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In this respect, the French language is like our own, as ted in common conversation. The system of WORD-CONNECTIONS, in sentences and phrases in both languages, is nearly identical. For the purpose of illustration, we will begin be giving specimens of wok-coNNECTIONS in the English language, vis, :—

IL

Whenever a word ending with a Consonant immediately precedes a word beginning with a Vowel or silent H, the sound of the final Consonant of the former word is carried to the first syllable of the latter, or to the word itself, if it be a monosyllable, fost as if the latter word commenced with that Consonant. My hat was on the table,-is pronounced as if printed-e is mom particularly the case, if the two words are inti

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I jumped upon the ground,—is pronounced as if printed

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my connected in sense.

The above Rule owes its existence entirely to Euphony; to Flowerve which, almost everything else is sacrificed in the French language. Still the student must not observe it THE EXCept in poetry. Neither in prose nor conversation, does the Be bold good in the following cases, viz. :When a harsh sound would be the consequence. Whenever any punctuation mark is placed between the two wirds in question.

XII.

in the words ET-a conjunction meaning and-and INT-easing a hundred-is never carried to the following virt in pronunciation.

XIII.

A. in the word AOUT, is not generally sounded. Sometimes, however, it is pronounced, but it is considered incorrect. This wird. AOUT-meaning August (the month), is pronounced 00, and at AH-00.

XIV.

In the Compound word EST-IL, and a few others, the Tis and the second syllable in pronunciation.

XV.

Whenever a word ending with a silent E is immediately frit the ang ia sang ni bilowed by another word beginning with a Vowel or H mute,

དོན ས ང རབ་ས

ne Consonant preceding the silent E of the first word is the next word in pronunciation, viz. :—

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LA FRANCE ENTIERE; as if printed LA FRAN-CENTIERE, and pronounced, độ nhanh -teair.

HONNÊTE HOMME; as if printed

HxN-TUMME, and pronounced,
On-nay-com.

XVI.

With the words AH! EH! OH! OUEST,-one of the points of the compass-OUF! OUI, ONZE, ONZIEME, PHO!

Its ranking towed, TATA, NON TON, 15R, and some- UNIR ME, YACHT, YATAGAN, YOLE and YUCCA, no

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DIX,-ten, before a Consonant, is pronounced DEE; Allahual pine avant atter N are silent, except in the words before a Vowel or H mute, DEEZ; and at the end of a clause, as DEESS.

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by the wind MisIEURS, the final letters RS are never a Vowel or H mute, SEEZ; and at the end of a clause, as SIX-six-before a Consonant, is pronounced SEE; before

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HUIT,-eight,-be nearly WEE; before WEET.

ER final, is usually English word DAY.

an exception to the a like AIR in English.

Alger Amer

Belvéder

Cancer

Cher

Cuiller

Enfer Fer

Divide each word n the English language.

LESSONS IN I

Thirdly-Ver

Simple Tenses. Present: addarre, to b Present Gerund: ada bringing Past Participle: brought

Present.
Addico, I bring
add, thou bringest
adday, he brings
adducimo, we bring
adducite, you bring
adducons, they bring
Imperfect.
Adducita or adducéa,
bringing
adducer, thou wast bri
adducera or adducéa,
bringing
adduceremo, we were b
adducerate, you were b
adducerano or adducéan
were bringing
Indeterminate Pret

Adds, I brought
edancest, thou brough

[No First Perso

Aldri, bring (thou) addica, let him bring

Present. Che addica, that I ma the addica or adduchi," mayat bring

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LESSONS IN SPANISH.-No. VII.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

563 his only desire was that of freeing his country from the Saracen yoke, su único deséo era el de libertar á su patria del yug sarraceno; the repose leisure like that of the rich-man, el descanso del pobre no es un of the poor-man is not a cheerless ócio insípido como el del rico; Saguntum endured a siege equal to-that of Numantia, Sagunto sufrió un sitio iqual al de Numán

The demonstrative pronouns are este, this; esc, that; aquel, cia; the soldiers of General Brown are as brave as those of that. They are thus declined :

Singular.

Plural.

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Masc.

Fem.

esta,

this.

esa,

that.

Estos,
Esos,
Aquellos,

estas,

esas,

Este, Ese, Aquel,

aquella, that.

these. those. aquellas, those. There is also, in the singular number of each of these demonstrative pronouns, a neuter form, used when we cannot ascribe a gender to it; esto, eso, aquello. In such a sentence as, "he ought to be honest, for this is the duty of every man," it is evident that no gender can properly be applied to the demonstrative this, and in such a case esto would be used in Spanish. Este is used with what is near at hand; as, este hombre, this man (here): ese with what is somewhat distant; as, ese hombre, that man (there); and aquel with what is still more distant; as, aquel hombre, that man (off there, yonder). When relating to time, este is used with time present; ese with time past; and aquel with time still more distant; as, "this (este) book which I now have, that (ese) book which I had last week, and that (aquel) book which I had last summer, are

valuable."

Este refers to the last mentioned of two things, and ese (or aquel) to the first; as,

El general y el capitan vinieron; ese (or aquel) es prudente, este es fátuo, the general and the captain came; the-former is prudent, the-latter is stupid.

When este or ese comes before the indefinite pronoun otro (other), the former drops its final letter, and the two are joined, forming one word; as, estotro or estotra, this other; estotros or estotras, these others; esotro or esotra, that other; esotros or esotras, those others.

If the objective case of the relative pronoun quien (whom) is used in such phrases as, he whom, she whom, him whom, etc., aquel, must come before it; aquel á quien,* he whom; aquella á quien, she whom; aquellos or aquellas á quienes, they whom ;

as,

Aquellos contra quienes pelearon, those against whom they fought.

When the relative pronoun of the objective case is not preceded by a preposition, the indefinite article is generally used instead of aquel, and is followed by the relative as, el que, he whom; la que, she whom; los or las que, they pronoun que; whom. Thus it will be perceived that he whom may be rendered either aquel á quien or el que; she whom, by either aquella d quien or la que; they whom, or those whom, by either aquellos or aquellas á quienes, or los or las que. The latter mode is most generally employed. When the objective case of the personal pronouns Him, her, or them, precedes the nominative of the relative Who, either aquel or the definite article may be used; as, Juan dió pan á aquella que tiene hambre, or Juan dió pan á la que tiene hambre, John gave bread to her who is hungry. When in English the demonstrative pronoun That is followed by the preposition Of, and refers to a noun already expressed, the definite article is employed in Spanish; as, Por su prudéncia y por la del juez, through his prudence and

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General Canrobert, los soldados del general Brown son tan valientes como los del general Canrobert.

When in cases like those referred to in the preceding rule, the possessive case in English is employed instead of the demonstrative pronoun That, the definite article is used in Spanish; as, My house and my servant's, mi casa y la de mi criado; I have my book and my father's, tengo mi libro y el de et de Juan; that is,-my house and that of my servant; my mi padre; my wine is better than John's, mi vino es mejor que John. book and that of my father; my wine is better than that of

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Este hombre es rico. Aquella muger es soberbia, Esos libros son nuevos. Estas cucharas son de oro. Aquellos pintores son pobres. Estas casas son nuestras. breros son mios. Este vino es bueno. Esa cerveza no es Esos soibuena. casa? De quiénes son aquellas casas ? ¿De quién es esta ¿Quién es ese caballero? Habla este caballero la léngua española1? ¿Habla esa señora la léngua inglesa1? Esta lámpara es nueva. habla Frances. Son estos mis zapatos? ¿Cuyo es Ese espejo es viejo. Aquel hombre cuchillo? Aquel à quien mi padre escribió las cartas, tiene mucho Cuyos son esos tenedores? La Francesa la Española tienen prudéncia; esa es mas amable que csta. é ignorantes. Aquella a quien Juan dió un espejo, es muy dinero. Aquellos á quienes Pedro dió los libros, son pobres hermosa.

este

aquella que tiene sed. El librero dió dos libros á la que le Diego dió los libros á los que vm. vió. Lucía dió vino á

escribió las cartas. Esta casa y la que vmd. vió, son mias.

No es este el hijo del panadero? No es esta la hija del sombrerero escribió estas cartas. Esos tenedores son suyos de zapatero? ¿No son estas las hermanas del posadero? El ella. Estos cuchillos son suyos de él. Este espejo es mio. Este hombre es mi amigo. ¿Quién es esa muger? Quién

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