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ning: also ευεργετεω, I do well to, I benefit, commonly avoids the augment in the middle, e. g.

ευτυχέω, I am fortunate, ευ-ωχεομαι, I banquet,

ευεργετέω, I serve,

Imperfecte

ην τυχεῖν, commonly ευ-τυχεον
ευ-ωχεομην

ευηργέτέον, pf. ευηργέτηκα, but

commonly ευεργετείν

ευεργέτηκα

EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

N.B. Tell the part and give the English of each of these forms:

Ηνωρθουν; επαρήνουν; ήνωχλησα; ηνωρθωκα; εδιηκόνεον; διηταόμην ; ηνειχομην ; εμυθολογουν; ᾠκοδομηκά ; ερριπτον ; ηγον, ηλπικά; ἱκέτευσα; ώμιληκα; φυτικά ; φρεον, ευχόμην; αναλωσα; ειων; είλκυσα ; ειπομην; εἰστιᾶκα; ειχον; έαλωκα ;

Verbs derived from compound nouns or adjectives take the ἑάλων; τεθυκά; εγεγράφειν; τεθλακα; έγλυφα, εγνωρίκειν ; augment at the beginning; e. g.

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εξένωκα ; εκτίκειν ; συνειλοχα ; ειλήφειν ; λελεγμαι; ορωρυγμαι; Perfect. εληλεγμαι; αληλιμμαι ; ήκηκόειν ; εγήγερμην ; συνελεγον; συν μεμυθολογηκα έρριφα, απέβαλλον, προύβαλλον; εγγεγονα; συνεσκευαζον; δυςηρεστούν ; ευεργετηκα; μεμυθολογηκα.

ᾠκοδομηκα

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The analogy of these verbs is followed by two other verbs which are not formed with the aid of prepositions, but by derivation from other compounds; e. g.

διαιταω (from διαιτα. subsistence), I feed, impf. εδιήταον and διήταον, aor. εδιητησα and διήτησα, pf. δεδίχτηκα; mid, διαιταομαι, Ι live, διῃταύμην.

διακονέω (from διακονος, a servant, our deacon), I serve, impf. εδιηκόνεον and διηκόνεον, pf. δεδιηκόνηκα.

As exceptions, some verbs compounded with prepositions take the augment before the preposition: these are verbs in which the preposition and the verb have so coalesced as to present the signification of a simple verb ; e. j. αμφιγνοεω (νοεω, I think), impf. ημφιγνοεον

I am in doubt,

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You must not only give the English and assign the part (mood, tense, &c.), but explain the formation of each word, are produced, and the rule or remark which the formation giving the derivation, the manner in which the several parts exemplifies, as set forth in what precedes. The task is not an easy one, and you will be tempted to pass it over as unnecessary. But if you satisfy yourself with a general view of the matter in your first study of this manual, fail not to return to this part and all the harder parts, and go over them again and again, until you have mastered them. Depend on it, you only multiply your difficulties by passing slightly over the harder and less attractive instructions. Nothing is here given but what is necessary to a correct and complete acquaintance with Greek prose; and if you wish to know the language, you must, sooner or later, acquire these details; and from long experience in learning and teaching, I can assure you that the sooner you master them, the better.

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επίσταμαι,

I understand,

impf. ηπιστάμην

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αφιημι,

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Logarithms: 5.000868 4.000868 3.000868 2.000868 1.000868 0.000868

•1002

...

T'000868

⚫01002

...

'000868

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I set or make to sit,

καθέζομαι,

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I sit, καθευδών 1 sleep, An apparent exception is offered by those verbs which are formed not by a combination of a simple verb with a preposition, but from an already compounded word, e. g.

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44. The preceding tables and remarks clearly show the advantages over every other, which the common system of logarithms possesses, in consequence of its being the same as the root of the decimal scale of notation. By merely increasing or diminishing by unity the index of a logarithm of a number, the logarithm of a decimal multiple or submultiple of that number is immediately obtained. Hence, the calculation of the logarithm of one number is sufficient for the determination of innumerable others; for, by tabulating the decimal parts of the logarithms of all integers from 1 to 10,000, or from 1 το 100,000, etc., the complete logarithms of such numbers can easily be found, whether they be considered as integers,

decimals, or mixed numbers; the proper indices being supplied according to the foregoing rules,

| 45. A system of logarithms founded on any other base but 10,

would want all the advantages above-mentioned. The logarithms of all such numbers as are determined by the mere change of the index in the common system, would require to be separately calculated and tabulated with their indices. The logarithms of all fractions, as well as integers, and the logarithms of all numbers of which the factors were powers of the base, would require the same operation to be performed. For though, in the latter case, the calculation of the logarithms would be as easy as before, yet their tabulation with indices would still be necessary, as the bare inspection of the numbers themselves would not be sufficient to suggest the proper change to be made on the indices, as in the common system. The disadvantages of such a system would even be more strongly felt in the reverse operation of finding from the tables the numbers corresponding to any given logarithms.

46. In addition to the decimal parts of the logarithms of the common system, which are given in Tables of Logarithms, the average differences of every five logarithms are usually given in an adjoining column, for the purpose of rendering it easy to obtain the approximate logarithms of numbers greater than those contained in this table. The approximate logarithms of such numbers are obtained on the principle, that the differences of numbers which differ little from each other, are nearly proportional to the differences of their logarithms. Thus, in Part I. of the Skeleton Table, Art. 31, the successive differences of the numbers 1'00056, 1.00028, and 1.00014, are 00028 and 00014; and the differences of their logarithms are 000122 and 000061; now, the following proportion is correct, as far as the decimals extend :

00028 00014 :: 000122 : 000061.

But were the decimals further extended, this proportion would be found to be only nearly correct. The application of the principle thus established, however, is sufficiently correct for all practical purposes.

NEPERIAN SYSTEM OF LOGARITHMS.

47. The system of logarithms, first invented by Napier, and sometimes, but improperly, denominated the Hyperbolic, is, theoretically speaking, the most natural. The base of this system, which is easily deduced from an analytical formula called the Exponential Theorem, is 2.718281828459, etc.; this number, however, can only be accurately expressed by the following infinite series:

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2 + 1 + 1 + 1/4 + + + etc.

6 24 120 720

18. The mathematical construction of logarithms depends on an analytical formula, denominated the Logarithmic Series, in which it is shown that the logarithm of a number in every system can be expressed by the same infinite series, united to a factor called the Modulus, which is a constant function, or invariable modification of the base. This series will be given under the head of Algebra.

49. In the Logarithmic Series, the modulus is such a function of the base, that if an integer be assumed as the base of a system, the modulus of that system becomes an infinite series, as in the common systern; and if an integer be assumed as the modulus, the base becomes an infinite series, as in the Neperian system.

50. The peculiarity which distinguishes the Neperian system of logarithms from every other, consists in the simplicity of its modulus, which is unity. By the adoption of this modulus, the logarithms in this system are evidently rendered independent of the base; hence it is called the most natural. This remark shows that it was possible for Napier, the original inventor, to construct his logarithms without reference to any assumed number as a base. The wonder still is, how he made the dis

covery half a century before the Logarithmic Series was known. 61. From Art. 48, it is easily seen that the logarithms of the same number in different systems are proportional to the moduli of those systems respectively. Hence, the modulus of the Neperian system being unity, the modulus of the common system is found by the following proportion:-As Neperian logarithm of 10: common logarithm of 10: modulus of Neperian

system modulus of common system; but common logarithm of 10-1; therefore, by the rule of Proportion, the fourth term is mod. com. system;

1

Nep. log. 10

that is, the modulus of the common system of logarithms is the reciprocal of the Neperian logarithm of its base.

52. The Logarithmic Series is analytically exhibited in a variety of curious forms. The following rule, which is a verbal translation of one of the most useful of these forms, may be employed in the construction of a table, either of Neperian or of common logarithms. It is universally applica ble, and possesses this valuable property, that the infinite series converges with greater rapidity, in proportion as the given number increases in magnitude.

53. To find the Neperian, and thence the common, logarithm of a given number, the Neperian logarithm of the difference between that number and unity being given. Rule: Divide unity by the difference between double the given number and unity, for a first quotient; divide this quotient by the square of that dif ference, for a second quotient; divide the second quotient by the same square, for a third quotient; divide the third quotient by the same square, for a fourth quotient; and so on. Divide these quotients respectively by the odd numbers in the series 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, etc.; that is, divide the first quotient by 1; the second by 3; the third by 5; the fourth by 7; and so on. Find the sum of as many of the latter quotients as have significant figures two or three decimal places beyond the extent to which the logarithms are required to be accurate; then, to double this sum, add the Neperian logarithm of the difference between the given number and unity, and the result is the Neperian logarithm of the given number. Lastly, multiply this logarithm by the modulus of the common system of logarithms, and the product will be the common logarithm of the given number.

54. Example 1. To find the Neperian logarithm of the num ber 2. Subtract unity from 4, which is double the given number, and divide unity by the remainder 3; then, divide this quotient by the square of 3, which is 9, and so on, as in the following operation:

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To double this sum, which is '69314718, add the Neperian logarithm of 1, the difference between the given number and unity; in this case the result will still be '69314718; for the logarithm of 1 is 0, in the Neperian, as in every other system. Therefore, 69314718 is the Neperian logarithm of the number 2.

55. Example 2. To find the Neperian logarithm of the number 4, which is the square of 2. Multiply 69314718 by 2, the index of the square, and the product 1-38629436 is the Neperian logarithm of 4 (Art. 21).

56. Example 3. To find the Neperian logarithm of 5. Divide unity by 9, the difference between double 5 and unity; then divide the quotient by 81, the square of 9, and so on, as follows:

Dividends. Quotients. 1.000000000: 9111111111

111111111: 810013717421

00137174281·000016935

000016935 81000000209

behind their countrymen in appreciating the value of the preceding Lessons on Arithmetical Logarithms. About a year after the publication of the work first mentioned, we put a copy into the hands of a plain country highlandman from the Hebrides, or Western Isles of Scotland, where he had been born and brought up all his days. Some time after, we

These quotients are now to be divided by the series of odd received a letter, from which the following are extracts; and numbers, as follows:

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To double this sum, which is 22314355, add 1.88629438, the
Neperian logarithm of 4, the difference between the given
number and unity, and the result 1-60943791 is the Neperian
logarithm of 5.
57. Example 4. To find the Neperian logarithm of 10, add
together the Neperian logarithms of 2 and 5, and the sum
2-30258509 is the Neperian logarithm of 10 (Art. 18). Conse-
quently, the reciprocal of this number, which is 4342944819,
is the modulus of the common system of logarithms.
58. Example 5. To find the common logarithms of 2, 4, and 5.
Multiply the Neperian logarithms of these numbers by the
modulus of the common system, and the products will be the
common logarithms of the numbers, as follows:-
Numbers. Neperian Logs.

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Modulus.

Common Logs. 0.69314718 X 4342944819 =0·301030 1-38629436 X 4342944819 = 0.602060 1-60943791 X 4342944819 =0·698970 59. The process of multiplication indicated above may be reduced to that of simple addition by employing the following Table, which will be found very useful in the construction and conversion of logarithms :

:

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The preceding arithmetical illustrations of the method of finding the logarithms of numbers, is principally taken from a work written and published by the editor, at Glasgow, in 1834, entitled "The Mathematical Calculator, or Tables of Logarithms of Numbers, and of Logarithmic Sines and Tangents; with other useful Tables and an Introduction Theoretical and Practical." This work, in its original form, has been long out of print. Subsequently, the tables were published, along with their description, in the form of "The Practical Mathematician's Pocket Guide;" and afterwards, the Theoretical and Practical Introduction, in the form of "The Universal Calculator's Pocket Guide." The author has the satisfaction to think that his simplification of this abstruse subject has been well received by the public; as both books, but especially the Tables, are indeed the pocket companion of many thousand workmen, particularly in her Majesty's dockyards, etc. He believes the students of the POPULAR EDUCATOR will not be These works are published in Glasgow, by W. R. Macphun; and in London, by Hall and Co. Paternoster Row, price ls. 6d. each.

we give these extracts in the hope that it will encourage many of our students to go and do likewise.

"You will remember that you had the kindness to present to me your very valuable manual upon the Construction of Logarithms; a thing I had been in quest of for seventeen or eighteen years past; and having, in vain, consulted many authors upon this subject, I, in despair, had given it up, as a thing far above my narrow comprehension. About August last, however, having, as deeply as I could, fallen upon the study of your Rules, I was very pleasantly disappointed of failing as before; instead of this, your admirably-handled rules diffused such a flood of light upon my mind as will for ever (while I enjoy the use of my reason) dispel those clouds of darkness that for many years hovered over my understanding respecting the noble logarithms. In order that you may have more than a bare statement of what I have said, I herewith send you a Table of Logarithms, which I constructed by your rules, taking the number 2 as the base of the system. This I suppose will not be disagreeable to you, and will serve to convince you that I can construct a Table of Logarithms at pleasure, though with more labour than the learned can do."

In the middle of his letter, the writer here inserts a "Table of the Logarithms" of all numbers from 1 to 100, with their indices, in five columns, calculated correctly and ingeniously to the base 2. We do not consider it necessary to insert this table here, as at the end of this Lesson, or rather in our next number, we shall insert a Table of the Logarithms of all numbers from 1 to 10,000, calculated to the base 10 (that is, the common system), with a description of the manner of using them in arithmetical calculations. We shall also insert a Table of Antilogarithms, by which the numbers corresponding to any given logarithm within the same limits can be found.

Our correspondent then adds, "I also, by your first rule, and by Part I. of your third skeleton table, calculated the common logarithms of all the prime numbers you pointed out in your manual; and by giving eight or nine decimal places to the natural numbers in the table, I found my answers to agree exactly with your Tabular Logarithms; but as for your second rule, and Part 11. of your third skeleton table, I could not, by them, find such correct answers as I found by the first rule. Pray, tell me, how I can find a large collection of the logarithms of numbers from unity to hundreds or rather thousands of millions; and what price will be required for the same, as I feel a great curiosity to see the logarithms more fully than I have hitherto done; I will now conclude by say. ing that your very name will, all my lifetime, be dear to me; not altogether on account of your private lessons on the use of the quadrant, but chiefly on account of the discovery which your manual has unfolded to me about the logarithms—a thing which you might have kept hid from me, had not your own kindness prompted you to disclose this secret to me.'

We have now disclosed this secret to our students, and we hope they will make as good use of it as our grateful correspondent did, whose letter is dated Jura, 25th February, 1837.

LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION. No. VII.

ANALYSIS OF THE VOICE.

Ir we observe attentively the voice of a good reader or speaker, we shall find his style of utterance marked by the following traits. His voice pleases the ear by its very sound. It is wholly free from affected suavity; yet, while perfectly natural, it is round, smooth, and agreeable. It is equally free from the faults of feebleness and of undue loudness. It is perfectly distinct, in the execution of every sound, in every word. It is free from errors of negligent usage and corrupted style in pronunciation. It avoids a measured, rhythmical chant, on the one hand, and a broken irregular movement, on the other. It

62

renders expression clear, by an attentive observance of appropriate pauses, and gives weight and effect to sentiment, by occasional impressive cessations of voice. It sheds light on the meaning of sentences, by the emphatic force which it gives to significant and expressive words. It avoids the "school tone of uniform inflections, and varies the voice upward or downward, as the successive clauses of a sentence demand. It marks the character of every emotion, by its peculiar traits of tone; and hence its effect upon the ear, in the utterance of connected sentences and paragraphs, is like that of a varied melody, in music, played or sung with ever-varying feeling or expression.

arms, the tomahawk and scalping knife of the savage?—to call into civilized alliance the wild and inhuman inhabitant of the woods?-to delegate to the merciless Indian the defence of disputed rights, and to wage the horrors of this barbarous war against our brethren?-My lords, we are called upon as members of this house, as men, as Christians, to protest against such horrible barbarity! I solemnly call upon your lordships, and upon every order of men in the state, to stamp upon this infamous procedure the indelible stigma of the public abhorrence!"

2. Smoothness of Voice, or Purity' of Tone. The analysis of the voice, for the purposes of instruction Smoothness of voice, in reading and speaking, is the same and practice in reading and declamation, may be extended, in detail, to the following points, which form the essential proper-quality which, in relation to vocal music, is termed 'purity' ties of good style in reading and speaking.

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6. Appropriate Pauses;

7. Right Emphasis;

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8. Correct Inflections;'
9. JustStress ;'

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10. Expressive Tones;'
11. Appropriate 'Modulation.'
L-QUALITY OF VOICE.

The chief properties of a good voice are,

1. Roundness,

2. Smoothness,

1. Roundness.

3. Versatility,
4. Right Pitch.

This property of voice is exemplified in that ringing fulness of tone, which belongs to the utterance of animated and earnest feeling, when unobstructed by false habit. It is natural and habitual in childhood; it is exhibited in all good singing; and in the properly cultivated style of public reading and speaking.

To obtain roundness and fulness of voice, it is exceedingly important that the student observe the following suggestions. Be attentive to the position of the body. No person can produce a full, well-formed sound of the voice, in a lounging or stooping posture. The attitude of the body required for the proper use of the voice is that of being perfectly upright, without rigidness. The head must never be permitted to droop it should be held perfectly erect. The back must be kept straight, and the shoulders pressed backward and downward. The chest must be well expanded, raised, and projected; so as to make it as roomy as possible, in order to obtain full breath and full voice. Breathe freely and deeply; keep up an easy fulness of breath, without overdoing the capacity of your lungs. Make your utterance vigorous and full, by giving free play to the muscles situated below the bony part of the trunk; upward with due force, and thus give body to the sounds of the voice. Keep the throat freely open, by free opening of the mouth, so as to give capaciousness and rotundity to every sound. A round voice can never proceed from a half-shut

these should move energetically, in order to drive the breath

mouth.

The large and full effect of vocal sound, produced by the due observance of the preceding directions, forms what is called by great authorities in elocution, the 'orotund' (round, or, literally, round-mouthed) voice, which is considered the ample style of oratory, or public reading, in contrast with the limited utterance of private conversation. The attitude of body, and the position and action of the organs, demanded by 'orotund' utterance, is likewise highly favourable to health and to easy use of the voice; while stooping and lounging postures, a sunken chest, and drooping head, tend both to suppress the voice and injure the organs, besides impairing the health.

Practice in the style of vehement declamation, is the best means of securing a round and full tone. The following exercise should be repeatedly practised, with the attention closely directed to the management of the organs, in the manner which has just been described, as producing the 'orotund,' or resonant quality of voice.

Exercise on the 'Orotund.'

"Who is the man that, in addition to the disgraces and mischiefs of the war, has dared to authorise, and associate with our

of tone.

This property of voice consists in maintaining an undisturbed liquid stream of sound, resembling, to the ear, the effect produced on the eye by the flow of a clear and perfectly transparent stream of water. It depends, like every other excellence of voice, on a free, upright, and unembarrassed attitude of the body,-the head erect, the chest expanded. It implies natural and tranquil respiration (breathing); fuil and deep inspiration' (inhaling, or drawing in the breath); and gentle 'expira tion' (giving forth the breath); a true, and firm, but moderate exercise of the larynx' (or upper part of the throat); and a careful avoiding of every motion that produces a jarring, harsh, or grating sound.

Pure tone is free from, 1. the heavy and hollow note of the chest ;-2. the guttural,' choked, stifled, or hard sound of the swollen and compressed throat;-3. the hoarse, husky, 'harsh,' 'reedy,' and grating style, which comes from too forcible expiration,' and too wide opening of the throat;-4. the nasal twang, which is caused by forcing the breath against the nasal passage, and, at the same time, partially closing it;-5. the wiry, or false ring of the voice, which unites the guttural and the nasal tones;-6. the affected mincing voice of the mouth, which is caused by not allowing the due proportion of breath to escape through the nose. The natural, smooth, and pure tone of the voice, as exhibited in the vivid utterance natural to healthy childhood, to good vocal music, or to appropriate public speaking, avoids every effect arising from an undue preponderance, or excess, in the action of the muscles of the chest, of the throat, or of any other organ, and, at the same time, secures all the good qualities resulting from the just and well-proportioned exercise of each. utterance derives resonance from the chest, firmness from the throat, and clearness from the head and mouth.

A true and smooth

Without these qualities, it is impossible to give right effect to the beauty and grandeur of noble sentiments, whether expressed in prose or in verse.

Childhood and youth are the favourable seasons for acquiring and fixing, in permanent possession, the good qualities of agreeable and effective utterance. The self-taught cannot exert too much vigilance, nor take too much pains, to avoid the encroachments of faulty habit in this important requisite to a good elocution.

The subjoined exercise should be frequently and attentively practised, with a view to avoid every sound which mars the purity of the tone, or hinders a perfect smoothness of voice.

Exercise in Smoothness and Purity' of Voice.
"No sooner had the Almighty ceased, but all
The multitude of angels, with a shout,
Loud as from numbers without number, sweet,
As from biest voices uttering joy ;-heaven rung
With jubilee, and loud hosannas filled
The eternal regions;-lowly reverent,
Towards either throne they bow; and to the ground,
With solemn adoration, down they cast
Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold.—
Then crowned again, their golden harps they took,
Harps ever tuned,-that, glittering by their side,
Like quivers hung, and with preamble sweet
Of charming symphony they introduce
Their sacred song, and waken raptures high."
The various passions and emotions of the soul are, to a

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great extent, indicated by the 'quality' of the voice. Thus, the malignant and all excessive emotions, as anger, hatred, revenge, fear, and horror, are remarkable for guttural quality,' and strong aspiration,' or 'expiration,' accompanying the vocal sound, and forming 'impure' tone; substituting a 'harsh,' husky, aspirated utterance, for the 'orotund,' or the 'pure' tone; while pathos, serenity, love, joy, courage, take a soft and smooth oral, or head tone, perfectly pure, or swelling into 'orotund. Awe, solemnity, reverence, and melancholy, take a deep, 'pectoral' murmur; the voice resounding, as it were, in the cavity of the chest, but still keeping perfectly 'pure' in tone, or expanding into full 'orotund.''

The young student cannot be too deeply impressed with the importance of cultivating, early, a pure and smooth utterance. The excessively deep 'pectoral' tone sounds hollow and sepulchral; the guttural' tone is coarse, and harsh, and grating to the ear; the nasal' tone is ludicrous; and the combination of guttural' and 'nasal' tone is repulsive and extremely disagreeable. Some speakers, through excessive negligence, allow themselves to combine the 'pectoral,' 'guttural, and nasal' tones, in one sound,-for which the word grunt is the only approximate designation that can be found, Affectation, or false taste, on the other hand, induces some speakers to assume an extra fine, or double distilled, 'oral' tone, which minces every word in the mouth, as if the breast had no part to perform in human utterance.

The tones of serious, serene, cheerful, and kindly feeling, are nature's genuine standard of agreeable voice, as is evinced in the utterance of healthy and happy childhood. But prevalent neglect permits these to be lost in the habitual tones of boys and girls, men and women. Faithful advisers may be of much service to young students in this particular.

3. Versatility, or Pliancy of Voice.

Signifies that power of easy and instant adaptation, by which it takes on the appropriate utterance of every emotion which occurs in the reading or speaking of a piece characterised by varied feeling or intense passion.

To acquire this invaluable property of voice, the most useful course of practice is the repeated reading or reciting of passages marked by striking contrasts of tone, as loud or soft, high or low, fast or slow.

The following exercises should be repeated till the student can give them in succession, with perfect adaptation of voice in each case and with instantaneous precision of effect.

Exercises for Versatility, or Pliancy of Voice:
Very Loud.

"And dar'st thou, then,

To beard the lion in his den,

The Douglas in his hall?

And hop'st thou hence unscathed to go?

No! by St. Bride of Bothwell, no!~

Up, drawbridge, groom! What! warder, ho!
Let the portcullis fall!"

Very Soft.

"I've seen the moon climb the mountain's brow,
I've watched the mists o'er the river stealing,-
But ne'er did I feel in my breast till now,
So deep, so calm, and so holy a feeling :-
'Tis soft as the thrill which memory throws
Athwart the soul, in the hour of repose."
Very Low.

"I had a dream, which was not at all a dream,
The bright sun was extinguished; and the stars
Did wander darkling in the eternal space,
Rayless, and pathless; and the icy earth
Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air."
Very High.

"I awoke-where was I?-Do I see
A human face look down on me?
And doth a roof above me close?
Do these limbs on a couch repose?
Is this a chamber where I lie?
And is it mortal, yon bright eye,
That watches me with gentle glance?"

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The proper pitch of the voice, when no peculiar emotion demands high or low notes, is, for the purposes of ordinary reading or speaking,-a little below the habitual note of conversation, for the person who reads or speaks. Public discourse, being usually on graver subjects and occasions than mere private communication, naturally and properly adopts this level.

But, through mistake or inadvertency, we sometimes hear persons read and speak on too low a key for the easy and expressive use of the voice, and, sometimes, on the other hand, on a key too high for convenient or agreeable utterance.

The following sentences should be repeated till the note on which they are pitched is distinctly recognised, and perfectly remembered, so as to become a key to all similar passages.

Exercise on Middle Pitch.

"In every period of life, the acquisition of knowledge is one of the most pleasing employments of the human mind. But in youth, there are circumstances which make it productive of higher enjoyment. It is then that every thing has the charm of novelty; that curiosity and fancy are awake, and that the heart swells with the anticipations of future eminence and utility."

Contrast this pitch with that of the pieces before quoted, as examples of 'high' and 'low.'

IL DUE QUANTITY, OR LOUDNESS.

The second characteristic of good reading, is the use of that degree of loudness, force, 'volume,' or 'quantity,' of voice which enables those to whom we read or speak, to hear, without effort, every sound of the voice; and which, at the same time, gives that degree of force which is best adapted to the utterance of the sentiments which are read or spoken.

All undue loudness is a great annoyance to the ear, and an injury to the expression; while a feeble and imperfect utterance fails of the main purposes of speech, by being partly or entirely inaudible, and consequently utterly unimpressive.

The failure, as regards loudness, is usually made on passages of moderate force, which do not furnish an inspiring impulse of emotion, and which depend on the exercise of judgment and discrimination, rather than of feeling.

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It is of great service, however, to progress in elocution, to possess the power of discriminating the various degrees of force which the utterance of sentiment requires. extremes of very 'loud' and very soft,' required by peculiar emotions, have been exemplified in the exercise on 'versatility' of voice.

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There are three degrees of loudness, all of great importance to the appropriate utterance of thought and feeling, required in the usual forms of composition. These are the following: 'moderate,' 'forcible,' and 'impassioned.' The first, the 'moderate,' occurs in the reading of plain narrative, descriptive, or didactic composition, addressed to the understanding, rather than to the feelings: the second, the forcible,' is exemplified in energetic declamation: the third, the impassioned,' occurs in the language of intense emotion, whether in the form of poetry or of prose.

Watchful attention will be required, on the part of the student, in practising the following examples, so as to enable him to detect, and fix definitely in his ear, the exact degree

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