bute in the accusative, in addition to the accusative of to another idea and becomes subordinate to it. The external the object. This grammatical reference of the attribute means for the indication of this change is the alteration of the belonging to the predicate, to the subject or the object, case-endings (inflexion), the particulars of which have been caused adjectives to be employed in Greek, when in English learnt in the declensions. One idea appears dependent on adverbs would be used. This takes place-first, with words another when it serves to denote an attributive accessory. signifying inclination or disinclination, as ikov, ikovalog, wil- Of the three oblique cases of the Greek, the accusative is ling; axwv, unwilling; 0λovrne, desiring; Osλoveloç, ¿e-chiefly employed to indicate the near object, the dative to Awv, desiring; aoμɛvoc, pleased, glad, and others; instead of indicate the remote, and the genitive specially to express willingly, gladly, etc. secondly, with words that denote a attributive accessories. series, in which cases, instead of the corresponding adverbs, the Greeks use these adjectives, πротEроc, morog, first; vorepos, later; vorarog, next: redevraiog, last, etc.: thirdly, with words expressive of time and seasons of the day; accordingly the adjectives, oppios, at daybreak; wrog, early in the morning; Epios, in the evening; ofios, late; vuxos, by night; avvvxios, all night; xpovios, after a time; deurepaios, on the second day; rorałog, on the third day; Terap Tatos, on the fourth day; and fourthly, with terms of size and measure. If the predicate is set forth by a comparative, mention, for the full understanding of the proposition, must be made of the object with which the subject is compared. The compared object is introduced as standing over against the subject, by means of the particle n, than, or by means of the genitive case; e.g. The particle n κρεῖττον σιωπᾶν ἐστιν η λαλεῖν This denoting of the compared object by means of the genitive, the Greeks employ not only in eases in which the use of the form with would give the nominative or the accusative, but also, when the dative or the genitive with would appear; e.g. Εξεστιν ἡμιν μαλλον ἑτέρων καθ' ήσυχίαν βουλεύειν n It is necessary for us more than others to consult in pene^. The Greek, if fully expanded with ŋ, would be stari ir μαλλον η εξεστιν έτεροις, etc. The genitive may also, as in direct comparisons, be employed with words which, without properly belonging to the class of comparatives, set forth a quality comparatively. Thus it is with proportionals ending in Aarug; also with περιττος, διαφέρων, etc. As peculiarities in the Greek use of the comparative, the following require attention: First, the comparative without the compared object, is employed when you have in your thoughts the ordinary or the required amount of the quality as the point of comparison; in which case, we in English employ the particles too, too much, somewhat, rather, etc.: thus, oivog ακρατέστερος, means wine that is too strong, κακιον απαλλάττειν, to get off rather ill ; ει και γελοιότερον εἰπεῖν, to say something rather laughable. In opposition to this, the positive is used in Greek where we should employ the adverb too, as : Το ύδωρ ψυχρον ώστε λούσασθαι εστιν Secondly, when the two qualities of an object are so stated Σοφώτερος η αμαθέστερος δοκεῖ εἶναι He appears to be more (rather) wise than untaught. Import and Use of the Accusative. The accusative shows that an object is under the im mediate influence of another object, and consequently serves : 1. To denote the near or immediate object. 2. To denote the end towards which a movement is directed, and the space over which a movement extends, in reference to locality, as well as to time. The Accusative to denote the Object, 1. The Single Accusative-All verbs which signify action (transitives), put that which is immediately affected by that action, or which is thereby brought into existence, into the accusative case; e.g. Οἱ ̔Ελληνες ενικησαν τους Πέρσας The Greeks conquered the Persians. The application of the accusative in Greek is wider than it is in English. In poetry especially, objects are often employed with intransitive verbs, in order to show the influence or result which ensues from the verbal condition. Thus with optiolai, to dance, and kiviotai, to play in pantomime, is found the accusative of the person set forth or imitated in the dance or the mime, as, ορχεῖσθαι τον Έκτορα, κινεῖσθαι τα τοιαῦτα, So with δέρκεσθαι, βλέπειν, λεύσσειν, ὁραν, ιδειν, το see, to behold; λаμжuv, аσтρаTTE, to shine, to lighten; πνεῖν, to blow ; φυσᾶν, to breathe, φθέγγεσθαι, ηχεῖν, το sound; ῥεῖν, το How ; στάζειν, τεχγειν, to drop; the Greeks use the accusative of the thing, as for instance: Πυρ οφθαλμοισι δεδορκώς Looking (darting) fire from his eyes. So govor Brewwv, looking murder; that is, showing in his look a design to murder. A similar usage prevails in these veris ; ὁρῶν αλκην, to look strength, or courage ; αρχεῖον ιότι to look like a fool; depxeobai deivor, oμepdateor, to look terrible; Geuvov Bhεze, to look venerable; Aaure acred brilliantly; reir persa, to breathe rage (as we in English say σέλας, το throw out splendour, αστραπτειν σέλας, to lighten with milk; orale Or TEYYE dakpua, to shed tears; apa, o 80 πνεῖν πυρ, φλόγα, to breathe out fre, ῥεῖν γαλα, to fou drop blood; ηχεῖν ασημόν, το utter a faint sound ; φθεγγεσθαι Taπεrov, to speak humbly. In determining the case of the object of a verb, you mus regard the Greek usage rather than the English, for the two do not always correspond. Thus we say, to do good to; but the Greeks in such a case would employ the accusative. Let the following deviations from the English construction be studied and committed to memory: tu or kawy zair of δράν, το do good to; κακῶς ποιεῖν, κακοποιεῖν, κακοῦν, οἱ kakovрyeiv, to do ill to, to injure; & or xaλg deyew, of ευλογεῖν, to speak well of ; κακῶς λέγειν, κακολογεῖν, to speak ill of; επιτροπευειν, to be s guardian to; δορυφορεῖν, to be s spear-bearer to, to be one of a body-guard; peye, to fee from, αποδιδράσκειν, το run away from, δραπετεύειν, το Bee from, φυλάττεσθαι, το guard against ; λανθάνειν, το big hid all of which in Greek govern an accusative. from; 0ave, to get in advance of; μever, to remain for; Many verbs, which in English are used intransitively, admit in Greek of a transitive application, in consequence of which they take an accusative as their object. Such verbs at δακρύειν, το weep for ; οιμώζειν, οδύρεσθαι, ολοφύρεσθαι, το moan, lament; wever, Oppvey, KOTTEGα, to mourn; eg. By object is intended that on which the action of the subject falls. The relation of the subject to the object is either immediate, so that the action of the subject passes to the object without any intermediate term; or the relation is mediate, so that the two are connected by some medium. Accordingly, we have to distinguish between an immediate or Τους αποθανοντας δακρύουσιν οἱ οἰκεῖοι The domestics weep for the departed. near object, and a mediate or remote object. The object always appears as under an influence from the subject, and In the same way λav, to sail, to travel by sea, acquires a consequently as dependent on the subject. This dependence transitive application, and takes an accusative of the part of one idea on another is marked in this way: the dependent which the journeying goes on, e.g. weir balagoar, de idea takes a form which intimates that it accommodates itself | TOYTOV, etc. Following the same analogy, verbs which Οἱ 'Ελληνες αφικοντο επι τον Αρπασον ποταμον, ευρος τεττάρων πλέθρων The Greeks came to the river Harpasus, which was four feet broad. signify to pass over, take an accusative of the space or object | So, where we say "by name," the Greeks simply used an over which the passage is made, eg. περαιοῦσθαι, περᾶν, accusative (ονομα) of exact determination, e.g. διαβαίνειν ποταμόν, θαλασσαν, to cross a river, go over the sea, 50 ὑπερβαίνειν ορος, τεῖχος, to pass over a mountain, to get over a wall, etc. Similarly the verbs ἰέναι, ελθειν, βαδίζειν, βαινειν, πορευεσθαι, to go, and τρεχειν, θεῖν, to run, take an accusative of the ground you pass over, e. g. τρεχειν το σταδιον, to run over the course ; πορεύεσθαι όδον, to travel; ἰέναι ορθιον, to go by a steep way; ιέναι ομαλες, to travel over a plain ; θεῖν τα ανάντη, to run up a rising ground, So we find even θρονον θάσσειν, to sit (on) a seat; and ίζεσθαι κρηνας, to settle (at) a fountain ; οικεῖν, meaning to inhabit, to dwell, may signify to direct, e. g. Δεῖ γυναῖκα εν οικεῖν την οικιαν A woman ought to manage her household well, Αυσανδρος προςέβαλε πολει, ονομα Κεδρείαις Let it be observed, that while ovopa is in the accusative, the proper name agrees in the dative with πόλει. EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH. Οἱ ὑπερ τα πεντηκοντα έτη γεγονοτες καλοῦνται γεραιτεροι. It is owing to this extended application of intransitive verba. Οἱ νομοι διαμένουσιν ακινητοι. Αλκιβιάδης κεχειροτονηται that some take as their object in the accusative case, a noun borrowed from the idea which they themselves convey. Thus στρατηγος. Κυρος στρατηγος παντων απεδείχθη. Ευδαίμων we say, "to fight a fight” (2 Tim. iv. 7), “to run & race," φαίνεται ὁ ανηρ. Ιπποι ηγοντο θυματα τῳ ἡλιῳ. Οἱ Λακεδαι "to dream a dream,' " " to see a sight," only with the Greeks | μονιοι συμμαχοι παρεγένοντο τοις Μιτυληναίοις. Πένητας the practice is more common and more various. Instances are | ουδεις βουλεται κτᾶσθαι φίλους. Εξεστιν ύμιν τους Αθηναίους given in the exercise. I may here specify and explain one or λαβειν συμμάχους. Ουτοι τα χρηματ ́ ιδια κέκτηνται βροτοι. two of the more peculiar ; the Greeks said φορον φέρειν, to bear | Φιλλιππον χαλκοῦν εστησαν πολεις Ελληνιδες. Δικαια δρασας a burden, in the sense of to pay a tribute ; πομπην πεμπειν, το send a sending, or a following, that is to get up a pro- συμμαχου τεύξει θεοῦ (or) συμμαχω χρησει θεῷ (οτ) συμμαχον cession : 80 φυλακας φυλάττειν, τo guard a guard, that is, to | έξεις θεον. Επι τα κακα ουδείς έκων ἔρχεται. Αἱ πολεις έκουσαι hold a watch, to keep guard. προςεγενοντο Κυρῳ. Ακων ἁμαρτων ουδεις ανθρωπων κακος. The application is extended to neuter adjectives, giving rise | Εγω σε ασμενος έωρακα. Τους νεκρους ὑποσπονδους ανελέσθαι to forms of speech which require explanation, e.g. τούτο επέταξεν. Δοκῶ μοι, ει μη πρότερος έωράκειν αυτόν η εκεῖνος ἁμαρτάνειν, that is, τουτο το ἁμαρτημα ἁμαρτάνειν, to commit this error, to sin this sin, to sin in this ; μεγάλα ἁμαρτάνειν, το εμε, αφωνος αν γενέσθαι. Αυτος εφεψομαι τελευταιος, Ταχυ commit great sins; δεῖσθαι μετρια, to make moderate requests. γαρ πρῶτος, αν δεη, παρεσομαι. Σπονδας λυουσιν ουχ οἱ αμυThe neuter must in the translation be sometimes made depen- νομενοι, αλλ' οἱ πρότεροι επιόντες, Η εγκράτεια μονη ποιοῦσα dent on a preposition, as καρτέρειν, μονη και ήδεσθαι ποιεῖ, ανηρ εύζωνος ἑνδεκαταῖος τελεῖ. Ασωπος ποταμος εῤῥνη μελας. Τί χρησομεθαι τη νική In what way shall we turn the victory to account? The accusative of ths abstract object may stand with the Hιρετο το ύψος τοῦ τείχους μέγα. middle or passive as well as the active, e.g. Πολλας λάβας λωβᾶται ὁ ανθρωπος The man endures many a disgrace. So after adjectives and nouns which have a verbal force, may stand an accusative of the object; in which cases some freedom must be taken in the translation, e.g. Δούλος εστι τας μεγιστας δουλειας As the Greeks said, νικᾶν νικην, to gain a victory; so by an extension of the idiom, they said, νικᾶν αγώνα, to be superior in a contest ; νικᾶν πυγμην, to beat in boxing ; νικᾶν παλην, to conquer in wrestling; νικᾶν Ολυμπια, to conquer in the Olympic games ; νικᾶν δίκην, to gain a lawsuit; νικᾶν γνωμην, to make your opinion prevail; νικᾶν ψηφισμα, to gain a majority of votes ; so also ήττασθαι ήτταν, to suffer a defeat, ἡττασθαι μαχην, to be conquered in a battle. Of a similar nature are the expressions, ἑστιᾶν γαμους, to celebrate a marriage; ἑστιῶν γενεθλια, to keep a birthday; further, θύειν Διονυσία, to sacrifice to Dionysos (Bacchus). A yet greater extension is found in the forms, αισχυνεσθαι τινα, to be ashamed before (to reverence) a person ; "θαῤῥεῖν τινα, to have confidence towards (in the presence of) a person. Hence may be explained what is called the accusative of the part, and this accusative may be expanded into the accusative of the more exact determination; that is, an accusative which defines the object to which the predicate relates, e.g. Accusative of the part: Τον δακτυλον αλγώ. I have a pain in my thumb, Accusative of exact determination : Πίνδαρος Βοιωτος ην την πατρίδα Pindar was a Boeotian as to country. Nouns of measure, as depth (το βαθος), height (το ύψος), breadth (το ευρος), are in the same manner put in the accusa. tive to signify the exact relation of the object to the predicate, | Εξ Αβδήρων ες Ιστρον Ορθριος ἧκεν ὁ ἄγγελος. Ὁ Μεγας ὁ Φιλιππος ηύξηται. Δια τουτων ήρθη μεγας. Τί Ο κολακεύων τους εστι μείζον αγαθον ανθρωποις ὑγιειας; Αριστείδης εργα λαμ- 644 τας Κακος εστι INDICATIVE MOOD. 1st Conjugation. Present. 1 Amo, I love. θαῤῥοῦσιν. Πολιορκοῦμαι δεινην πολιορκίαν. εσμεν το γένος. Imperfect. 1 Amaba, I was loving. 1 Amé, I loved. Perfect Indefinite. 1 He amado, I have loved. 1 Hemos amado, we have loved. loved. 3 Han amado, they have loved. First Pluperfect. 1 Habia amado, I had loved. 3 Habia amado, he had loved. Present. 1 Como, I eat. 2 Comes, 3 Come, 1 Habiamos amado, we had loved. 2 Habiais amado, you had loved 3 Habían amado, they had loved. Second Pluperfect. 1 Hube amado, I had loved. 2 Hubiste amado, thou hadst loved. 3 Hubo amado, he had loved, 1 Hubimos amado, we had loved. 2 Hubísteis amado, you had loved. 3 Hubieron amado, they had loved. First Future. Amaré, I shall or will love. 2 Amarás, thou wilt love. 3 Amara, he will love. 1 Amaremos, we shall love. 2 Amareis, you will love. 3 Amarán, they will love. 1 2 Second Future. 3 Habrá amado, he will have loved. 1 Habremos amado, we shall have loved. 2 Habréis amado, you will have loved. 3 Habrán amado, they wil have loved. Imperfect. Amár, to love. Present. 1 Comemos, 2 Coméis, Vivir, to live. 3 Comen, 1 Habiamos comide, 2 Habíais comido, 3 Habían comido, Second Pluperfect. 1 Hube comido, I had eaten. 2 Hubiste comido, 3 Hubo comido, 1 Hubimos comido, 2 Hubísteis comido, 3 Hubieron comido, First Future. 1 Comere, I shall eat. 2 Comerás, 3 Comerá, 1 Comeremos, 2 Comeréis, 3 Comerán, Second F 1 Habré com 3 H Ame yo, let me love (or, may 1 Anemas me, let Ama ti, love thou Ame el, let him love. Ame, I may love. Amara, amaria, amase, I would, should, might love. Amaras, amarias, amases, thou wouldst, shouldst, mightst love. Amara, amaría, amase, he Amáramos, amaríamos, amd Amdrais, amariais, amáseis, 1 Hubiere you would, should, might VOCABULARY. Hallar, to find. Viajar, to travel. Llegar, to arrive. Beber, to drink. Responder, to reply, to swer. Escribir, to write. Permitir, to permit. Terminar, to terminate, to Asunto, business, matter. Palabra, word. España, Spain. Favor, favour. Hasta entonces, till then. an hallado las cucharas. Has viajado por España? Le habéis rehusado ese favor? No ha comido V. pan? He comido mucho pan. He cumplido mi palabra. Han cumplido su palabra. Ha llegado el juez? Han hallado vins. mis lámparas? Has comido mucha miel? Ha viajado V. par los Estados Unidos? Hasta entonces habíais hablado Español. Hasta entonces no habíamos terminado nuestros asuntos. Ya habían comido cuando llegamos. No habías vivido ya en Londres? Hasta entonces habían vivido en paz. Cuando hube hallado el tesoro, escribí cartas á mis amigos. Cuando hubiste comido, tu padre llegó. Cuando hubimos hablado, nuestras hermanas lloraron. Viajaré por España. Vijaremos por Inglaterra. Hallará un tesoro. Comeré este pan. Comerán manzanas. Leerás esos libros. Cumpliremos nuestras palabras. Escribirán carMi criado llevará las cartas al corréo. Habré comido à las dos. Habrán llegado á las tres. Ell corréo habrá llegado a las dos. tas. Lilorad con los que lloran. Comed este pan. Cumplid vaes tras palabras. Bebed agua. Vivid en pas con todos los hombres. Habla alto. Llora tú con los que lloran. Come tú conmigo. Co me tú con Pedro. Cumple tus deberes. Hable Juan alto. Léa María mis cartas. Lean las señoras esos libros. Cumplan los hombres sus deberes. Léa vm. esa carta. Hable vmd. Espafiol. Coma V. manzanas y peras. Lean vms. esa carta. No hable V. de eso. No léa vmd, ese libro. No bebas vino. No lloréis. Respondedme. Escribídles. Escríbenos. Es posible que halles un tesoro. Es posible que lean esos libros. Es probable que no cumplan sus deberes. Probable es que ella no le responda. ¡ Ojalá halleis reposo! Si yo hallase libros, yo los leería. Si Marfa llorara, Juan lloraría. ¡Ojalá no bebiesen vino! ¡ Ojalá no llorase! ¡Ojalá Los Estados Unidos, the United los hombres cumpliesen sus deberes! Preciso era que Maria A las tres, at three o'clock. States. Dios nos ama. Los pintores la aman. Mi madre busca reposo. Ella no halla reposo. El Aleman ama la verdad. Hablan. Hablas. Lloran. Quedan contentos. Vmd. busca reposo. Hablan vms. Español? Hablamos Español. Quedas triste. Habláis el Ingles. No hallo reposo. Bebes vino. Bebo água. El Frances no come pan. Mis hermanos no beben vino. Como pan. Juan lee libros. Leen libros. No come V. nada. No beben vms. nada. No respondes nada? Bebemos vino. Bebéis agua. El medico vive en Londres. Mis hijas viven en los Estados Unidos. María escribe cartas. Escribis muchas cartas. Cumples tu palabra. Cumplo mis deberes. Vmd. vive en la ciudad. ¿Cómo halla V. este pan? Llevabamos mucho dinero con nosotros. María lloraba. Pedro hablaba, Las mugeres lloraban. Las señoras buscaban reposo. Yo lloraba, Yo be ía vino. Diego bebía água. Comíamos pan. Vivían en Londres. Vivíais en la ciudad. cartas, Yo buscaba reposo. no hablase alto. ¿Es posible que no hayan hallado un tesoro? Es posible que no haya llegado. ¡ Ojalá yo no hubiese hablado! Era estraño que no hubiesen hallado esos libros. Si Juan no hubiese hablado Maria no habría llorado. Si mañana llegare Pedro, te escribiré. Si mañana hallaren un tesoro, nos escri birán. Si Diego no hubiere llegado mañana á las tres, le escribiremos una carta. Permitame V. leer eso libro. Me permitirá V. leer ess carta? Era preciso hablarles. Juan pretende no haber ha blado. Estaban comiendo y bebiendo. Habiendo hallado un libro, le lei, Habiendo hallado un tesoro en el camino, fle llevamos en la casa del abogado. ENGLISH-SPANISH. I-weep. God loves us. The painters love her. My mother seeks repose. She and not repose. The German loves the truth. They speak. Thou speakest. They weep. They remain contented. You (vmd.) seek repose. Do you (s.) Ye speak the English. I do not find repose. Thou drinkest speak Spanish? We speak Spanish. Thou remainest sad. wine. I drink water. The Frenchman does not eat bread. My brothers do not drink wine. I eat bread. John reads books. They read books. You (vmd.) eat nothing. You (en) drink nothing. Repliest-thou nothing? We drink wine. Ye drink water. The physician lives in London. My daughters live in the United States. Mary writes letters. Ye write many letters. Thou fulfillest thy word. I fulfil my duties. You (vmd.) live in the city. How do you (V.) find this bread? We-were-carrying much money with us. Mary was-weepYo escribía una carta. Vivíais en Madrid. Escribíamos ing. Peter was-speaking. The women were-weeping. The La Francesa no halló reposo. Viajó por España. Viaje wine. James was-drinking water. We were-eating bread. ladies were-seeking repose. I was-weeping. I was-drinking por los Estados Unidos. Viajamos por Inglaterra. Hallaron They were-living in London. Ye were-living in the city. ! un tesoro en el camino. Juan lloró. Lei estos libros. Co-was-writing a letter. Thou wast-living in Madrid. We were Bebimos vino y leche. writing letters. mió pan y manteca. Comieron azucar, Escribí dos cartas. Escribieron doce cartas. Juan no respondió nada. Vmd. vivió en Madrid. Le han rehusado ese favor. Juan me ha rehusado ese favor. He hallado mis tesoros. ¿Ha llegado el corréo? Hemos • Escribir is irregular in its past participle, having escrito and not escri bido. The French-woman found (perf. def.) no repose. He tra United States. We travelled through England. They found velled through Spain (España). I travelled through the a treasure in the road. John wept. I read these books. We drank wine I-ate bread and butter. They ate sugar. |