The Prepositions. The prepositions require careful study, as on them, as well as on other invariable verbs, the sense very much depends, and you will be ignorant of some of the most delicate shades of meaning, and unaware of many an elegance, if you do not familiarise your mind with the import and the usage of the prepositions and the conjunctions particularly. Prepositions have a relation to place, and denote the direction of an action in regard to place. Thus, I say 64 you go from home;" "you go to home;" "you go round the house;" 'you go over the wall." In order, therefore, to your possessing an exact knowledge of the prepositions, of which there are in Greek eighteen, you must study them in their relation to place. In the ensuing table, they are arranged as they stand in regard to place. The Prepositions arranged in their Relations to Place. secundum, apud along Greek. Latin. English. 1. εν in in 2. εις οι ες in into 2. Place whither you go 3. προς ad to 4. εκ οι εξ ex, e 5. απο ab, a up In this general view it is only the general meanings that I have been able to give. It is the office of Syntax to set forth details, especially as the import of the prepositions is modified by the case which they govern, for, as you already know, most of them take more cases than one. A little close attention will show you that the Latin prepositions are intimately connected with the Greek in origin as well as signification: thus, v and in are the same; so are εK and ex; so, also, vπep and super, and vπo and sub. The following six words may also be considered as prepositions, namely: over, above under, by before around on against instead of αναβαινω αναλαμβάνω καταβαίνω παραγω παραβαίνω μεταμορφόω Ο μεταλαμβάνω { συλλαμβάνω ὑπερβαίνω ὑποβαλλω ὑπογελαω προβαίνω αμφιβαίνω περιβαίνω { επιβαλλω αντιβαίνω αντιδιδωμι I go against. 1 give instead, in exchange for. More than one preposition may combine with a verb; e.g. tayw, I lead out (an army from its camp). Tapežaуw, I lead out (an army against the enemy). аνTinaρežaуw, I lead out (an army and march it to assail the enemy). Adverbs, Among the invariable or indeclinable words are adverbs. Adverbs qualify action in regard to παραχρῆμα (παρα, αἱ ; χρῆμα, the thing), at the moment. πроvруоv (ро, for; pyov, the deed), usefully, beforehand. EKπodWV (EK, from; πovs, the foot), at a distance, far from. Adverbs formed from adjectives imply a substantive :Dat. ιδια (εν ιδια χωρα), in particular ; πεζῇ εν πεζῇ όδῳ), on foot. Acc. μακραν (εις μακραν όδον), a long way, at a distance. The neuter of the adjective is often employed as an adverb; as the dat. Toλq, much, by much; nov, agreeably; devov and deva, terribly; HOTEρa, whether? εжɩτηdεs, on purpose. There are some words which, without being adverbs, are employed adverbially. We have seen adverbs which have the form of the genitives, datives, and accusatives. We are now to see those cases themselves perform the office of adverbs. Their cases are owing to certain prepositions which have been dropped in conversation: Gen. VUKTOS (dia), by night, at night. KUKλ (EV), in a circular, circularly. Of these conjunctions some are simple, as Kaι, TE, ws; others are compound, as ούτε (ου and τε), μεντοι (μεν and του), καιτοι (και and τοι), τοινυν (του and νυν), ώςτε ὡς and re), διοτι (δια οτι, neuter of όςτις), γοῦν (γε and οῦν), επειδη (επει and δη), επειδαν (επει, δε, and ar), όταν (ότε and ar) ; and others are two separate words, as ει μη, ίνα μη. There are other conjunctions, whether a single word, as ἡνικα, when, or several words united, as τοιγαρτοι (τοι, γαρ, τοι), novo then ; τοιγαροῦν (τοι, γαρ, οῦν), wherefore, on that account; or, again, several words in a separate state, ov pyv alλa, however; λny eɩ μn, if only. One or two others deserve notice, as ȧre, seeing that, as being, e.g. are ayabos, as being good (Latin, utpote bonus); Tεр, although, e.g. ayaboç TEρ, although good. There are certain words employed as adverbs, in the composition of which there is a conjunction, e.g. dnλovori, evidently; that is, enλov eσriv ori, it is evident that; EvIOTE, sometimes, made up of evi, for Eoriv, and ore (in Latin, est quando). The Greek is rich in conjunctions. Some of its conjunctions express shades of meaning which can scarcely, if at all, be rendered into English, and which can be appreciated only in by plane geometry, when there is no occasion to apply any other principles than those of that science.-ALFRED C. HILARY will find the work on the original, by the fine sense of a superior scholar. Chemistry, published in Chambers's Educational Course, very good and cheap. Interjections. Αγησίλαος περί ανδρειας και δικαιοσυνης ερωτηθεις, πότερα βελτίων, Ουδεν ανδρειας, εφη, χρήζομεν, εαν παντες ὦμεν δικαιοι. Ου μόνον δε το μη αποδιδοναι χαριτας αδικον εκρινεν, αλλά και το μη πολυ μείζους τον μείζω δυναμενον. Ala To φιλόπονος είναι, πᾶν μεν το παρον ἡδεως έπινε, πᾶν δε το συντυχον ήδέως ησθιεν εις δε το ασμένως κοιμηθῆναι πᾶς τόπος ην ίκανος αυτῳ. Διδοντος δε αυτῷ παμπολλα δῶρα Τιθραυστον, ει απελθοι εκ της χώρας, απεκρίνατο ὁ Αγησίλαος, ο Τιθραυστα, νομίζεται παρ' ἡμιν τῳ αρχοντι καλλίον είναι την στρατιαν η ἑαυτον πλουτίζειν, και παρα των πολεμίων λάφυρα μᾶλλον πειρᾶσθαι η δῶρα λαμβάνειν. 'Αποθνήσκων δε τους φίλους εκέλευσε, Μηδεμιαν εικόνα ποιησασθαι ει γαρ τι καλον έργον πεποίηκα, τουτο μου μνημείον εστιν ει δε μηδεν, ουδ' οἱ παντες ανδριάντες. VOCABULARY AND REMARKS. Το μη πολυ μειζους, supply αποδιδοναι avvrvxov, whatever he met with; W. W. SNELLING will see one of his questions answered in the last paragraph. As to the other, we can only find room for a partial answer. The following is the order in which mathematics may be studied with advantageArithmetic-Cassell's, Colenso, or De Morgan. Algebra-Cassell's, Lund's Wood, or Colenso. Euclid-Cassell's. Trigonometry-Hymers, Colenso, Hemming, or Snowball. Mechanics (including Statics and Dynamics)-Snowball, Pratt, Whewell, Moseley, Earnshaw, or Tate. Conic Sections-Hymers or Puckle. Analytical Geometry-Hymers, O' Brien, or Young. Newton's Principia-Evans, or Whewell. Differential Calculus-De Morgan, Todhunter, Hemming, or Hall, Optics-Griffin. Airy's Tracts, etc. etc. JAMES BURLEY: The scales appended to the maps in the POPULAR EDUCATOR explain themselves. The numbers affixed to different points of the line, show how many miles are represented by the lengths of the line between the zero point (or farthest point to the left) and the above points. 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It is satisfactory to know that our afford him a pleasant couch (or bed). Δίδοντος, offering to give ; λαφύρον, ου, το, booty, spoil. Avepiavres, all images would not (no image would) be a (permanent) memorial of me. What are these parts (what is their mood, tense, person, etc.)? namely: ερωτηθεις; χρηζομεν ; αποδιδοναι; έκρινεν ; ήσθιεν, κοιμη θῆναι, απελθοι; απεκρίνετο, πειρᾶσθαι; πεποιηκα. Decline the following:-ανδρειας, χαριτας; μείζους; τοπος; δῶρα ; εικονα ; μνημείον ; ανδριάντες. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. We have received numerous expressions of gratitude for our past efforts in the cause of Popular Education, and regret at the prospect of their discontinuance in the present publication. Our correspondents may be assured that their communications will meet with all the consideration to which they are entitled. We hope still to promote the education of the people in other ways, and have repeatedly intimated our intention of giving articles on drawing early in the coming year. C. R. The lessons on Chemistry are concluded. Electricity and galvanism will be discussed in our lessons in Physics.-Tau: The principles in physics, corresponding to axioms in Geometry or any other subject, are those which require no demenstration. For instance, it is an axiom that that the effect of a force is the same at whatever point in its line of action it be applied. Again, it is an axiom that two equal pressures applied at the extremities of equal arms of a lever balance each other, and that the pressure on the fulcrum is equal to their sum. Problems are capable of solution A NEW SUBSCRIBER's handwriting is good, but must be improved still further before he can hope to get into a merchant's office. G. ARCHBOLD: Our Lessons in German will prepare you for translating German letters, provided you make yourself familiar with the German style of writing. It would also be desirable to get a work containing some Ger man mercantile letters. L. G. 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CASSELL'S CLASSICAL LIBRARY.-The First Volume of this Work, price 18. 6d. cloth, consists of a LATIN READER, adapted to "Cassell's First Lessons in Latin."-Volume II. comprises LATIN EXERCISES, price 23. neat cloth.-Volume III, contains THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES in the Original Greek, with copious Notes and a Lexicon, price 2s. 6d. neat cloth. 441 diagrams, the south pole is represented by a and A, the north pole by b or B, and we denominate those represented by the same letter, poles of the same name. Mutual Action of the Poles.-The two poles of a magnet appear identical when acting on iron filings, but this identity is only apparent. If we hang a little magnetised needle ab, fig. 362, by a fine thread, and bring the south pole a of another Fig. 362. |