examination of all those various subjects whole science of our ancestors, and produce a new era in the to which he directed his attention. In private life, it had art of naval and military tactics. It had been well observed been justly said, that a more modest man did not exist. He by his hon. friend who moved the resolution, that this city was, indeed, as appeared to his friends, desirous of concealing in particular lay under the greatest obligations to Mr. Watt. the merit of his own inventions, and deceived himself in no- Let us turn our eyes to the cotton-mills, and the power-looms; thing but the value of his own life to the interests of mankind. which are every day arising in our vicinity. Let us recollect -Mr. Finlay then concluded by moving the following reso- the supply of water to our houses, for which we are almost lution: solely indebted to the ingenuity of Mr. Watt. Let us view (although, unfortunately, it may be through a glass darkly) the gas-lights which illuminate our streets, and which could not have existed without his contrivances. Let us look at the steam-boats which cover the face of our river, and give facility, convenience, comfort, and safety of conveyance to almost every quarter of the island. He perhaps had intruded too long. He had another observation to offer. What a cheering, what a bright, what a noble stimulus did the example of Mr. Watt present to the mechanics of this city! He, too, was a mechanic, and he had risen to the elevation of fame and fortune. Such was the unparalleled excellence of the glorious constitution under which we live. Every station, every profession was open to merit. We lately had a primate of Eng. land who was the son of a butcher; we now have a Lord Chancellor who is the son of a coal-dealer; and a Secretary of State who is the son of a linen-printer.

II. "That the City of Glasgow and its neighbourhood have had an important share in the benefits of Mr. Watt's inventions; and, from being the scene where his talents were nurtured and matured, and with which he continued connected by many intimate ties through a long life, the memory of his private worth, as well as of his public usefulness, is here cherished with public veneration."

Quæ fecimus ipsi, éa nostra vočo. And to come home to ourselves, his two honourable friends who preceded him, would surely, after such a recapitulation, consider it no disparagement when he added, that our own city contained two gentlemen, one of whom had been, and the other is, a member of Parliament-the one a cotton-spinner, and the other a weaver. To the recent establishments for the instruction of mechanics in this city, he looked forward with equal pride and gratification. The system had originated in this city, and was now advancing over the kingdom. If, with the progress of intelligence, they united good order and subordination, he sincerely wished them all success and prosperity. At all events, it could not now be said, that for lack of educa tion,

Mr. EWING said, that he felt the greatest satisfaction in rising to second the motion of his hon. friend. He also had the gratification of an acquaintance with the celebrated person who was the occasion of this meeting, and although he had not enjoyed equal intimacy with his worthy friend, he too had an opportunity of appreciating the merits of Mr. Watt. He admired him for the modesty of his manners, the simplicity of his character, the accuracy of his observations, and the extent of his intelligence. Every thing that he said proceeded fresh from the source of a fertile and original understanding. The stamp of genius was impressed on the discussion of every subject with which he came into contact. An allusion had been made by his learned friend, the Professor of Logic, to the law of gravitation. That splendid discovery by the prince of philosophers, Sir Isaac Newton, was said to have originated from the fall of an apple. To an incident almost equally simple, we were indebted for Mr. Watt's improvements on the steam-engine. He was at that time; about the year 1763, an optician in this city. The model of the steam-engine belonging to the Natural Philosophy Class of this University, had been sent to him for repair. He analysed its principles, and soon perceived its defects. It was constructed on the basis of the atmospheric engine, which had been used in this country for half a century, without alteration or amendment. Mr. Watt observed that it was slow in motion, expensive in fuel, and weak in power. Applying the beautiful discovery of his friend Dr. Black, with respect to latent heat, he endeavoured to find out a remedy. The first great improvement had already been detailed by the learned professor-the condensation of the steam in a separate place from the cylinder, which, while it completed the vacuum, economised the fuel. The second great improvement had escaped the notice of his G. WRIGHT (Hull): Many thanks; his Algebraic solutions are very good. learned friend, in his historical detail-the substitution ofJ. POGSON (Quick View): His Geometrical exercises are correct... steam instead of atmospheric air, as the moving power. It K. (Belfast): We shall soon be at Optics.-WARD, and B. T. K. (Stalywas by these, and other inventions of equal ingenuity but of epxouevo in John 1. 9, refers to pws and not to avoporov, both for the bridge): Right.-BLANDUS: We quite agree with him in thinking that less importance, that Mr. Watt had brought the steam-engine reasons he assigns, and because Christ is called par excellence, à almost to a state of perfection to a degree of excellence The Coming One, in the writings of John; both as to his first and his second which excited the admiration, not of this country alone, but of advent; see Revelation i. 4 and 8; also, xxii. 20; and in John 1. 15 and all Europe. It might now be said of it, with perfect propriety, Mobilitate viget, viresqué acquiret eundo.

Full many a flower is born to blush unseen,
And waste its sweetness on the desert air,
(To be continued.)

ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS.

27. His Algebraic solution is right.

ερχομένος,

P. ALEXANDER (Glasgow): We congratulate him heartily on his success in his studies, particularly in Algebra; his solutions are correct and ingenious, and do him great credit. We would not advise him to undertake any more studies at present, or to change any of them.

We call never look on this wonderful machine without being reminded of the beautiful language of Scripture: "Out of his nostrils cometh smoke, and his name is strength." We can never look on this wonderful machine without recalling the classical tales of the giants, and realising the feats of the sons of Titan and the labours of Hercules. knowledge is power, and applying the maxim, it may be safely asserted, that Mr. Watt has brought an accession of more Polár star just appearing over its top. Required the height of the castle,

preserve it among others that we value. His solution of the

A. BOYD (Glasgow): We are greatly pleased with his letter, and we shall Marriage Question" is right. The state of "double blessedness" is best, let bachelors say what they like: It is the natural and proper state of man. Design, beneficence, intelligence, and power, shine through all the works of Nature, which are therefore the works of God.

It has been said that

AUTODIDACTOS: He will now find a table of Logarithms in the P. E.; but it is a Table of Tangents that he wants for the following question: "At the distance of 50 feet from the bottom of a castle wall, I observed th

Query," besides his; we can't put them all into the P. E., and we are
puzzled which to select.
K. C. S. (Shaftesbury): Allotropy, in Chemistry, is used to denote the
different states in which the same elementary body, as sulphur, phosphorus,
carbon, silicon, and others may occur. Diamond, graphite, and charcoal
are thus the different allotropic modifications of carbon. Some of these
bodies above mentioned, as phosphorus, have been shown by Berzelius, who
first used the term, to retain their allotropic conditions in their combina-
tions with other elementary bodies, as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
sulphur.

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SAM. GARNER (Loughborough): Right in his solutions, but not in his conclusions. The ULLAPOOL BARD: His biographical sketch will be highly acceptable.-J. K. (North Shields): See p. 138, col. 2, vol. iv.-E. B. (Fleetwood): We shall soon be on the subject he mentions; his solution is right; he will get a copy of Grotius de Veritate, etc., either in Latin or English, on any old book-stall for 1s. or 6d., according to its condition.-H. W. G. (Portsea): We have received several good solutions of the "Four Ball

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Fig. 203,

P, the weight which loads the safety-valve.
p, the counter-weight of the float.
R, the door of the fire-grate.

s, the safety-valve, already explained, when treating of Papin's digester. T, the man-hole or opening for the admission of the workman to cleanse and repair the generator.

Watt's Double-acting Engine.-Steam-engines in which the steam acts alternately above and below the piston, are called double-acting engines. They are also called Watt's engines, because he had the sole honour of their invention. We shall first endeavour to give an idea of this machine as a whole, and then give a separate description of its parts. See its representation in fig. 204.

On the left of the figure, is represented a cast-iron cylinder, into which is transmitted the steam from the generator. An aperture in the side of the cylinder, as shown in the figure, shows the piston on which the steam acts alternately from below and from above, in order to make it ascend and descend. By means

saturation, are at different temperatures, the tension of the vapour is the same in both vessels, and corresponds to the temperature of the vessel whose temperature is the lowest. L, the working-beam, which moves on its middle point upon As the water of the condenser is rapidly heated by the lique-two journals, and transmits the motion of the piston to the faction of the steam, it must be constantly renewed. This is connecting-rod. effected by means of two pumps; the one, M, called the airpump, empties the condenser of the hot water it contains, and, at the same time, of the air which is held in solution in the water of the generator, and which passes along with the steam