No sabe uno que hacer, one (or a person) knows not what Idioma, (masc.) idiom language.

'cause of accusation" in him. In Spanish two negatives line.

What is-there in that spoon? There-is sugar in it. Are-there roses without thorns? There-are no roses without thorns. Are-there women without faults? No, sir, there-are no women without faults. There-is nothing. There-are no houses on the road. Is-there no physician in that city? Yes, sir, thereis one. There are no books without leaves.

Mi madre no tiene cuchara. Mi padre no tiene hermano. | (any) letters for me? No, sir, there-are no letters for you (ed.) Ella no tiene tenedor. Mis hermanas no tienen cuchillos. What is-there on the road? There-are houses and cities. María no tiene padre. Mis hijos no tienen sombreros. Mi hermano no tiene casa. El librero no tiene espejo. Diego no tiene dinero. Juan no tiene oro. Ella no tiene hijas. Pedro no es Americano. María no es Francesa. No tiene Juan libros Los pintores no tienen botones. Mi sobrino no tiene plumas. Este caballero no tiene manteca. El pandero tiene pan, manteca, azúcar, vino, y cerveza. Hay cartas para mí? No, señor, no hay cartas para vmd. Qué hay en el camino? Hay casas y ciudades. ¿Qué hay en esa cuchara? Hay água en esta cuchara. ¿Hay rosas sin espinas? No, señora, no hay rosas sin espinas. Hay hombres sin faltas? No, señor, no hay hombres sin faltas. Hay un rosa sin espinas? No hay un rosa sin espinas. No hay nada. No hay casas en el camino. No hay zapatero en esta ciudad? Si, señor, hay uno. Hay en esa casa muchos cuartos? Hay diez cuartos. ENGLISH-SPANISH.

Every one of the ten male servants has three roses. Every one of the three women has twelve looking-glasses. These carpenters shall be rewarded (plur., premiados), each according-to his works. Lucy has ten books, each one in a different language'. All the female-servants shall-be rewarded (plur. fem.), each according-to her merits. She and all her daughters are very handsome. Mary gave knives to each one of them. Both are amiable. Is-there anything new? There-is nothing new. Peter wants nothing. The gentlemen want nothing. Everything which glitters is not gold. Every thing which my brother has is mine. Every book has leaves. Nobody speaks evil of him. To nobody speaks the bookseller. The innkeeper speaks to nobody. To no-one gave John the pens and spoons. The bookseller gave the books to no-one. Peter has nothing. The French-woman said nothing to me. Nothing is good for her. No-one of thes e ladies is rich. One knows not what to-say. One3 knows not what to-buy.

No-one of those painters shall-be rewarded. Have you (vmd.) another sister? Did any-one seel my hat? Does any one speak Spanish? The gentleman has two male-servants; and (he) gave to-the one ten dollars and to-the other twelve; to each one according-to his merit. The shoemaker has two daughters; the name of the one is Lucy, and the name of the other is Mary. The baker found something in the road. The booksellers have something (which) to-eat. Everything that shines is not silver. Peter said something to the poor-man. She has something (algo que) to eat. One of the ladies came with-me. My sister has everything that my father gave her. He who is rich, whoever (that) he may-be, will have cares. To whomsoever (that) you (vmd.) may-give bread, my father will-give money. To whomsoever (that) Mary may-give knives, Lucy will-give forks. Whatever thing (that) John may-say, hishouses are not handsome. All those who are good love the truth. The Lord hates all the ways (caminos) of the impious. God hates every wicked3 All this is very true. Nobody has thy looking-glass, No-one has thy hat. Has anybody my books? Has any-one my pens? Did Peter give shoes to any of these poor women? + Yes, sir, Peter gave shoes to some. Each painter found a

way.

treasure.

Have any of those women silver forks. Have any of these
ladies gold spoons? Each one of us has some merit. The
shoemaker gave money to one of the sisters of Lucy. Mary
wrote letters to no-one. The physician did not find any treasures
in the city. Some men have money, others have it not.
Many villa ers of both sexes came to London. The judge
gave a hat to the Frenchman and a book to the Englishman;
both are poor. She speaks not of another's faults.
She has no daughters. Peter is no Spaniard. My father
has no brother. John has no hat. James has no money. Mary
has no father. You (vmd.) have no looking-glass. John has
not any books. These ladies have not-any roses. My nephew
has not-any pens. My mother has not-a spoon. My sister
has not fork. The housekeeper has no butter. Are-there

Livery thing that, or, everything which, is rendered todo lo que.
These poor women, is to be rendered estas pobres. These poor men,
The estos pobres.

e is, and There are, are each rendered by hay. Is-there? and Are

e each rendered, hay

LESSONS IN ALGEBRA.-No. XXVI. (Continued from page 530.)

PROBLEMS IN ADFECTED QUADRATIC EQUATIONS. PROB. 1. To find two numbers whose difference shall be 12, and the sum of their squares 1,424.

Prob. 2. Two persons draw prizes in a lottery, the difference of which is £120, and the greater is to the less, as the less to 10. What are the prizes?

Prob. 3. What two numbers are those whose sum is 6, and the sum of their cubes 72?

Prob. 4. Divide the number 56 into two such parts, that their product shall be 640.

Prob. 5. A gentlemen bought a number of pieces of cloth for 675 crowns, which he sold again at 48 crowns per piece, and gained by the bargain as much as one piece cost him. What was the number of pieces?

Prob. 6. A and B started together for a place 150 miles distant. A's hourly progress was 3 miles more than B's, and he arrived at his journey's end 8 hours and 20 minutes before B. What was the hourly progress of each?

Prob. 7. The difference of two numbers is 6: and if 47 be added to twice the square of the less, it will be equal to the square of the greater. What are the numbers?

Prob. 8. A and B distributed £1,200 each, among a certain number of persons. A relieved 40 persons more than B, and B gave to each individual £5 more than A. How many were relieved by A and B ?

Prob. 9. Find two numbers whose sum is 10, and the sum of their squares 58.

Prob. 10. Several gentlemen made a purchase together for £175. Two of them having withdrawn, the bill was paid by the others, each furnishing £10 more than would have been his equal share if the bill had been paid by the whole company. What was the number in the company at first?

Prob. 11. A merchant bought several yards of cloth for £60, out of which he reserved 15 yards, and sold the remainder for £54, gaining two shillings a-yard. How many yards did he buy, and at what price?"

Prob. 12. A and B set out from two towns, which were 247 miles distant, and travelled the direct road till they met. A went 9 miles a day; and the number of days which they travelled before meeting was greater by 3 than the number of miles which B went in a day. How many miles did each travel?

Prob. 13. A gentleman bought two pieces of cloth, the finer of which cost four shillings a-yard more than the other. The finer piece cost £18; but the coarser one, which was two yards longer than the finer, cost only £16. How many yards were there in each piece; and what was the price of a yard of each?

Prob. 14. A merchant bought 54 gallons of Madeira wine, and a certain quantity of Teneriffe. For the former he gave half as many shillings by the gallon as there were gallons of Teneriffe, and for the latter four shillings less by the gallon. He sold the mixture at ten shillings by the gallon, and lost £28 168. by his bargain. Required the price of the Madeira, and the number of gallons of Teneriffe.

Prob. 15. If the square of a certain number be taken from 40, and the square root of this difference be increased by 10, and the sum be multiplied by 2, and the product divided by the number itself, the quotient will be 4. What is the number?

Prob. 16. A person being asked his age replied, if you add the square root of it to half of it, and subtract 12, the remainder will be nothing. What was his age?

Prob. 26. A gentleman bequeathed £7 4s. to his grand-drawn off? children; but before the money was distributed two more were added to their number, and consequently the former received one shilling a-piece less than they otherwise would have done. How many grandchildren did he leave?

Prob. 27. The length added to the breadth of a rectangular room makes 42 feet, and the room contains 432 square feet. Required the length and breadth.

Prob. 28. A says to B, "the product of our years is 120; and if I were 3 years younger, and you were 2 years older, the product of our ages would still be 120." How old was

GEOMETRICAL RATIO is that relation between quantities which is THE expressed by the QUOTIENT of the one divided by the other.

Thus the ratio of 8 to 4 is or 2. For this is the quotient of 8 divided by 4. In other words, it shows how often 4 is

Multiplying by c, acr, that is, the antecedent is equal to CASSELL'S GERMAN PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY. the consequent multiplied into the ratio.

Dividing by r, c = that is, the consequent is equal to one large handsome Octavo Volume. The German-English Division, price

Various Effects of the Galvanic Pile or Battery.-The effects of dynamical electricity are divided into the physiological, physical, magnetic and chemical. These effects differ from those of statical electricity, which are owing to an instantaneous recombination of two electricities whose tension is powerful, inasmuch as they result from the slow recombination of two similar fluids of much feebler tension, through the medium of a conducting circuit established between the two poles of the pile. In consequence of the continuity of the force which produces them, the effects of currents are much more remarkable than those of electrical machines.

The physical effects, which are divided into calorific and luminous, depend chiefly upon the quantity of electricity set in motion in the pile, and consequently upon the surface of the couples. The chemical effects, on the contrary, as well as the physiological, depend upon the tension, and consequently upon the number of the couples. All these effects increase with the power of the conducting liquid in the pile. Physiological Effects.-Under this class are included all the effecis produced by the pile upon animals, whether living or dead. We have seen that these effects were among the Årst observed, and that it was to them that the discovery of dynamical electricity by Galvani was owing. They consist of muscular contractions, which become very violent when the pile is

powerful.

On taking hold of the electrodes of a strong pile, you feel a violent shock, resembling that produced by the Leyden jar, more especially if the hands are moistened with acidulated or salt water, which increases the conductibility. The shock is more violent in proportion to the number of the couples. With a Bunsen pile of fifty or sixty couples, on a large scale, the shock is very powerful; and with 150 to 200 couples it is intolerable and even dangerous. It is felt less speedily in the arms than the Leyden jar, and, when transmitted along a chain of several persons, is not generally felt by any but those who are nearest the poles.

As in the case of the Leyden jar, the shock is owing to the recombination of contrary electricities, but with this difference, that the discharge of the Leyden jar being instantaneous, the shock produced by it is so also, while the pile being charged again directly after each discharge, the shocks follow one another rapidly. The effect of the voltaic current upon animals varies with its direction. In fact, the researches of M. Lehot and M. Marianini show, that when the current is transinitted in the direction of the ramifications of the nerves, it produces a muscular contraction at the moment of its commencement, and a sensation at its conclusion; while if it is transmitted in the contrary direction, it produces a sensation as long as it continues, and a contraction at the moment of its cessation. That electricity may really be substituted for vital energy, in the production of various physiological effects, was fully established, in 1816, by the interesting experiments of Dr. Wilson Philip.

"The eighth pair of nerves, distributed to the stomach and subservient to digestion, were divided by incisions in the necks of several living rabbits. After the operation, the parsley which they ate remained without alteration in their stomachs, and the animals, after evincing much difficulty in breathing, seemed to die of suffocation. But when, in other rabbits similarly treated, the galvanic power was transmitted along the nerve, below its section, to a disc of silver placed closely in contact with the skin of the animal, opposite to its stomach, no difficulty of hre athing occurred. The voltaic action being kept up for twenty-six hours, the rabbits were then killed, and the parsley was found in as perfectly digested a state as that in healthy rabbits fed at the same time; and their stomachs evolved the smell peculiar to that of a rabbit during digestion. These experiments were several times repeated

with similar results."

VOL. Y.

Dr. Philip obtained like results with dogs; and he was led by analogy to apply the galvanic current successfully, from the nape of the neck to the pit of the stomach, for the relief of asthma, he also proved, by numerous experiments, that voltaic electricity is capable of carrying on the functions of respiration and digestion; from which he concluded, that the nervous influence in the animal economy, but, obviously, "galvanism seems capable of performing all the functions of it cannot excite the functions of animal life, unless when acting on parts endowed with the living principle."

The experiments of Dr. Philip were repeated, with confirmatory results, by Dr. Clarke, Abel, and by several French batteries are substituted for the frogs and pieces of metal physiologists. When large animals and powerful piles or employed by Galvani in his first experiments, effects are produced which are very striking. Thus, if the wires of a battery of 100 plates be inserted into the ears of an ox that has just been slaughtered, the muscles of the head, if it be removed from the neck, are thrown into violent action, the eyes roll in their sockets, the jaws open and shut, the nostrils dilate, and the whole head seems to express the endurance of the similar treatment, the limbs move convulsively with such most cruel torture. If the body of a horse be subjected to force as to require the strength of several men to restrain them.

the body of an executed murderer are worthy of notice. Among such experiments, those performed by Dr. Ure upon when passed from the neck to the heel, caused the leg, which With a pile of 270 couples of four-inch plates, the current, was previously bent, to extend so powerfully, as nearly to the phrenic nerve, and the other inserted in the region of the knock down an assistant. One wire being connected with diaphragm, under the cartilage of the seventh rib, contact was rapidly made and broken, by running the end of the conducting wire along the top of the plates in the last trough. "Full, heaved and fell; the belly was protruded and again collapsed nay, laborious breathing instantly commenced; the chest with the relaxing and retiring diaphragm."

This action took place without interruption, as long as the electric discharges were continued. One conductor being applied at the eyebrow to the supra-orbital nerve, and the other to the heel, "most extraordinary grimaces were exhibited every time the electric discharges were made; every muscle in his countenance was simultaneously thrown into fearful action; rage, horror, despair, anguish and ghastly smiles united their expression in the murderer's face. At this period several of the spectators were forced to leave the apartment from terror or sickness, and one gentleman fainted."

Dr. Ure concludes his account of the above experiments with the following valuable remarks:-"It is known that cases of deathlike lethargy, or suspended animation, from disease and accidents, have occurred, when life has returned after longer interruption of its functions than in the preceding experiments. It is probable, when apparent death supervenes from suffocation with noxious gases, etc., and when there is no organic lesion, that a judiciously directed galvanic experiment will, if anything will, restore the activity of the vital functions. The plans of administering voltaic electricity hitherto pursued in such cases are, in my humble apprehension, very defective. No advantage, we perceive, is likely to accrue from passing electric discharges across the chest, directly through the heart and lungs. On the principles so well developed by Dr. Philip, and now illustrated on Clydesdale's body, we should transmit along the channel of the nerves that substitute for nervous influence which may perchance awaken its dormant faculties. Then, indeed, fair hopes may be formed of deriving extensive benefit from galvanism, and of raising this wonderful agent to its expected rank among the ministers of health and life to man.'

He also observes :-"It is a matter of primary importance that, for the purpose of resuscitating dormant irritability of nerves, or contractibility of their subordinate muscles, the positive pole must be applied to the former and the negative to the latter." This conclusion he bases upon the experiment with frogs' legs, showing that the convulsive motions caused by bringing a zinc rod into contact with the crural nerves, and one of silver with the muscles, are much greater than those produced when the order of the metals is reversed. 141