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EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

θυοντι ήκε τις εκ Μαντινειας αγγελος λεγων τον υίον αυτού, τον Γρύλλον, τεθναναι και εκείνος απέθετο μεν τον στέφανον,

Ο πλουτος πολλα δυναται. Τίς αν μωρος δυνατο εν οινῳ | διετέλει δε θυων· επει δε ὁ αγγελος προςέθηκε και εκεῖνο, ότι σιωπᾶν; Ανηρ δικαιος εστιν, όστις αδικειν δυναμενος μη βου· νικῶν τεθνηκε, παλιν ὁ Ξενοφων επέθετο τον στεφανον. Αλκιλεται. Πραττε μηδεν ὧν μη επίστασαι. Αριστον εστι παντ' βιαδης εφυγεν εις Σπαρτην και τους Λακεδαιμομιους παρώξυνεν επιστασθαι καλα. Ζῶμεν οὐχ ὡς εθελομεν, αλλ' ὡς δυνάμεθα. επιθεσθαι τοις Αθηναιοις. Τῳ μεν το σῶμα διατεθεμενῳ κακως Προ μεθης ανίστασο. Τί συμφερει ενιοις πλουτεῖν, ὅταν μη χρεια εστιν ιατρου, τῳ δε την ψυχην, φιλου. Εφοδιον εις το επιστωνται τῷ πλουτῳ χρῆσθαι; Καταλυθέντος του Πελοπον- γῆρας κατατιθου. Οἱ Αθηναῖοι εν τῳ δευτερῳ τοῦ Πελοποννησιακοῦ πολεμου, ολιγαρχία εν ταῖς πλείσταις πόλεσι καθι-νησιακοῦ πολεμου ετει ύπο του λοιμου αθλιωτατα διετέθεσαν. στατο. Οἱ πολέμιοι ουκ αποστήσονται πριν αν έλωσι την Κακον ουδεν φύεται εν ανδρι θεμελια θεμενῳ τοῦ βίου σωφροσυνην πολιν. Μίνως, ὁ δεύτερος, πρῶτος Ελληνων ναυτικην δυναμιν | και εγκρατειαν. Τους πιστούς τίθεσθαι δεῖ ἑκαστον ἑαυτῳ. Οἱ πολῖται φοβοῦνται μη οἱ πολεμιοι τη πόλει επιτιθῶνται. αξιολογον συνεστησατο. Ὑπο Λυσάνδρου, του Σπαρτιάτου, εν Αθηναις τριακοντα τυραννοι κατεστάθησαν.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

The wicked are in a bad condition. The good are in a good I show. You show. They show. Show thou. Let him condition. God places all things in a good condition. He show. Let them show. Το show. Showing. I showed. places a helmet round (on) his head. They place helmets They showed, We showed. They were showed. I may round their heads. Lay by (down) wisdom, the best treasure, show. We may show. He might show. You might show. for thy children. I lay down my chaplet. He lays down his He is able. He was able. He may be able. They might be chaplet. Xenophon laid down his chaplet (on) hearing that able. They two might be able. God is able to do all things. his son was dead. Xenophon heard that his son had died a A fool is not able to be silent. Wise men are able to be conqueror (victorious), and put on his chaplet again. The silent. A bad man is able to injure a good man. Only good | Athenians fell on (attacked) the Lacedæmonians. I attack the I continue learning. The men are able to do good. He attempts to do what he does enemy. The enemy attack me. not understand. It is best to do only what you understand. | boys continue learning. My sick (κακως διατεθειμενον σῶμα) They understand the book. He understands whatever the body requires a physician. Thy body is sick (that is, to thee gods say. They know how to use their riches. He knows | the body is sick). My body is sick. His mind is sick. Our how to share his riches with his friends. Tyrants are placed minds are diseased. I have (to me is) a travelling money for in the cities. The city possesses a considerable maritime old age. The good have travelling money for old age. The power. The foes have retired, the war being ended. I shall Athenians are in a most wretched condition. My friend is in retire when I have taken (having taken) the city. A tyrant a most wretched condition. I place self-government as the was placed in Athens. The rich have much power. foundation of my life. Self-government and abstinence are placed as the foundation of a good man's life.

REMARKS, ETC.

REMARKS, ETC.

Ησκημενα, perf. mid. or pass. part. from ασκεω, I take care of, exercise, adorn. What kind of a verb is ασκεων which of the given forms does it follow ? give the principal parts of the verb ; in what case, number, and gender is the partici

What part of the verb is σιωπᾷν? what kind of a verb is it? to which of the two great classes of verbs does it belong? What are the component parts of αδικειν: of επιστασθαι? of συμφέρει οι καταλυθέντος? οἱ καθισταντο? and what parts are these severally? Write down their exact import in En-ple, and why? glish. Give instances which you have already had of the construction-καταλυ. του Πελοπ. πολεμου, By what name the construction known? Why are τῷ πλουτῳ in the dative case? Decline Μινως, δυναμις, Αθήναι, πολις, and πρῶτος. Go through these tenses, namely, συνεστησατο, κατεστάθησαν, and ζῶμεν.

VOCABULARY.

is

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Κατατιθημι, I lay down; mid.,
I lay down for myself.
Διατελέω, I complete, accom-
plish; with a participle, as

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Στέφανος, ου, o, a chaplet, a

crown.

Εφόδιον, ου, τo, money for a
journey.

Κρανος, ους, το, a helmet.
Αθλιος, α, ον, sorrowful, un-
happy.

Φοινικέος, α, ον (ούς, ή, ον),
purple.

Decline χαλκᾶ κρανη; also φοινικοῖς λόφοις; also ουδενα θησαυρον.

In what case is αιδούς, and why?

In what person, tense, mood, and voice are these verbs, namely, θοῖτο, διετέλει, επέθετο, έφυγεν, κατατιθου, διετέθεσαν Go through the tenses.

For what form is τεθναναι? What is its theme?
Why is νικῶν circumfexed?

What modal vowel is there in επιτιθῶνται? and how is it circumstanced?

Why is προςέθηκε thus written, and not thus προσέθηκε On what word does pov depend, in the sentence beginning τῳ μεν το σώμα

Κακον ουδέν, etc. ; arrange the words for construing thus Ουδεν κακον φύεται εν ανδρι θεμενῳ σωφροσυνην και εγκρατειαν θεμελια τοῦ βίου.

VOCABULARY.

Συνεπιδίδωμι (συν, επι, and | Στρατος, ου, o, an army.
διδωμι), I give the like; Κλωθώ, ούς, ή, the name of
mid., I give myself with
others to an affair, I take
part in; I yield to.
Συννέω, I spin, I weave.

one of the Parcæ or Fates, who are represented in my. thology as weaving the web of destiny for every man.

διατελεω γραφών, I continue Εκων, ἐκοῦσα, έκον, willing, Αμοιβη, ης, ή, change, recom- Κυπελλον, ου, τo, a goblet or

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357

τη Κλωθοῖ συνεπιδιδου, παρέχων συννῆσαι, οἷςτισι ποτε πραγ- the reciprocal pronouns, and of the relative words lo, him or paoi Bovλerai. Oμows aιoxpov aкovσavтa xenoiμov λoyov unit; la, her or it; li, them (m.), and le, them (f.) with a verb. μανθάνειν, και διδομενον τι αγαθον παρα των φίλων μη λαμβανειν. Οἱ πολῖται φοβοῦνται μη ἡ πόλις προδιδῶται. Μήποτε υπο των φίλων προδιδοῖο. Ο στρατος ὑπ' αὐτοῦ του στρατηγοῦ προσδίδοτο. Αποδου το κυπελλον.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

Return a favour for (to) a favour. They return the favour. A favour is returned for a favour. They returned the favour which had been given them. Our country is betrayed. Athens was betrayed by its own general. Even the citizens betray the city. He has betrayed his own father. Willingly no good man betrays his friend. I fear our city will (may) be betrayed. They give back the cup. The cup is given back. I will give back the cup. He has given back the cup.

REMARKS, ETC.

Explain the contraction in povdo@noav.

Present

INFINITIVE MOOD (MODO INDEFinito).

Tense (Tempo pre-
sente).
To procure it.
Pro-cu-rar-se-lo.

Past Tense (Tempo passato).
To have procured it.
Es-ser-se-lo pro-cu-rá-to.

INDICATIVE MOOD

Repeat from Present Tense (Tempo pre

memory the chief contractional equivalents. Go through, from memory, the contracted verb aуañаw.

Οἷςτισι, etc., by contraction, for πραγμασιν άτινα βουλεται. What part of the verb is each of these forms—TOLOVI, δέδοται, απέδοτο, επιδίδου, ακουσαντα, αποδου ?

Decline Κλωθώ, κέρδος, πολίτης, κυπελλον, πραγμα.

In what case is κερδος, and why? also πατρίδες, and λογον ? What are the component parts of povdidoro? What is the augment? the theme? the person-ending?

In un' avrou, what change has the preposition undergone, and why? and what is the case of aurou, and why?

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LESSONS IN ITALIAN GRAMMAR.-No. XXX.
By CHARLES TAUSENAU, M.D.,

sente).

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Present Gerund (Gerundio presente).

Procuring it.

Pro-cu-rán-do-se-lo.

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(MODO AFFERMATIVO).

Future Tense (Tempo futuro).
I shall procure it.

Me lo pro-cu-re-rò,

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IMPERATIVE MOOD (MODO IMPERATIVO)
Do thou procure it.

Pro-cu-ra-te-lo (tu)
(do not thou procure it
non te lo pro-cu-rá-re
se lo pro-cu-ri (egli)
pro-cu-rid-mo-ce-lo (noi)
pro-cu-rá-te-ve-lo (voi)
se lo pro-cú-ri-no (essi)

The literal meaning of procurarselo is-to procure it to one's self. The reciprocal pronouns mi, ti, si, etc., consequently are in the dative case, meaning (I procure it) to myself, to thyself, etc.; for this reason, as stated above, it is allowable to conjugate this verb with essere or avere, and to say -me lo sono or me l'ho procurato, ce lo siamo or ce l'abbiamo procurato, me lo era or me l'aveva procurato, ce lo eravamo or ce l' avevamo procurato,

Of the University of Pavia, and Professor of the Italian and German
Languages at the Kensington Proprietary Grammar School.
Procurarselo, to procure it (i. e. to get, send for, buy it, etc.)
THIS verb is an example of the principal combinations ofte.

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[graphic]

"--fa, it is no matter,
It does not signify.

74.

Cu. 1. shows

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it rains.

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I is stormy. thunders.

Bagish have it is, it was, etc., in
makes; fa-cé-va, it made, etc.,
A must be considered as in-

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it is needful,

necessary.

arg, yesterday it was colder than

- without a preposition, or che
must be said; bi-so-gna fare
-gna che ciò si-a ve-ro, this
savali be true, and in all cases
De Barish nominative of must is in
--gna che i-o me ne vá-da,
be must come; bi-só-gna che noi
- che sap-piá-te, you must know, etc.
d by the conjunctive pronouns mi, ti, etc.,
anged by agreeing in number with the
u doná-re, I want money; vi bi-so-gne-
*,, require money; mi bi-so-gna-no da-
magno cén-to fio-ri-ni, I want a hundred
- r, thou wanteet a few books, etc.

O'g-gi fa un pô fré-sco, it is a little cool to-day. Fa mól-to fán-go, it is very dirty in the streets. Fa vên-to, gran vên-to, it is windy, very windy. Fa bêl, cat-ti-vo têm-po, it is fine, bad weather. Fa ú-na bêl-la mat-ti-na, it is a fine morning. Fa só-le, the sun shines (i. e. it is sunshine). Che têm-po fa ôg-gi? what kind or sort of weather is it? The impersonal verbs of this class have only the third person singular. It must, however, not be forgotten that every impersonal verb retains its characteristic only as long as its subject is either really unknown or left indeterminate on purpose. It becomes personal as soon as its subject is determined. Consequently, whenever the sense of the impersonal verbs of this class admits of nouns or pronouns becoming their subjects they must agree with them in number and person, e. g. gli bc-chi sub-i lam-peg-giá-va-no, his eyes sparkled; le la-gri-me pió-vo-no dá-gli be chi, tears flow from his eyes; gê-la-no i fiú-mi, the rivers are freezing; i-o tuô-no su gli ém-pj, I (Jupiter) thunder down on the impious; tu pio-vi fe-con-di-tà su i no-stri cám-pi, thou rainest fecundity on our fields.

The impersonal or indeterminate form of the third person singular goes through all moods and tenses, and pio-ve-re, to rain, may be taken as a model of the conjugation of the verbs

of this class.

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be maintained, etc. Si of course may be incorporated at the end of them, e. g. di-ce-si, cré-de-si, dis cor-ré-va-si, pre-ten-derás-si (see introduction to the reflective verbs), etc.

When the object of these verbs is expressed they must agree with it in number and gender, e. g. si di-co-no mól-te bu-gi-e, people tell many lies; si sen-to-no gran nuỏ-ve, one hears important news; si vé-do-no mól-ti fo-re-stiê-ri, one sees many foreigners; si só-no dét-te tan-te bu-gi-e, so many lies have been told; si só-no ve-du-ti mól-ti sol-do-ti, so many soldiers have been seen.

The active form of this class of impersonal verbs has a passive meaning which will at once be seen by expressly stating their subjects and (just as in the passive voice) placing the prepositions da or per before them, e. g. da mól-ti si leg-ge la bib-bia, many people read the bible. By changing the active and impersonal verb si legge into passive, this sentence will run -è lêt-ta da mól-ti la bíb-bia; and by changing si legge into an active and personal verb, it will run-mól-ti leg-go-no la bib-bia. The meaning of these three sentences is identical, and proves that this class of impersonal verbs serves the purpose of making a passive use of an active form. Only intransitive verbs adopting the impersonal form, e. g. si va, one goes; si vie-ne, one comes, may perhaps be considered an exception.

The irregular verb dire, to say, may serve as an example of the conjugation of the second class of impersonal verbs. INDICATIVE MOOD (MODO AFFERMATIVO).

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passato remoto): pióv-ve (irr.) Indeterminate Pluperfect (
[or pio-ve, it rained.

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prossimo): ha pio-vú

[to, it has rained. Determinate Pluperfect ("

trapassato prossimo): a-vé-va
[pio-vi-to, it had rained.

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remoto): eb-be pio-vú- | Future

futuro): pio-ve-rà, it will rain. | Future Perfect

[vú-to, it will have rained.

[to, it had rained.

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passato di futuro): a-vrà pio

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condizionale presente): pio-ve- Conditional Present
[rêb-be, it would rain,

passato) avrêb-be

[pio-vu-to, it would have rained. Conditional Past

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (MODO CONGIUNTIVO).

(Tempo presente): piô-va, it may rain.

Present

Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect (

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di passato): pio-vés-se, it might rain. " passato): úb-bia pio-vú-to, it may have rained. trapassato): a-vés-se pio-vú-to, it might have [rained.

The second class are impersonal verbs, not in the proper sense, for, being in themselves personal and active, the pronoun si makes them (as it were) impersonal, by expressing their subject as an indeterminate person. In English si is equivalent to one, people, they, etc.; or also to the passive voice, e. g. si di-ce, one says, people say, they say, it is said; si cré-de, they believe, it is believed; si spe-ra, they hope, it is hoped; si té me, they fear, it is feared; si sup-pó-ne, they suppose, it is supposed; si dis-cor-ré-va, they talked or argued, it was talked or argued; si pre-ten-de-rà, they will maintain, it will

Pio-rét-te is another form for this tense, which though regular is much more frequent in conversation than in books.

Impersonal verbs relating to the weather may take either avere or essere in their compound tenses, and it is therefore allowable to say, è piovuto, or

ha piovuto it has rained; era piovuto or avera pioruto, it had rained, etc.: nevicato or ha nevicato, it has snowed; è grandinato or ha grandinato, it has hailed; & tuo-ná to or ha tuo-na-to, it has thundered. Some grammarians, however, require the exclusive use of the auxiliary essere for the compound tenses of all impersonal verbs,

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[a; si furon dét-ti,-e, it had

[been said, futuro): si di-rà ; si di-rán-no, [it will be said. passato di futuro); si sa-rá dét[to,-a; si sa-rán-no dét-ti,— [e, it will have been said. condizionale presente): si di[réb-be; si di-réb-be-ro, it [would be said. passato) si sa[rêb-be dét-to,-a; si sa-réb-be-ro dét[ti,-e, it would have been said.

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SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (MODO CONGIUNTIVO). (Tempo presente): si dí-ca; si di-ca-no, it may be [said. di passato): si di-cés-se; si di-cés-se[ro, it might be said. passato): si si-a dél-to,—a; si sí-an dél-ti, [-e, it may have been said. trapassato): si fós-se dét-to,-a; si fós-se-ro [dét-ti,-e, it might have been said.

Imperfect
(
Perfect
Pluperfect (

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FRENCH READING S.-No. XXIII.

JEANNE D'ARC.

SECTION I.

Au moment où l'Anglais devenu maître de la France, par le traité de Troyes, gouvernait en maître absolu l'Aquitaine, le Poitou et toutes les villes du nord de la Loire, et où le dauphin fils du roi Charles VI. trouvait à peine unville qui pût lui servir d'asile,' un événement inespé

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