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CORRESPONDENCE.

THE PURSUIT OF KNOwledge unDER
DIFFICULTIES.

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DEAR SIR,-Is it your intention to publish separately the "Lessons in Bookkeeping," given in the POPULAR EDUCATOR? gamma I borrow it of one of our neighbours, and consequently I cannot study from it alone; therefore if you publish these Lessons by themselves, I will try to obtain a copy. I have got your "Euclid,' and your Elements of Algebra," (and having had them bound together, they make a nice volume), since Christmas. In company with my friend, who lends me the P.E., I have studied the "Algebra," along with the "Lessons" in the P.E., so far as to be able to solve 96 of the Centenary of Problems given by you. The exceptions are the 77th, 86th, 98th, and 100th. I think I could solve the 77th if it was a numerical, instead of a literal pr equation. Now, sir, I'll tell you a little about myself, and then you'll see why I can't purchase the P.E. (and some other works! that I should like) myself. I am the eldest of ten children, three of whom are dead, and I am lame, being at the present moment confined to bed. It is more than three years since I became lame; and two years ago I had the forepart of my left foot amputated. I am nineteen years of age, and my father is in receipt of only small weekly wages; so that you see money is not very plenti in my purse, and that I can't get such things as would be. service to me, particularly books, but I borrow where I can.

I am striving to fit myself for a clerkship, as I think this is of the few things which I should be able to manage.

Before I became lame, I learnt a system of Phonography, to be able to report a sermon delivered at the rate of 100 per minute, and to read it afterwards. Since my lamenes studied French so as to be able to read it. I have gone t "Walkingame's Arithmetic," and have got as far as H of more than one unknown quantity," Cassell's Algebra one thing with another, and books when I can get them.. to give old time a poke in the ribs, and thus get the him.

You are welcome to use this letter as you like; and some of your hard-up students saw it, they might be to proceed; for company is comfort, you know, sir yours, etc.

King's Cliff, Birkby, near Huddersfield, 29th June, 1854.

JOHN F. .

ANSWERS TO CORRESPOND

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D. JONES: We do not think that his mode of ex difficulty will answer the purpose intended.-AU must think again: every one else understands t The books referred to cannot be had in the office (Tenterden): We entirely agree with T opinion respecting modern penman the angular and spider-leg systemperfect sham; and we boldly and penmanship laid down in the seco we have seen in modern times: b has prevented its beauty from b fault, but the necessary result the P. E. must be printed. means of an ordinary hand-pr by the difference in the e nated the Palmerstonian remember that it is all r ston, must have seen n of penmanship, publis beautiful writers of th But some of our ow our readers could s gow, and even th they would be

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or heating vesti-
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be such as to admit combustion. OtherI create ascending and il smoke. It is usea conical chimney-pot, Locity sufficient to resist

ciently high to admit ..ough to expel the prodepending on the excess nor, this excess would

ted air too short.

wed to enter the aparter sufficiently rapid to in apartment quite close fire will not burn; or if urrents of air, which will The air in general enters tures round the door and

the two passages to the fireof the smoke, must be carevs more than the other, there arent of air which will bring

in the middle of an apartment the wall, and in which fuel is ting the apartment, is called a tered by the combustion, issues y, or after having made certain extremity is open to the external the fire and the ash-pit are someee as the stove, and sometimes of es are made of wrought-iron, casticks. The use of stoves is adopted rth of Europe; but in this country are preferred. Sometimes the heat sses directly into the room, through ove and the smoke-funnel are made; e room is heated by the radiation of ver, and is renewed by the exterior air, circulated in the interior of the stove, multiply the quantity of heated surface, pipes into the apartment. In this case, ad the caloric or hot-air stove. The comthe most simple and economical method most the whole of the heat developed is ing the room, and the smoke can be lowered before it escapes into the atmosphere. But 1 accompanied with a great inconvenience; diminished, and it is even completely supthe mouth of the fire is without the hall, as in Swedish stoves.

ve heats the air of an apartment to a great degree, at saturated with moisture to the same amount as the temperature of the exterior atmosphere. an appreciable desiccation of the skin, and often seeing in the respiratory organs, is experienced by this dry medium. This, however, is ing on the stove a vessel full of water; h soon restores the air to a proper The following are the fundamental

tion of hot-air stoves.

ce the greatest possible surface, by reatest simplicity of form and adjust pes which carry off the smoke as few them vertically, so as not to alter the

ssage over the furnace for a current of n opposite to that made for the smoke, ascend and then descend vertically; the

current of fresh air being obtained by giving great height an, little breadth to the conducting pipes.

3rd. To give a sufficient degree of humidity to the air heated by the stove, by placing a vessel full of water either upon the stove or on the pipes which convey the hot air, in the ratio of about half a gallon of water to an apartment containing upwards of 5000 cubic feet, or a room of 25 feet length, 20 feet breadth, and 10 feet high.

4th. To reckon in practice about 10 square feet of stove surface in wrought iron-plate, or less in cast iron, for every 3,200 cubic feet of capacity in the room to be heated, or whose dimensions are 20 feet long. 16 feet broad, and 10 feet high.

It is truly deplorable, says M. Peclet, to see, with very few exceptions, how little the manufacturers of warming apparatus know of the simplest principles of their trade; it seems as if they wished only to m ke an interior arrangement different from that hitherto employed; whether good or bad is of small importance, provided the exterior is of an elegant form. They only judge of the goodness of a stove by the velocity and the high temperature of the jets of hot air which issue from the heating orifices. He adds, that the orifices for the admission and emission of the air ought to be such that the hot air should not be emitted at a greater temperature than from 30° to 40° Centigrade, or from 86° to 104° Fahrenheit. Every stove which fulfils these conditions will produce the greatest useful effect; and the large body of air which passes through it will prevent the metallic surface from taking temperature injurious to the heated air. It is also important to observe that an apparatus, which, under all circumstances, was arranged in the most advantageous manner, would not answer for the purpose of heating a room which should be occupied for a length of time by a great number of persons, because it would not produce a sufficient degree of ventilation. Fig. 240, represents a very simple arrangement for an hospital stove, which might be constructed of bricks and some thin cast-iron plates, heated by the smoke, for medicinal purposes.

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Fig. 210.

Stove-grates are metallic apparatus placed in the middle of a hall or in the centre of a fire-place, and arranged like stoves for burning fuel and heating the air, but having a large aperture which can be closed by a vertical trap-door; when this is lowered, the apparatus becomes a stove, and when raised a fire-place. The Prussian and Desarnod fire-places are of this description. The latter, although old, are excellent; there are some of them which work well still, although they have been in use for fifty years.

Warming by Hot Air.-An apparatus in which a fire, surrounded by an envelope, heats the air taken from the outward atmosphere, in order to transmit it to several apartments placed at various distances, is called a calorifer or hot air stove. The difference between this and the stove properly so-called, is, that the latter is placed in the very apartments which are to be warmed. The following are the principles upon which the former should be constructed:

1st. It is necessary that a direction of constant ascent should be given to the hot air, and, therefore, the hot-air stove should be placed under the level of all the apartments to be heated.

2nd. The exterior envelope of the calorifer and its conduct

3rd. The whole interior of the apparatus must be made of metal, the parts which receive the first action of the fire in cast-iron, and the rest in wrought iron plate; the forms and adjustments must be so simple, that the parts may be easily made; they must be easily taken to pieces and put together again, in case of repairs; and, above all, easily inspected and cleaned. 4th. The smoke must not be reduced in temperature by scattering it in all directions, and impeding its progress in various ways, but it must especially have a good draught, which must be encouraged by the issue of the flame in a vertical column from the fire, and constructed so that the smoke shall not be lowered in temperature below 300° Centigrade, or 572° Fahrenheit.

5th. The smoke must be made to pass through metallic pipes, and the air heated all round; instead of being forced into the pipes and enveloped in the smoke.

ing-pipes should be thick, made of non-conducting materials, | works at two atmospheres or upwards, the diameter of the and have walls isolated by vacuums which are formed in the conducting-pipe may be considerably diminished without sides of the apparatus. inconvenience, according to the following practical rule given by M. Grouvelle: the interior diameter of the pipe must be equal at a minimum to one inch and four-tenths of an inch, increased by six-hundredths of an inch for every horse power of the generator, or of the steam which passes through this pipe. As to the generators, their dimensions must be determined by the following rule, the result of long practice, and confirmed by the experiments of M. Peclet: 10 square feet of wrought iron plate, heated interiorly by steam and ex posed to air at 15° Centigrade or 59° Fahrenheit, condenses 4 lbs. of vapour, and is sufficient to heat and keep at this tem perature a room with walls and windows of an ordinary descrip tion, containing 2,400 cubic feet, that is, whose length is 20 feet, breadth 12 feet, and height 10 feet; or a workshop of 3,400 cubic feet, that is, 20 feet long, 17 feet broad, and 10 feet high, on the supposition that the latter does not require a high temperature; but if so, the preceding estimate will nearly answer the purpose. This rule was employed in the establishment of the heating apparatus for the Bourse, and the Institute at Paris, where it works well; but it must be modified when the premises contain a great number of people, where the temperature is raised, and a powerful ventilation is required. Thus, in a cotton-mill, the number of work-people employed will raise the temperature by 3° Centigrade or 5°.4 Fahrenheit. The condenser is a hollow metallic vessel, into the interior of which the steam is introduced by a pipe raised some inches above the ground. Another pipe level with the ground is employed for the passage of the condensed water; and a third pipe proceeds from the upper part of the apparatus, and is employed to discharge the air when the steam enters the latter. These three pipes are furnished with stop-cocks: The alimentary pipes are always inclined towards the generator, so as to send back into it the water which has been condensed during the passage of the steam. One of these pipes, or the generator itself, is furnished with a small apparatus called the sniffer, which carries a valve opening inwards, and which allows the air to enter into the generators and the pipes, whenever the fire is low and a vacuum is created. In this way, the pressure of the atmosphere is prevented from destroy

6th. After the smoke has been made to ascend vertically in order to ensure a good draught, it must be made to descend in a direction contrary to that of the fresh air, which thus will come in contact with surfaces warmer in proportion to the elevation of the temperature.

7th. The surface of the parts nearest the fire must be made so large as to become only slightly red by heat, and that the air which passes over them may not contract a bad smell; at the same time, great apertures must be allowed for the escape of the hot air, in order that it may give out a very considerable quantity, without being too elevated in temperature; and a vessel full of water must be placed on the reservoir of hot

air.

In good calorifers, the useful effect may be raised to 75 per cent. of the calorific power of the fuel; but in plans, it is proper to reckon only on 50 or 55 per cent. In practice, one pound of coal will heat 1600 cubic feet of a house. As to the proportions of the apparatus when 1 lb. of coal or 2 lbs. of wood are burned per hour, the surface of the stove should be ten square feet, the cross section of the smoke-pipes two square feet, and the fire-grate five square feet. The quantity of water for moistening the air may be estimated at about a gallon foring the whole apparatus. every 8000 cubic feet of space.

Heating by Steam. The property which steam possesses of restoring its caloric of vaporisation when condensed, has been employed for the warming of baths, factories, public buildings, conservatories, and stoves. For this purpose, a generator or boiler such as that described at the beginning of our lesson on the Steam-Engine is required; also pipes of distribution and transport, and condensers with large exterior surfaces for condensing the steam and transmitting through their surfaces the heat disengaged by this condensation; a heat which is capable of raising 550 lbs. of water, 1° Centigrade by 1 lb. of condensed steam. The generators employed for the purpose of heating apartments are generally constructed to resist a pressure which does not exceed that of the atmosphere by a sixth or a third part; that is, the pressure varies from 35 to 40 inches of mercury. In manufactures, high-pressure steam is employed to heat the workshops; but it is employed first directly in the cylinder of a steam-engine, so as to make it perform double work, by which it is considerably diminished in force. The pipes of distribution, which convey the steam to distances amounting sometimes to several hundreds of yards, must fulfil the following conditions:

1st. They must have a diameter in their cross section sufficient to convey the steam to the greatest required distance, without occasioning a dangerous excess of pressure in the generator, and without causing the steam to condense too rapidly in its passage.

2nd. They must be placed in such a manner that they can be inspected and repaired at all times.

In the heating apparatus set up by M. Grouvelle in the palace of the Institute at Paris, the conducting pipes are 4 inches in diameter; and the steam arrives in a few instants at the most distant points under a very small pressure. The size of generators in general should not be less than that adapted for engines of 10 or 12 horse power. reasons independent of warming apartments, the generator When, for

Warming by Hot Water.-The heating of houses by the circulation of hot water in pipes was practised by the Romans, who employed it in their hot-air and hot-water baths. In some localities at the present day, as at Chaudesaigues in France, the water of hot springs is circulated in pipes in order to warm the houses; but the warming of apartments by hot water consists in the proper arrangement of an apparatus which transmits in a series of pipes the water heated in a boiler, and brings it back by another series of pipes, a continuation of the former, into the same boiler, so as to make it perform a continued rotation. This method was the invention of Bonnemain, who applied it to the artificial incubation of chickens, an operation which required a slow, moderated, and perfectly equable heat, and one with which the air of the stove would not become too dry. Invented in 1777, this process was brought to such perfection, that an apparatus set up by the inventor himself is in operation to this day at Pecq, in France. This method of warming was at last adopted in this country, and, between 1830 and 1836, was so extensively employed, that it took the place of steam in heating apartments. By itself, or combined with warming by hot air, it has been applied to public buildings, private houses, and conservatories, by the ablest engineers; and it received an extensive improvement from Perkins in 1837, by the invention of the circulation of hot water under high pressure; and this process has also been adopted in France. Fig. 241 represents the method of warming by the circulation of hot water.

From the top of a boiler, A, placed on a fire, D, rises a vertical tube, F. The hot water tends to ascend towards F, in consequence of its diminished density. But at F is commenced a series of pipes, through which the water passes and successively heats the different parts of the building. During this passage it is cooled, and returns to the boiler at c, where it enters at the bottom; and thus a continued circulation of the given to this apparatus the form in which it is now employed water is kept up in the direction A FC. M. Leon Duvoir has

in France. Fig. 242 represents the arrangement adopted by this engineer for heating an edifice of different stories.

The heating apparatus, which is in the cellar or sunk floor, consists of a boiler, oo, in the form of a bell, and an interior fire Fig. 241.

A

at F. At the upper part of this boiler is fixed a long pipe, м, which rises to a reservoir, a, partly filled with water and shut. From this reservoir proceed several feed-pipes, which terminate in the condensers b, a, d, e, f, e, filled with water. From these, again, proceed other pipes, which terminate in the lower part of the boiler. Now, as the water becomes heated in the boiler, it is diminished in density, and rises in the tube м to the reservoir a, placed at the top of the building, Having reached this point, it begins to cool, becomes more dense, and descends through the feed-pipes into the condensers b, a, d, etc. Here, cooling more and more, it tends always to descend, and reaches by degrees the lower part of the boiler, by means of the return-pipes, where it is heated and rises anew to the reservoir; and so on continually. During this circulation the water is gradually cooled, and giving out its sensible caloric to the pipes and the condensers, these become heated and form

Fig. 212.

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gaged at the top of the condensers. The principal advantage of this mode of heating is the maintenance of a temperature almost the same for a long period, the mass of water contained in the condensers and in the pipes being slowly cooled.

Practical Results.-The velocity with which the heat is transmitted through the pipes depends, other things being equal, upon the difference of temperature between the ascending and the descending column. For about 3 feet in height, 164 feet in length, 43 inches in diameter, and a difference in temperature of about 3° Centigrade or 603 Fahrenheit, the velocity in the pipes is about 7 inches per minute. The velocity obtained with heights of 30 feet, 50 feet, and 60 feet, admits of the transmission of considerable quantities of caloric to the places which are to be heated. With an equal amount of quantity, the increase in the height of the column admits of a diminution in the diameter of the pipes. Hot water communicates the heat necessary for warming, to a volume of air 3,200 times as large as itself; and this is the best process for distributing heat within the limits of a distance which does not exceed 250 feet, with a moderate number of stories and apartments. The particular advantages which it possesses are these; very great simplicity of construction and conveyance; no feeding, superintendence or cleaning; extreme regularity in heating, unless negligence and omission of the fire-man's duty for some hours should stop the circulation; the great facility by which the process of warming can be regulated to the wants of the moment, by the mere management of the fire; and the slowness with which a reduction in temperature takes place.

When the circulation of the water proceeds under a low pressure, the pipes may vary in diameter from 4 to 6 inches. With water at 80° Centigrade (176° Fahrenheit) and air at 15° Centigrade (59° Fahrenheit), the surface of the pipes should be 2 times that of the suface required for heating by steam when the latter is employed in heating an apartment indirectly; and 1 times the same, when it is employed in heating directly. The water-stoves are easily placed in the line of circulation, so as to make part of it, by attending to the single condition of making the water enter them by the top and escape by the bottom. The capacity of the boilers may vary from 15 to 30 per cent. of that of the whole of the distributing apparatus. M. Perkins first employed the system of warming by high pressure, in pipes of small diameter, and with a small body of water. This method required less heating surface and occupied less space; it passed more easily through walls and floors, and, above all, it continued heating for a longer time; but it had the defect of frequent leakage through the joints of the pipes under these high pressures, and it often caused fires to take place by carbonising the wood along which it passed, in consequence of the high temperature to which the pipes were carried. The pipes were commonly an inch in diameter; and for 10 square feet of pipe surface, it was customary to reckon 2,800 feet of space, which corresponds nearly to the surface required for heating by steam. If the temperature was 100° Centigrade (212° Fahrenheit) in the returning column, it might rise to 150° or 200° Centigrade (302° or 392° Fahrenheit) in the ascending column. Ventilation.-Man destroys the air which surrounds him by respiration, and by cutaneous and pulmonary perspiration. The vapours which proceed from these processes are dissolved in the air; but they are accompanied with animal matters which speedily communicate to the air a disagreeable odour. These matters are unquestionably the most powerful cause of insalubrity. In order that they should not exercise a sensible influence, it has been found by experiment, that each individual must have 212 cubic feet per hour, or about 22 gallons per minute; in this estimate, the air destroyed by the expiration of the carbonic acid does not exceed 12 cubic feet, and in this small quantity the carbonic acid enters to the amount of 4 per cent. This proportion of carbonic acid is sufficient to suffocate a large dog.

The air of our rooms is still more destroyed by artificial real hot-water stoves. Two of these stoves are sufficient, lights. M. Peclet has made the following estimates, on the during the cold weather, to maintain about 24,000 cubic feet supposition that there is required, for combustion, a volume of of air at the temperature of 15° Cent, or 59° Fahr. In the air triple of that in which the oxygen is absorbed in order to interior of these condensers are cast-iron pipes full of air taken be converted into carbonic acid. A common or a wax candle from the exterior atmosphere by the pipes F, placed below the of 6 to the pound burns 170 grains, and there must be 11 Booring. This air is heated in the pipes, and is then disen-cubic feet of air, A lamp with a large burner consumes 648

grains, and there must be 44 cubic feet of air. The quantities of light produced in these different modes of illumination are nearly in the ratio of the numbers 11, 14 and 100. These results enable us to calculate the quantity of air which must be furnished per hour to an inhabited apartment, when we know the number of persons it contains and the number and nature of the lights employed. When the apparatus for heating a room is supplied by the air it contains, it will be sufficient to attend only to the greater quantity of air required either for the combustion or for the ventilation, and not for both; because the air which is partially destroyed by the presence of a certain number of persons is still fit for combus

tion.

LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION.

No. XVIII.

EXERCISES ON EXPRESSIVE TONE-continued.
EDUCATION OF FEMALES.

of life, command his respect, as much as their talents excite his admiration.-Story.

CUSTOM OF WHITEWASHING.

My wish is to give you some account of the people of these new States; but I am far from being qualified for the purpose, having as yet seen little more than the cities of New York and Philadelphia. I have discovered but few national singularities among them. Their customs and manners are nearly the same with those of England, which they have long been used to copy. For, previous to the revolution, the Americans were from their infancy taught to look up to the English as patterns of perfection in all things. I have observed, however, one custom, which, for aught I know, is peculiar to this country: an account of it will serve to fill up the remainder of this sheet, and may afford you some amusement.

When a young couple are about to enter the matrimonial state, a never-failing article in the marriage treaty is, that the lady shall have and enjoy the free and unmolested exercise of the rights of whitewashing, with all its ceremonials, privileges and appurtenances. A young woman would forego the most advantageous connexion, and even disappoint the warmest wish of her heart, rather than resign the invaluable right. You would wonder what this privilege of whitewashing is :-I will endeavour to give you some idea of the ceremony, as I have seen it performed.

Ir Christianity may be said to have given a permanent elevation to woman, as an intellectual and moral being, it is as true, that the present age, above all others, has given play to her genius, and taught us to reverence its influence. It was the fashion of other times to treat the literary acquirements of the sex, as starched pedantry, or vain pretension; to stigmatise There is no season of the year in which the lady may not them as inconsistent with those domestic affections and virtues, claim her privilege, if she pleases; but the latter end of May which constitute the charm of society. We had abundant is most generally fixed upon for the purpose. The attentive homilies read upon their amiable weaknesses and sentimental husband may judge by certain prognostics when the storm is delicacy, upon their timid gentleness and submissive depend-nigh at hand. When the lady is unusually fretful, finds fault ence; as if to taste the fruit of knowledge were a deadly sin, with the servants, is discontented with the children, and comand ignorance were the sole guardian of innocence. Their plains much of the filthiness of every thing about her, these whole lives were "sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought;" are signs which ought not to be neglected; yet they are and concealment of intellectual power was often resorted to not decisive, as they sometimes come on, and go off again, to escape the dangerous imputation of masculine strength. without producing any further effect. But if, when the In the higher walks of life, the satirist was not without husband rises in the morning, he should observe in the yard colour for the suggestion, that it was a wheelbarrow with a quantity of lime in it, or should see certain buckets with lime dissolved in water, there is then no time to be lost; he immediately locks up the apartment, or closet, where his papers or his private property are kept, and, putting the key in his pocket, betakes himself to flight; for a husband, however beloved, becomes a perfect nuisance during this season of female rage; his authority is superseded, his commission is suspended; and the very scullion, who cleans the brasses in the kitchen, becomes of more consideration and importance than he. He has nothing for it but to abdicate, and run from an evil which he can neither prevent nor mollify.

"A youth of fully, an old age of cards; "

and that, elsewhere, "most women had no character at all," beyond that of purity and devotion to their families. Admirable as are these qualities, it seemed an abuse of the gifts of providence, to grant to mothers the power of instructing their children, to wives the privilege of sharing the intellectual pursuits of their husbands, to sisters and daughters the delight of ministering knowledge in the fireside circle, to youth and beauty the charm of refined sense, to age and infirmity the consolation of studies which elevate the soul, and gladden the listless hours of despondency.

These things have, in a great measure, passed away. The prejudices, which dishonoured the sex, have yielded to the influence of truth. By slow, but sure advances, education has extended itself through all ranks of female society. There is no longer any dread, lest the culture of science should foster that masculine boldness, or restless independence, which alarms by its sallies, or wounds by its inconsistencies. We have seen that here, as everywhere else, knowledge is favourable to human virtue and human happiness; that the refinement of literature adds lustre to the devotion of piety; that true learning, like true taste, is modest and unostentatious; that grace of manners receives a higher polish from the discipline of the schools; that cultivated genius sheds a cheering light over domestic duties, and its very sparkles, like those of the diamond, attest at once its power and its purity.

The husband gone, the ceremony begins. The walls are in a few minutes stripped of their furniture; paintings, prints, and looking-glasses, lie in a huddled heap, about the floors; the curtains are torn from the testers, the beds crammed into the windows; chairs and tables, bedsteads and cradles crowd the yard; and the garden fence bends beneath the weight of carpets, blankets, cloth cloaks, old coats, and ragged breeches. Here may be seen the lumber of the kitchen, forming a dark and confused mass: for the foreground of the picture, gridirons and frying-pans, rusty shovels and broken tongs, spits and pots, and the fractured remains of rush-bottomed chairs. There, a closet has disgorged its bowels, cracked tumblers, broken wine-glasses, phials of forgotten physic, papers of unknown powders, seeds and dried herbs, handfuls of old corks, tops of teapots and stoppers of departed decanters; no place remains unrummaged. It would seem as if the day of general doom was come, and the utensils of the house were dragged forth to judgment. In this tempest, the words of Lear naturally present themselves, and might, with some alteration, be made strictly applicable:

There is not a rank of female society, however high, which-from the rag hole in the garret, to the rat hole in the cellar, does not now pay homage to literature, or that would not blush, even at the suspicion of that ignorance, which, a half century ago, was neither uncommon, nor discreditable. There is not a parent, whose pride may not glow at the thought, that his daughter's happiness is, in a great measure, within her own command, whether she keeps the cool, sequestered vale of life, or visits the busy walks of fashion,

A new path is thus opened for female exertion, to alleviate the pressure of misfortune, without any suppos.d sacrifice of dignity, or modesty. Man no longer aspires to an exclusive dominion in authorship. He has rivals, or allies, in almost every department of knowledge; and they are to be found among those, whose elegance of manners, and blamelessness

-"Let the great gods,

That keep this dreadful pother o'er our heads,
Find out their enemies now. Tremble, thou wretch,
Thou hast within thee undivulged crimes
Unwhipp'd of Justice!-

-Close pent-up Guilt,

Raise your concealing continents, and ask
These dreadful summoners grace!"

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