pressure pendulous engine." Fig. 217, No. 1, and fig. 217, No. 2, represent a side and front elevation, respectively, of the engine. The cylinder is suspended by trunnions from the top, and the piston gives motion to a crank, on the shafts of which are the fly-wheel and pulley. By a band from the latter, motion is distributed to various pulleys and shafts, by which a variety of different machines are set and kept in motion. The engine is of simple construction, and does its work well. The principle, discovered by Woolf, of introducing steam of a high pressure into a small cylinder, and afterwards allowing it to act expansively in a larger one, adding to its effective force by condensation, is in this engine applied in an extremely ingenious and simple manner. The cylinders are not placed before each other, as is generally done in the beam-engine, but firmly bedded and jointed side by side, forming what might be termed a double cylinder, which cylinders the inventors, upon a principle entirely new in this country, invert from their usual position, and suspend them between the framing, the trunnion-pipes or steam-ways being placed at the end, or what in the ordinary engine would be termed the bottom of the cylinders. By these means a direct motion is applied to the crank without the intervention of cross-heads, side-rod, or parallel motion; the piston-rod being attached to the crankpin, the cylinders vibrating with the pendulous movement on their bearings or runnions, whilst the oscillation of the cylinders works the slides by means of a bar. These engines are capable of exerting a power of fifty per cent. more than the power at which they are rated. Fig. 217, No. 1. | required, well adapted for barn works, chicory and wood works, flour-mills up to three pairs of stones, for draining low-land from 1 to 2,000 acres, according to their level, for saw-mills, bone-mills, etc. It is fixed on a cast-iron sole plate, firmly bolted down to masonry, and can be easily removed, if required. Engines of this construction are made from two to eight-horse power, with or without governors, felted and cased, with water and pressure gauge, at from £150 to £300 each, An engine of this description has been at work in a printing-office, where it was used for driving two large cylinder machines: it answered its purpose admirably, and was seldom out of order. Messrs. Lynch and Inglis, of Manchester, exhibited a portable steam-engine, represented in fig. 219, and of a stationary steam-engine, represented in fig. 220. For purposes where a small amount of power is required, such as crushing seeds, hoisting goods, pumping water, etc., these engines are peculiarly adapted. They are portable without sacrificing the proper proportions of their several parts; they are recommended by the simplicity of their construction, there being no more working parts than are absolutely necessary to communicate the required motion; the strain caused by the angle of the crank is entirely removed from the piston-rod; a long connectingrod is also obtained, and the crank shaft is brought down to the lowest point possible, so that the engine may be driven at a very high velocity, and yet remain perfectly steady. And, further to secure this desirable end, the fly-wheel is nicely balanced. Another great advantage may be observed in the From the simplicity of the engine there is no risk of derange- | long slide-valve, which not only effects a saving of steam, and three, and the friction of the working parts is diminished consequently of fuel also, but ensures greater accuracy and three-fourths, whilst the consumption of fuel is less than a durability, which are points of no mean importance in an horse power per hour, and there is a saving of one-half engine in ended to be placed in the care of men not at all, or Messrs usually occupied by the ordinary steam-engines, very par inlly, acquainted with the construction of steamthes. W. Joyce and Co. first commenced sterengines, engines. The inside packings are all metallic, so that the theted gines in 1834, since which period they have bring trouble and annoyance of frequently taking the engine asunder in large numbers. Me srs. Tuxford, of Boston, exhibited an improved noncondensing table-engine, which is represented in fig. 218, use is entirely avoided, The time is not far distant when the farmer, warehouseman, and shopkeeper, will call in the aid of these useful auxiliaries to perform that labour which is now ful for driving heavy machinery, where a stationary engine is but imperfectly accomplished by man, 228 Messrs. Bunnett and Co., of Deptford, exhibited a patent concentric reciprocating steam-engine for high or low pressure, The steam is worked expansively, without gear or tappets. The engine is direct acting, and requires neither guides nor parallel motion; it is compact, and adapted for stationary, locomotive, or marine purposes. In appearance it is similar to a rotatory engine, but its action is of a decidedly different character. The circular case forms in the lower part, the steam-chamber, in which is accurately fitted a square piston, with Barton's patent metallic packing. Through the centre of the piston, and attached to it, is a concentric or ring-like piston-rod, which at a point opposite the piston is firmly embraced and supported above by two connecting arms, having a double bearing upon a fixed shaft in the centre of the engine, on which they oscillate sufficiently to allow the piston to reci. procate freely. The piston-rod is made of square steel, and works through two metallic-stuffing boxes in the top of the steam-chamber; and from the side of one of the arms abovementioned, projects a pin, to which is attached the connectingrod transferring the power of the engine to the crank of the fly-wheel and gear. On each side of the steam-chamber are two distinct side-valves, worthy of particular notice; they take their motion from an eccentric on the crank shaft, and have two slide-boxes or covers, by which means no steam is lost by exhaustion in the passages, as in the single slide; the exhaust is also fully open at the commencement of the stroke, and remains so to any subsequent part of it that may be desired. By this arrangement of the valves, the steam can be worked expansively, or not, without cams, tappet, or gear of any kind, the slides of themselves cutting off the steam at any part of the stroke. Having thus explained the structure of the engine, we will now proceed to explain the mode of its operation. The steam-valve being opened, and the exhaust valve closed on one side, and the contrary on the opposite side, the steam is admitted, and propels the piston forward to the opposite side, when the steam-valves change their position, with it the annular piston-rod and the arms attached to it, thereby setting in motion the connecting-rod; the piston being entirely carried or suspended by the arms, attached to the fixel centre shaft, is relieved from all tendency to wear Fig. 219. of motion are effected with surprising ease and rapidity; and whether it be from the direct application of the force upon the crank alone, or the absence of parallel motion, or from the power being communicated, as it were, upon an inclined plane, direct to the connecting-rod, or by a combination of all these, very great power is gained. Fig. 220. STATIONARY STEAM-ENGINE. The patentees have made several experiments, proving the advantages of the position of their connecting-rod and crank motion over the methods now in use in locomotive and other engines. By these it is shown that in some positions of the crank, it having just passed its centre, nearly double the power is obtained, and taking the average of the whole revolution of the crank, an advantage of more than one-third is gained; the experimental engine, with a piston of 24 inches superficies and a pressure of 20lbs. only on the square inch, exhibited great power, driving several lathes, machines, etc., while without any load the crank performed upwards of 260 revolutions in a minute. LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION. No. XVI. EXERCISES ON EXPRESSIVE TONE (continued). THE UPRIGHT LAWYER. [Marked for Rhetorical Pauses, Emphasis, and Inflections.] thinks walks of private life, the character of an upright lawyer shines with mild | but génial lustrace of an with the beginnings of controversies, not to inflame but to blindly into legal conflict. His conscience | can find nó balm | in the reflection, that he has but obeyed the orders of an angry mán. He feels that his first duties are to the community in which he lives, and whose peace | he is bound to preserve. He is no stranger | to the mischiefs, which follow in the train of litigation; the deadly feuds and animosities | descending from the original combatants to successive generations; the perjuries and frauds | so often committed to secure succèss; and the impoverishment so commonly resulting | even to the winning party; and in view of these consequences, he advises to amicable negotiation and adjustment. He is a peacemaker,-a composer of dissensions,-a blessing to his neighbourhood; his path is luminous as the path of the JU'ST. I look with pity on the man, who regards himself a mere machine of the law-whose conceptions of moral and social duty || are all absorbed in the sense of supposed obligation to his client, and this | of so low a nature || as to render him a very TOOL and SLA'VE to serve the worst passions of men;-who yields himself a passive instrument of legal inflictions, to be moved at the pleasure of every hirer;-and who || beholding the ruin and havoc | made by a lawsuit, which | "two scruples of honesty" in his counsel | might have prevented, can calmly pocket his fee with the reflection, that he has done his duty to his client, alike regardless of duty to his neighbour and his God. That such men dó exist, to disgrace our profession, is lamentably true; mén,"that can speak To every cause, and things mere contraries, We would redeem its character || by marking a higher standard of morals. While our aid should never be withheld | from the injured or the accused, let it be remembered, that all our duties are not concentrated in conducting an appeal to the law;-that we are not only lawyers, but CITIZENS and ME'N; -that our clients | are not always the best judges of their own interests:-and that having confided these interests to our hands, it is for us to advise to that course, which will best conduce to their permanent benefit, not merely as solitary individuals, but as men || connected with society | by enduring ties.-Greenleaf. HUMAN CULTURE. [To be marked by the reader, for Rhetorical Pauses, Emphasis, and Inflections.] When we see a flower,-its calix filled with petals of exquisite form, of the most delicate texture, and diverse colours, so rich and nicely blended that no art can equal them, and withal perpetually diffusing a delicious perfume, we cannot readily believe, that all this variety of charms was evolved from a little seed, not bigger, it may be, than the head of a pin. When we behcid a sturdy oak, that has, for a hundred years, defied the blasts of winter, has stretched wide around its sheltering limbs, and has seemed to grow only more hardy, the more it has been pelted by the storms, we find it difficult to persuade ourselves that the essence, the elements of all this body and strength, were once enclosed in an acorn. Yet such are the facts of the vegetable world. Nor are they half so curious nor wonderful, as the changes, which are wrought by time and education, in the human mind and heart. Here, for example, is a man now master of twenty languages, who can converse in their own tongues with the people of as many different nations, whose only utterance thirty years ago was very much like, and not any more articulate than, the bleating of a lamb. Or it may be that he, who could then send forth only a wailing cry, is now overwhelming the crowded forum or swaying the councils of the nation, by his eloquence, fraught with surpassing wisdom. Here is another, who can conceive the structure, and direct the building of the mighty ship, that shall bear an embattled host around the world, carrying a nation's thunder; or the man, who can devise the plan of a magnificent temple, and guide the construction of it, until it shall present to the eye of Ehe beholder a perfect whole, glowing with the unspeakable beauty of symmetrical form. And here is a third, who has comprehended the structure extinguish them. He is not content with the doubtful mora- of the solar system. He has ascertained the relative sizes of lity' of 230 severally complete their circuits. He has even weighed the sun, and measured the distances of the fixed stars; and has foretold the very hour, "when the dread comet," after an absence of centuries, "shall to the forehead of our evening sky return." These men are the same beings who, thirty years ago, were puling infants, scarcely equal in their intelligence to kittens of a week old. There, too, is a man, who is swaying the destiny of nations. His empire embraces half the earth; and, throughout his wide domains, his will is law. At his command, hundreds of thousands rush to arms, the pliant subjects of his insatiable ambition, ready to pour out their blood like water in his cause. He arranges them, as he pleases, to execute his plans. He directs their movements as if they were pawns upon a[]. chessboard. He plunges them into deadly conflict, and wades to conquest over their dead and mangled bodies. That man, the despotic power of whose mind now overawes the world, was once a feeble babe, who had neither the disposition nor the strength to harm a fly. On the other hand, there is one, who now evinces unconquerable energy, and the spirit of willing self-sacrifice in works of benevolence. No toil seems to overbear his strength. No discouragement impairs his resolution. No dangers disarm his fortitude. He will penetrate into the most lo .thsome haunts of poverty or vice, that he may relieve the wretched, or reclaim the abandoned. He will traverse continents, and expose himself hourly to the capricious cruelty of barbarous men, that he may bear to them the glad tidings of salvation; or he will calmly face the scorn and rage of the civilised world, in opposition to the wrong; or march firmly to the stake, in maintenance of the true and the right. This man, a few years ago, might have been seen crying for a sugar-plum, or quarrelling with his little sister for a twopenny toy. [1] [] { [1] And who are they, that are infesting society with their daring crimes, scattering about them "fire-brands, arrows, and death," boldly setting at defiance the laws of man, and of God? They are the same beings that, a few years ago, were innocent little children, who, could they have conceived of [11] such deeds of darkness, as they now perpetrate without compunction, would have shrunk from them instinctively with [1] horror. These, surely, are prodigious changes, greater far than any exhibited in the vegetable world. And are they not changes of infinitely greater moment? The growth of a mighty tree, [] from a small seed, may be matter for wonder, for admiration; but the development of a being, capable of such tremendous agencies for good or for evil, should be with us all a matter of the deepest concern. Strange, passing strange,-that it is [1] not so!-May. THE AMERICAN EAGLE. [The following piece affords scope for a degree of 'force' beyond that which was exemplified in the preceding lesson. In the second, third, and fourth stanzas, it rises to what is distinguished, in elocution, by the designation of 'empassioned [] force, the fullest vehemence of voice, bordering on the shout, and, sometimes, passing into it. This style is found chiefly in lyric poetry; but it is sometimes exemplified in the vehement energy of prose, on exciting occasions.] Bird of the heavens! whose matchless eye And, wandering through the radiant sky, Majestic o'er the loftiest peak, On whose chill tops the winter skies, Before thy native majesty, When thou hast ta'en thy seat alone, Might well be thought almost divine; The mountain and the rock are thine; And there, where never foot has been, The earliest tints of dawn are known, The monarch mount his gorgeous throne Throwing the crimson drapery by, That half impedes his glorious way; And mounting up the radiant sky, E'en what he is,-the king of day! Hast kingly rank as well as he; An emblem of our native land; Like thee, majestic bird! like thee, With spreading wing, untired and strong, That dares a soaring far and long, And will not quail though tempests blow. In grand simplicity she stands; Her rising fame new glory brings, To seek the shelter of her wings. My native land! my native land! To her my thoughts will fondly turn; For her the heart with fears will yearn. Fix'd on the sun of liberty, By rank, by faction unbeguiled; Our venerable fathers trod, When they through toil and danger press'd, To gain their glorious bequest, And from each lip the caution fell To those who follow'd, "Guard it well."-Thomson. MEMORY. [This piece is designed as an exercise in smooth' and 'pure quality of voice. The suavity of tone, which belongs to gentle and tender emotion, should prevail in the reading of this beautiful composition. A full, clear, but soltened note, should be heard, throughout.] [pu.t.] 'T is sweet, to remember! I would not forego The charm which the past o'er the present can throw For all the gay visions that fancy may weave "T is sweet, to remember! And naught can destroy dark; O'er the ocean of life, I look back from my bark, OLD IRONSIDES. [This piece is designed as an exercise for cultivating the orotund quality, or full, round, and forcible voice, which belongs to energetic and declamatory expression. A loud, clear, ringing tone, should prevail, throughout the reading or recitation of such pieces.] [oro.g.] Ay, tear her tatter'd ensign down! Long has it waved on high; And many an eye has danced to see Beneath it rung the battle shout, And burst the cannon's roar; The meteor of the ocean air Shall sweep the clouds no more! Where knelt the vanquished foe, Oh! better that her shatter'd hulk Should sink beneath the wave; Nail to the mast her holy flag, And give her to the god of storms, LESSONS IN GREEK.--No. XXXV. BY JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. 231 formation of their tenses; namely, first, a strengthening of the stem by consonants or by lengthening the vowel of the stem, and secondly, by a change of the vowel of the stem, which may be termed conversion. Your attention is drawn, in the first place, to mute verbs. MUTE VERBS. Mute Verbs have for their characteristic one of the nine mutes, as π, β, φ : βλεπω, I sec, τρίβω, Ι rub, γράφω, I write κ, γ, χ: πλέκω, I knit, αγω, I lead, τεύχω, I make ready 7, 8, 0: avvτw, I finish, adw, I sing, πew, I persuade. Many of these suffer certain changes in the stem or root. The stem of the verb firstly is strengthened. The characteristic consonant is strengthened; thus, TUT- becomes TUT-T- by the addition of to the stem. In such verbs there are two characteristics, and two kinds of stems, the pure and the impure. Thus, in TUT-T- the mute is the pure characteristic, and 7 the impure characteristic; and ru is the pure stem, while ruRT is the impure stem. This strengthening of the consonantal characteristic consists in this, that a is subjoined to the p sound, as Tuπ, TUπT; or that the 7 sound is converted into rr οι σσ, as φρίττω οι φρίσσω, Ι shudder, the stem of which is the pure form opik; or, again, that the t sound is converted into %, as opalw, I publish, from the pure stem opad. These strengthened and impure stems remain in only the Present and Imperfect, the strengthening element being lost in all others, in which the pure stem re appears; as & becomes η (Α. 2. Ρ. ε-τακ-ην) Pr. τηκω Et, τηξω f, τέτηκα ετρίβην) τρίβω τρίψω τετρίφα ει (Α. 2. Α. ε-λιπ-ον) ʊ (A. 2. P. ε-ópйy-nv) λειπω λειψω λελοιπα φρύγω φούξω εν (Α. 2. Α. ε-φύγ-ον) φεύγω φεύξομαι πεφευγα means I melt, and ppuyw, I dry up with heat. For every form of the verb which cannot be deduced from the Present, since its stem does not accord with the existing Present, another form of the Present is assumed (mostly to assist the formation), which is generally put in capitals in order to distinguish it from the actual Present, e. 9. as TURT and φευγω are the ordinary Present tenses, yet cannot regularly give rise to certain derived tenses, so are TYHIQ and PYTO presented as themes or bases on which you may form the Second Aorist passive E-TUπ-ηy, and the Second Aorist active ε-φύγ-ον. Conversion of the Stem. A second change which mute verbs undergo in their tenseformation consists in the change of the stem-vowel, which we call Conversion, as кλεπTMw, I steal, Aor. 2, passive ɛ-kλāπ-ŋy, inte à and o: something similar may be observed in the vero Perf. 1. KE Kλop-a, where the of the Present is converted steal, of which the chief parts are steal, stoie, stolen; and a yet nearer resemblance is found in sing, sang, sung. The converted rowel (conversion) appears only in the second tenses and some FORMATION OF THE TENSES OF IMpure Verbs. |