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the tallow having penetrated the pores of the plaster. The plaster being cooled, cover it with black lead, by rubbing it with a soft brush impregnated with that substance. Then put round it a strip of card, and pour warm tallow upon it. The tallow on cooling will bear a faithful imprint of the original medal. The mould thus formed not adhering to the plaster, in consequence of the layer of black lead deposited upon it, is removed, and then covered with black lead to render it a good conductor. This mould, thus rendered

metallic, is attached by a copper wire to the negative pole of the battery, as in the former case.

The plate of red copper c, which is placed at the positive pole, is simply intended to close the current. It also serves to keep the solution in a uniform state of concentration. Indeed, the acid and the oxygen, which go to the positive pole, combine with the copper of the plate, and constantly reproduce a quantity of sulphate of copper equal to that which has been decomposed by the current.

For galvanic modelling it is customary to make use of Daniell's battery, on account of the uniformity of its effect; but a single Bunsen couple answers very well, especially on the old scale, which is feebler, only care must be taken to put very little acid into the water in which the zinc is immersed. Gilding and Silvering.-These two processes do not differ materially from those just described. The only point to be observed is, that the metallic layer deposited upon the articles to be gilded or silvered is much thinner than in the above cases. Brugnatelli, a pupil of Volta's, appears to have been the first who, in 1803, observed that it would be possible to gild with an alkaline solution of gold and a galvanic battery; but M. de la Rive was the first who really applied the battery to purposes of gilding. The processes of gilding and silvering were afterwards much improved by Messrs. Elkington, Ruoltz, and other philosophers.

For gilding and silvering, arrange the apparatus as shown in fig. 471. The solution of gold most in use is composed of one part of chloride of gold, one hundred parts of water, and ten of cyanide of potassium. The silver solution consists of a double cyanide of silver and potassium, in the ratio of one part of cyanide of silver, ten parts of cyanide of potassium, and a hundred parts of water. The article to be gilded or silvered is attached to the negative wire, and the positive pole is terminated by a leaf of gold or silver, which dissolves at a regular rate, and keeps the solution in a state of uniform concentration.

In these operations, the article to be gilded or silvered ought to be carefully scraped, and instead of a single Bunsen couple, three or four should be employed. The thickness of the deposit may be varied at pleasure, by leaving the article a longer or shorter time in the solution. As for the adherence of the deposit to the article, that is perfect.

BIOGRAPHY.-No. XXII.

COWPER.

A GREATER contrast than that which Cowper presents to Goldsmith is not to be found in literary history; for Cowper, in addition to being deeply and permanently religious, was a man of forethought, order and propriety, not without deep feelings, still less without impulse, but controuled and balanced in his outer life so as ever to make the best of circumstances. Yet Cowper and Goldsmith agree in one thing;-they were both unhappy men. Cowper indeed had periods of the deepest and most exquisite distress. Yet was Cowper's sorrow of a hallowed kind, and preferable, in our judgment, to the gay levity of Goldsmith. Cowper's sorrow was chiefly constitutional in its source; and though it was made more bitter, at times bitter as the bitterest gall, by gloomy views of Divine Providence, yet was it chastened, refined and elevated by the genial influence of the Gospel. In that important result literature had no mean share, for, at least, it afforded a relief and a resource in dark and weary hours.

William Cowper was born on the 15th of November, 1731, at Berkhampstead, in Hertfordshire, where his father was a clergyman. The boy was scarcely six years old when he lost his mother the memory of whom he preserved throughout

life with a pious affection, to which he has given a beautiful
utterance in the touching poem "On receiving my Mother's
Picture." We extract a few lines:-

Oh that those lips had language! life has passed
With me but roughly since I heard the last.
Those lips are thine-thy own sweet smiles I see,
The same that oft in childhood solaced me;
Voice only fails, else how distinct they say,
"Grieve not my child, chase all thy fears away!"
I will obey not willingly alone,

But gladly as the precept were her own;
And while that face renews my filial grief,
Fancy shall weave a charm for my relief,
Shall steep me in Elysian reverie,

A momentary dream, that thou art she.
His own sufferings are forcibly described and presented in a
striking and delightful contrast, a contrast becoming a son

and a Christian:

Thou, as a gallant bark from Albion's coast
(The storms all weathered and the ocean crossed),
Shoots into port at some well havened isle,
Where spices breathe and brighter seasons smile,
There sits quiescent on the floods, that show
Her beauteous form reflected clear below,
While airs impregnated with incense play
Around her, fanning light her streamers gay;-
So thou, with sails how swift! hast reached the shor
Where tempests never beat nor billows roar;'
And thy loved consort on the dangerous tide
Of life, long since has anchored at thy side.
But me, scarce hoping to obtain that rest,
Always from port withheld, always distressed,
The howling winds drive devious, tempest tossed,
Sails ript, scams opening wide and compass lost;
And day by day some current's thwarting force
Sets me more distant from a prosperous course.
But oh the thought, that thou art safe and hel
That thought is joy, arrive what may to me.
My boast is not that I deduce my birth
From loins enthroned and rulers of the earth;
But higher far my proud pretensions rise-
The son of parents passed into the skies.
And now, farewell!-Time unrevoked has run
His wonted course, yet what I wished is done.
By contemplation's help, not sought in vain,
I seem to have lived my childhood o'er again:
To have renewed the joys that once were mine,
Without the sin of violating thine;
And while the wings of fancy still are free,
And I can view this mimic show of thee,
Time has but half succeeded in this theft-
Thyself removed, thy power to soothe me left.

Cowper possessed the shy temperament to great excess. Hence he shunned the face of strangers. Even in boyhood and youth he was timid and retiring. The school and the play-ground were for him without their ordinary charms. He never knew the robust pleasures of the cricket-ground and the tennis-court. Yet he had prospects in the civil service of his country, could he only acquire the necessary self-confidence. The attempt was followed by signal failure. With brighter promise than that of Addison, he endured disappointment still more complete and distressing. Yet the flower that cannot endure the glare of the open light of day, may flourish pre-eminently in the fostering warmth and softened brilliancy of domestic life. And so Cowper had a very keen yet delicate relish for home pleasures. His writings are full of proofs. Indeed it is their family tone which gives them their peculiar charm. Read the following

A WINTER EVENING AT HOME.
Now stir the fire, and close the shutters fast,
Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round,
And while the bubbling and loud-hissing urn
Throws up a steamy column, and the cups,
That cheer but not inebriate, wait on each,
So let us welcome peaceful evening in.

O Winter! ruler of the inverted year,

I love thee, all unlovely as thou seem'st
And dreaded as thou art! Thou hold'st the sun
A prisoner in the yet undawning east,

THE POPULAR EDUCATOR.

Shortening his journey between morn and noon,
And hurrying him, impatient of his stay,
Down to the rosy west; but kindly still
Compensating his loss with added hours
Of social converse and instructive ease,
And gathering at short notice in one group
The family dispersed, and fixed thought,
Not less dispersed by daylight and its cares.
I crown thee king of intimate delights,
Fire-side enjoyments, home-born happiness,
And all the comforts that the lowly roof
Of undisturbed retirement, and the hours
Of long, uninterrupted evening know.

No rattling wheels stop short before these gates;
No powdered pert, proficient in the art
Of sounding an alarm, assaults these doors
Till the street rings, no stationary steeds

Cough their own knell, while, heedless of the sound,
The silent circle fan themselves and quake;
But here the needle plies its busy task,
The pattern grows, the well-depicted flower,
Wrought patiently into the snowy lawn,

Unfolds its bosom: buds, and leaves, and sprigs,
And curling tendrils, gracefully disposed,
Follow the nimble finger of the fair:

A wreath that cannot fade, of flowers that blow
With most success when all besides decay;

The poet's or historian's page by one

Made vocal for the amusement of the rest;

The sprightly lyre, whose treasure of sweet sounds

The touch from many a trembling chord shakes out:

And the clear voice symphonious, yet distinct,

And in the charming strife triumphant still,
Beguile the night, and set a keener edge
On female industry: the threaded steel
Flies swiftly, and unfelt the task proceeds.
The volume closed, the customary rites
Of the last meal commence. A Roman mea!;
Such as the mistress of the world once found
Delicious, when her patriots of high note,
Perhaps by moonlight, at their humble doors,
And under an old oak's domestic shade,
Enjoyed, spare feast! a radish and an egg.
Discourse ensues, not trivial yet not dull,
Nor such as with a frown forbids the play
Of fancy, or prescribes the sound of mirth:
Nor do we madly, like an impious world,
Who deem religion frenzy, and the God
That made them an intruder on their joys,
Start at his awful name or deem his praise
A jarring note. Themes of a graver tone,
Exciting oft our gratitude and love,

While we retrace with memory's pointing wand,
That calls the past to our exact review,

The dangers we have 'scaped, the broken snare,
The disappointed foe, deliverance found
Unlooked for, life preserved, and peace restored-
Fruits of omnipotent, eternal love.

'O evenings worthy of the gods!' exclaimed
The Sabine,bard. O evenings, I reply,
More to be prized and coveted than yours!
As more illumined, and with nobler truths,
That I, and mine, and those we love enjoy.

Human nature is a bundle of strange contrasts. The most humorous actor on the stage is the dullest fireside companion. A heart running over with grief, and tossed to and fro with fear, may have a corner full of fun. And so was it that Cowper, who wrote hymns of the deepest pathos, wrote also the diverting history of John Gilpin. That ballad is too well known to be quoted here; one of less celebrity but of solemn beauty is that which is inscribed

ON THE LOSS OF THE ROYAL GEORGE.

Toll for the brave!

The brave that are no more! All sunk beneath the wave, Fast by their native shore!

Eight hundred of the brave,
Whose courage well was tried,
Had made the vessel heel,
And laid her on her side.

A land breeze shook the shrouds,
And she was overset:
Down went the Royal George,
With all her crew complete.
Toll for the brave!

Brave Kempenfelt is gone;
His last sea-fight is fought,
His work of glory done.

It was not in the battle;
No tempest gave the shock;
She sprang no fatal leak;
She ran upon no rock.
His sword was in its sheath;
His fingers held the pen,
When Kempenfelt went down,
With twice four hundred men.
Weigh the vessel up,

Once dreaded by our foes;
And mingle with our cup,
The tear that England owes.
Her timbers yet are sound,
And she may float again,
Full charg'd with England's thunder,
And plough the distant main.

But Kempenfelt is gone,

His victories are o'er:

And he and his eight hundred

Shall plough the waves no more.

Cowper's sorrow was not selfish. A larger heart rarely best in a human frame. In part his sufferings came from his love. A brother's sympathy with men made him keenly solicitous respecting their future condition; and could he have been satis fied that that condition would be one of joy, he would in the assurance have found peace respecting his own salvation But the darker the future, the more desirous was he to throw a radiance over the present. Hence in part those literary labours which not only lightened his own burden and cheered his own heart, but threw a light no less varied than bright over social life as it lay beyond the narrow precincts of his ow home. Nay, so truly Christian were his sympathies, that he pitied those most who suffered most. Accordingly he ha more than once expressed his compassion for the slave, as i these lines:

NEGRO SLAVERY.

I would not have a slave to till my ground, To carry me, to fan me while I sleep, And tremble when I wake, for all the wealth That sinews bought and sold have ever earned. No: dear as freedom is, and in my heart's Just estimation prized above all price, I had much rather be myself the slave, And wear the bonds, than fasten them on him. We have no slaves at home-then why abroad? And they themselves, once ferried o'er the wave That parts us, are emancipate and loosed,Slaves cannot breathe in England; if their lungs Receive our air, that moment they are free; They touch our country, and their shackles fall. That's noble, and bespeaks a nation proud And jealous of the blessing. Spread it then, And let it circulate through every vein Of all your empire; that where Britain's power Is felt, mankind may feel her mercy too. From the year 1767 Cowper resided at Olney in Buckingham shire, with the clergyman of which place, the Rev. John Newton, whose religious opinions he shared, he lived on terms of close intimacy. There he busied himself with those poetical com positions which have gained for him a niche in the English poet cal Walhalla, though at first they met with an uncordial and tardy reception. Cowper's chief poem is "The Task," which like all his writings abounds in good sense and generous feelinger. pressed in pure and idiomatic English. In sentiment lay Cow. per's forte; with imagination he was scantily gifted. His poetry in consequence, is without the higher flights of genius. The latter days of his painful existence he devoted in part to the

translation of Homer, and has produced a work less unlike the original than the version of Pope. As an epistolary writer Cowper has great merit. In this species of composition his love of the natural and the simple, as well as his earnest and impressive nature, stood him in good stead, so that the collection of his letters published after his death is a model of style as well as a repertory of just, pure, and lofty thought. Cowper died on the 25th of April, 1800. The best edition is that by Southey, who has written a very interesting memoir of him ("Works and Life of Cowper;" 15 vols. 12mo. London: Baldwin).

LESSONS IN GREEK.-No. LIX.

By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D.

IMPORT AND USE OF THE Dative.

THE DATIVE denotes the person or thing which is mediately assisted by the action of the verb, and consequently serves to express the mediate or remote object.

The use of the dative has in the Greek a wide application, for it expresses not only those modifications of meaning which take the dative in other languages, but also those which in Latin require an ablative or a preposition. The dative and the ablative differ in this, that the former denotes that in which an action falls, the latter that from which an action proceeds. These general significations are more or less modified by usage. They may, however, serve as a basis for a division of this branch of our subject into two heads, the proper dative, and the dative expression of ablative relations; the former being represented by our English to and for, the latter by our English from, by, in, with. These statements are, however, only approximative, and in order to a right understanding of the Greek use of these and other cases, the Greek classics must be carefully and minutely studied.

The Proper Dative.

The dative is employed to express proximity in space, as well as conditions which cannot be realized without such proximity. Hence the dative is used in Greek with words that signify

1. Near, nearness, approach, and especially verbs which

denote

2. To meet, come together, be together, whether in a friendly or unfriendly manner; also verbs which signify to have intercourse with, to discourse, to stand by, assist, serve, to contend, to withstand, to yield, to hinder, to mix, to impute, to add, to promise, refuse;

3. Also verbs which signify any kind of mental or moral communication from one person to another, whether by deed, as to give, to bestow, to lend, to send; or by word, as to say, to announce, to reply, to speak to, to give permission, to command.

Of these verbs several have in English a dative construction, inasmuch as they take the preposition to after them; others, however, take another preposition, and some have no preposition and govern their object immediately in what may be termed the accusative case. Hence you cannot determine in what case an object in Greek should be by either studying the general import of the cases, or by observing what is the relation in the English between the verb and the object. Such studies are indeed useful when they are pursued so as to throw light on the general doctrine and application of cases, or when they are pursued so as to bring into view the diversities that obtain between the Greek idiom and the English idiom. But in particular instances if you would know what case a Greek verb takes, you must consult Greek usage, and as an aid to a knowledge of Greek usage, you must also study Greek analogy. By analogy I mean conformity to rule. Such conformity is found in all languages. Thus, certain ideas, and certain notions are in English or in Greek conceived of under certain relations. Hence a class of ideas and actions will have the same relations in all instances. If you know the class relation you know the individual relation. For example, if you know that verbs expressive of proximity take a dative, then by analogy every word expressive of proximity must be

followed by a dative. Grammatical rules are very liable to exceptions. Still grammatical rules assist, and when they are not blindly or slavishly followed, they render no small service; only in studying Greek, suspect English analogy, as in studying English, a Greek would have to suspect Greck analogy. Examples of the classes of verbs above mentioned are found in the following exercise.

As exceptions to the rules just laid down, you must mark the adverbs eyyug and λnotov, near, which when they denote material proximity take a genitive, whilst in their metaphorical application, they are connected with a dative. The verbs εγγίζειν and πλησιάζειν, to approach, are also construed with both a genitive and a dative. In agreement with the English KEλEUW, I command, takes an accusative with an infinitive; as κελεύω σε σιγαν

I command you to be silent.

With έπεσθαι and ακολουθειν, instead of the simple dative, we find the dative with apa and ovv, when a common operation is denoted, also the genitive with pera.

Many verbs, one of whose components is a preposition, either συν, εν, προς, επι οι παρα, take their object in the dative, because they involve the idea of being near or being with; thus we have these constructions:

Verbs compounded with Prepositions

ovvɛīvai piλois, to be present with friends. συμπλεῖν τῳ ανδρι, to sail with the man.

συνη δεσθαι τοις ευτυχοῦσιν, to rejoice with the fortunate, ενεῖναι τῳ σωματι, to be in the body.

εμβαλλειν προθυμίαν τοις στρατιωταις, to inspire the soldiers with ardour.

εμμένειν τοις όρκοις, to be faithful to oaths.

Tρоçiεvaι Ty Baoiλeĩ, to go into the king's presence.

τον νουν προςέχειν τοῖς λογοις, to pay attention to what is said.

επιεναι τοις πολεμοις, to go against the enemy. επIXεiρETV TY εpy, to put your hand to the work. παρεῖναι τοις φιλοις, to be in the midst of friends.

In externals, resemblance, and likeness; and in internals, community, relationship, unanimity, inclination, correspond to nearness and approximation in space. Accordingly the dative is used to express the ideas of resemblance, equality, comparison, advantage, necessity, conduciveness, possession, given in the exercise subjoined. relationship, friendliness and their opposites. Instances are

of absolute equality, takes the compared object in the dative. The pronoun o avros, in Latin idiom, the same, as expressive For the sake of brevity, the Greeks with ò auroc and adjectives signifying equality and likeness, leave the proper point of which in English would be in the genitive, dependent on the comparison unmentioned and put the object in the dative, proper point of comparison: e. g.

a

Abreviated and Idiomatic in full.

ἡ δεσποινα όμοιαν ταις δουλαις είχε την εσθητα.

ἡ δεσποινα ὁμοιαν τῇ τῶν δουλῶν εσθητι είχε την εσθητα. The mistress had raiment like that of her slaves.

As the adjectives which express the idea of property govern dative, so the verbs είναι, υπάρχειν, and γιγνεσθαι with a dative, denote possession, so that tori pot is equivalent to our "I have." Sometimes the idea of acquiring or gaining is involved in this construction: e. g.

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As exceptions to these rules, observe that the adjectives | όμοιοι. Ου δεῖ ισον τους κακούς τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς ἔχειν. Τα κατά ίδιος, οικεῖος, κοινος and αλλότριος often take the genitive; with πρεπει δουλεύειν. Η πλησμονη βλαβερα μεν τῷ σώματι, βλα ἱερος, sacred, the genitive is the regular construction : e. g.

ἡ έστια ἱερα εστι Θεων

The hearth is sacred to the gods.

The verbs προσηκει and πρέπει, it is proper, it becomes, admit an accusative as well as a dative with an infinitive; δεῖ has generally an accusative, and χρη always. Consult the instances In the exercise. The verb αρεσκειν besides the meaning of to please for which the dative is requisite, has also the meaning of to satisfy, in which case it governs the accusative.

In general, the dative implies that for or against which an action takes place; and so involving advantage or disadvanlage, convenience or utility, is called the dativus commodi aut incommodi. Accordingly you find in the dative the person to or for whose honour anything is done, so the Greeks said ύνειν τινι, to sacrifice in honour of some divinity, and in the exten. sion of this usage στεφανοῦσθαι τινι, to wear a chaplet in honour of; and ὑμνοι θεοῖς, hymns in honour of the gods. The dative is also employed in participles, adjectives, and nouns, which betoken, a condition or occupation, in order to denote relations of place, or determination and continuance :

ε θ.

βερα θα τῇ ψυχῇ. Αγαθοι ανδρες ωφέλιμοι τοις πολετο
Χρησιμη τοῖς ανθρωποις ή ιατρική. Η δικαιοσύνη ου μόνον το
ἔχοντι λυσιτελεῖ, αλλα και τοῖς ἄλλοις. Ο αγαθός τῳ αγα
μονος φίλος. Οἱ πονηροι έμοιγε δοκουσιν αλλήλοις εγώ
μαλλον η φιλοι πεφυκέναι. Τυραννος ἅπας εχθρος ελεύθε
και νόμοις εναντος.
Ενιοις μεν πανυ ολίγα αρκεῖ, ενίοις δε και κανε πολλά σε
Κοινον τι χαρᾷ και λυπη δακρυα εστίν

ἱκανα εστιν.

Ου πασιν οἱ αυτοί πιστοί φαινονται. Χάριν το εχω πλείστην, ότι τους πολλούς ὁμογνωμονας ἡμῖν ἐποίησε Οἱ Αθηναῖοι απηχθάνοντο τοις ̔Ελλησιν. Αρεσκε πᾶσι και οι μη σαυτῷ μονον. Τί χαλεπαίνεις τῳ θεραποντι; Οργίζετα τοις νουθετοῦσιν αδικον. Τῷ βασιλεῖ ου φθονοῦμεν τῆς ἐν μεως. Ουδενι πωποτε εφθόνησα. Μη μοι φθονησης τῆς σοφίας Δικαία πράττει ὁ τοῖς νόμοις πειθομενος, αδικα δε ὁ τοῦτος απειθῶν. πιστευε. Πειθαρχεῖν δεῖ τῷ πατρι. Τῳ ψεύδει λόγῳ φίλων αγαθα. Νομίζετε της αυτῆς ζημίας αξίους εἶναι του Τί ποτ' εστιν ὁ πιστεύεις ; Κοινα τοῖς φίλοις τα το συγκρύπτοντας τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσιν. Ου τῶν αὐτῶν ούτε εργαστ ούτε λόγων εστιν ἡ νεότης τῳ γηρᾳ. Των πλουτο τοίζύνται μεν εστι χρηματα, τοῖς δε αγροι, τοις δε βοσκήματα. θελει

Επιδαμνος εστι πόλις ἐν δεξιᾷ εσπλέοντι τον Ιόνιον κολπον.
Epidamnus is a city on the right hand to one sailing (as you sail) ευτως ημετέρον εστιν, ώσπερ ἡμεῖς ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς. Φύσει ύπαρξε

into the Ionian gulph.

όρα ει σοι βουλομένῳ ἐστιν ὁ λεγω.

See if what I say is satisfactory to you.

The dative of the personal pronoun, is often used to show that the person indicated by the pronoun takes a special interest in the thing mentioned. This usage as being connected with feeling, is termed the dativus ethicus.

The Dative denoting Ablative Relations.

τοις εθέλουσι πονεῖν και κινδυνεύειν τα των αμελόντων. Πολλέ και αγαθοι φίλοι εισι εμοι. Τῶν καλῶν καὶ τῶν κακῶν τα με φύσει και τυχῇ γίγνεται τοῖς ἄνθρωποις, τα δε εξ επιμέλει και διδαχής. Τι εμοι και σοι; Τί ἡμῖν εσται, εαν σοι πείόν μεθα; Φιλος μοι δοκεῖ εἶναι μαλιστα ὁ όμοιος τῳ όμοιῳ, αδικος εχθρός και ἑαυτῷ και τους δικαίοις. Αποβλεπε πρὸς τῆ νεαν ἡμῖν πολιν. Τους σοφους προστήκει των πόλεων αρχές Τῷ κακῷ προσήκει αθλιῳ εἶναι. γελλειν σαφῶς. Δει σε παρεῖναι. Τί με χρη ποιεῖν; χαλετο Πρέπει κηρυκα παντ' απη εύρειν νόμον ὡς παντας αρέσκει. Ημερα ἦν πέμπτη επιπλέκει τοις Αθηναίοις. Θυομένῳ οἱ ὁ ἥλιος ημαυρώθη. Αποφοί αυτῷ ερχεται ὁ Προμηθεύς. Θαυμάζω ει μη ασμενοις τω αφιγμαι. Επανελθωμεν, ει ουχι τῳ πατρι και τη μητρι μόνον γεγενηται αλλά και τη σοι ήδομένῳ εστιν. 'Exarry πατρίδι. Εγω ταῦτα ἔπραξα τη ση μεν ευδαιμονία, τη Γα κακοδαιμονία. Δημοσθένης χαλκοῖς και αδαμαντίνοις τείχε

The dative in Greek serves not only to indicate the object, but also to denote accessory attributives to the subject and the predicate. The accessory attributives expressed by the dative are relations of place-the local dative; relations of time the temporal dative; relations of influence or intermet diate circumstance the dynamic dative or dative of power. The local dative without a preposition is for the most part confined to poetry, and is used especially in the epic writers, where we find such phrases as these, αιθέρι ναίων, dwelling in the air; ήμενος ακρότατη κορυφή, sitting on the loftiest summit; while in prose the preposition εν would be prefixed την τῶν Αθηναίων χώραν ετείχισε, τῇ τῶν Ευβοέων κ to such datives. In prose the dative without a preposition is Θηβαίων συμμαχια. Τοις χρημασι κακῶς χρῶνται οἱ πολλ found mostly with names of cities, &c. Μαραθώνι, at Mara- | Αθηναῖοι δισχιλίοις ὁπλιταις και ίππευσε διακοσίοις εστρα thon ; Ελευσίνι, at Eleusis. τευσαν επι Χαλκιδέας.

The temporal dative without a preposition is used only when a certain point of time is mentioned, as that at which an event took place : e. g.

τρίτη μηνος Ανθεστηριώνος.

On the thid day of the month Anthesterion.

the state.

ENGLISH-GREEK.

The dynamic dative denotes the power or means by which has the boy to do with the girl? any thing is effected : e. g.

τοις οφθαλμοις ὁρῶμεν
We see with the eyes.

EXERCISES. GREEK-ENGLISH.

Όρω ήμιν αντιπαλους προςιόντας, οἷς ήμεις ου δυνάμεθα μαχεσθαι. Τοις φρονιμωτάτοις πλησίαζε. Οι συμμαχοι εἰ vvy προςγενόμενοι παραμενοῦσιν ἡμιν και ύστερον. Κακοῖς ὁμιλῶν αυτός εκβηση κακος. Μη έριζε τοῖς γονεῦσι, καν δικαια λέγης. Αλλοις μεν πολεμοῦσι, τοῖς δε Σκύθαις ουκ εθέλουσι διαγωνι ζεσθαι. Σωκρατης πολλάκις διελέγετο τους τεχνίταις. Ου παντα λευκα οἷς μελανα μη μεμικται. Πολλά αγαθά οἱ θεοι παρεχουσι τοῖς ανθρώποις. Καλον πειθαρχεῖν τοῖς νόμοις, τῇ δὲ πατρίδι κινδυνευουσα βοηθεῖν. Τον στρατιώτην έπεσθαι χρη τῳ ἡγε μονι. Υπηρετείτε τῷ αρχοντι, ὁ τι αν προςτάττη ύμιν, Πᾶς πλούτος ὑπείκει τη αρετή. Ο σίδηρος ισοι εν τῳ πολεμφ τους ισχυροῖς. Δουλῳ ἔοικας. Οι πονηροι αλληλοις

απ

Good men are like good men. Good citizens are born f Wise men are born for the world. I have a horse. Young men obey your He has a horse. They have hens. You have flocks. W teachers. He uses his property ill. What will he gain obeys the laws? The man is friendly to us. The boy is like his mother. Unjust men are hostile to the just. It is proper for boys to be silent. You must go home. I shall never envy any one. They envied me. They used my books. Al Athens are many statues in honour of the gods. The go bestow riches on bad and on good men. A falsehood is bur ful to the soul. To learn is useful to all. The Lacedem nians make war on the Athenians.

Γνώμαι.

11. Αίθρον οι αστέρες μηνυουσι,

12. Μακαρα αθρεῖν αιώνα δῶρον εστι του εν ύψει καίοντος, 13. Ει Θεόν τις ανηρ ελπεται τι λαθεμένος έρδων, ἁμαρτανό, 14. Οιαξ του βίου ὁ νόμος Θεού.

15. Του άγιος χώρος εν νεφ.

16. Ευχαι αγερωχων ψωα εμπροσθεν του Θεοῦ.
17. Νέφος φρενος αυγή άγιας γραφης διεί.
18. Πιστεως εστιν έρκος ή σφραγίς.
19. Ὁ αιτῶν δανη λήψεται.

20. Ψευδει πολλακις Ορίων τους ναυτας.

21. Ουδε ὁ Ζευς ουθ' ύων παντας ανδανει, οὐδ' άνεχων.

22. Εν άλσει της πίστεως ναβλα και ναῖρον.

23. Χονδρος της πίστεως πανταχῇ βλαστάνει.

24. Τοῦ Θεοῦ δεξια διαμπαξ ασπιδι αλιγκια.

25. Ερευνάτε τας γραφας τας της σωτηρίας πηγας.

26. Το δισταζειν εχθρος πιστεως.

27. Χηράμους και ητρον της χθονος διέρχεται αλέα. 28. Μυούμενοι βίου ἁγιότητα λαμβανουσι.

29. Τουτο δραε, και μακαρ εση.

30. Ευχας τοις θεοις ου βοας θυε.

VOCABULARY AND REMARKS.

11. Αιθος, δ, αιθηρ (our @ther) ερος, ρος, ο και ή, the ether, clear, bright sky; μnvvw, I show.

12. Makap, apos (all three genders), happy; alpεw, I behold; vaiw, I dwell.

13. λανθάνω, Ι lie hid ; λαθεμενος, an epic form for λαθών έρδω, I do, fut. έρξω, aor. έρξα, pf. εοργα.

14. oia, akoç, ô, a rudder,helm.

15. άγος, εος, το, holiness.

16. αγέρωχος, ον, (from an intensive, αγεραοχος, well gifted), proud; wa, aç, i, a foul smell.

17. Nepos, dvs, To, a cloud; avyn, ns, (compare Augustus), splendour; di-tew (di-inμi), I send through, dissipate.

18. έρκος, εος, το, a hedge, σφραγις, ίδας, η, a seal. 19. δανος, εος, το, a gift.

21. vw, I rain; avexw, I keep back.

22. áλoic, εws, i, the springing, the bounding, pulsation, from άλλομαι, I leap ; ναβλα, ης, ή, a musical instrument; vaipov, an Indian perfume.

23. xovopos, ov, o, a grain of wheat, seed,

the

24. Διαμπαξ (δια, εν, πας) thoroughly; αλίγκιος, α, ον, like. 27. χήραμος, ου, ό, a cleft, a cavern, recess ; ητρον, ου, το, belly, aλex, aç, n, warmth, warmth of the day.

28. μvw, I close, I close the mouth, I am initiated.

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muóri, thou diest
muóre or muór, he dies
muojamo or moriamo, we die
morite, you die

muójono or muórono, they die

Imperfect.

Moriva or moria, I was dying morivi, thou wast dying moriva or moria, he

was

dying morivamo, we were dying morivate, you were dying morivano, moriano, or morieno, they were dying Indeterminate Preterite.

Morii, I died

moristi, thou diedst

mori or morio, he died

morimmo, we died

moriste, you died

morirono, moriro, or morir, they died

IMPERATIVE

[No First Person.] Muóri, die (thou) muója, or muóra, let him die

Future.

Morrò or morirò, I shall or will

die

morrai or morirdi, thou wilt

die

morrà or morrirà, he will die
morrémo or morirémo, we will
die

morréte or moriréte, you will
die
morránno or moriránno, they
will die

Conditional Present. Morréi or moriréi, I should or would die

morresti, or morirésti, thou wouldst die

morrébbe, morirébbe, morría, moriria, he would die

morrémmo or morirémmo, we

would die

morréste or moriréste, you would

die

morrébbero, morirebbero, moririano, moririeno, they would die

MOOD.

muojamo or moriamo, let us die morite, die (ye or you) muojano or muóranó, let them die

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