Eventuality, Time, Tune, Comparison, Causality, Wit, Benevolence, Imitation, Wonder, Conscientiousness-small.

us.

Ideality, Hope- very small.

Let us consider how this development coincides with his mental manifestations, as far as they are positively known to Greenacre was the eldest of seven children, and on the death of his father, his mother married a respectable farmer named Fowler. A son and a daughter were the issue of this marriage, the former being apprenticed to a respectable tailor at the West End of London. Old Fowler purchased the good will of a grocer's shop for Greenacre, who was then nineteen years of age, and he thus became effectually established in a promising way of business. His father's friend the tailor, however, having heard that Greenacre declared, "if he could get the lease of the premises made out in his own name he would snap his fingers at the old man," took care to have it made out in the name of old Fowler. His step-father now, out of consideration for his comforts, sent his only daughter aged sixteen, to act as Housekeeper for him, but she had not been long there until we find Greenacre guilty of a violent assault upon her person, which she successfully resisted and took refuge in the house of her father's friend and brother's master. Old Fowler having been informed of the atrocious ingratitude of Greenacre, came up to London, sold off all his stock, and set the miscreant adrift to rely upon his own resources. Exasperated by the frustration of all his designs by the conscientious interference of his father's friend, he ingratiates himself into the confidence of young Fowler his apprentice, and out of revenge, prevails upon the weak youth to summon his master before Sir Richard Birnie on a charge of neglecting to teach him his business. Upon the parties being summoned and the youth sworn, it is found that there exists not a shadow of evidence whereon to found an accusation, and his master entirely exculpates himself by bringing forward a cogent and somewhat novel kind of Argumentum ad hominem," in the shape of a pair of breeches admirably wrought and fashioned by the well-taught hands of the deluded young man himself! On the tailor explaining to the Magistrate the evil influences which caused such a proceeding, Greenacre, who stood behind the complainant, is severely reprimanded, and ordered out of the office. It may be mentioned that this youth immediately became the victim of an inconsolable remorse for having thus attempted to injure so indulgent a master, and his reason giving way entirely, he died shortly after, the wretched inmate of an Asylum. This short account is but a fitting prologue to the future career of the

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monster Greenacre, than whom the annals of Criminal Jurisprudence fail perhaps to exhibit a more detestable specimen of humanity.

In looking at these traits in his character, through a phrenological medium, it will be seen that they are to be ascribed to the following causes; 1st. Desire of property, with indifference as to the means of obtaining it. This is obvious from his remarks concerning the lease, and accords with his very large Acquisitiveness, small Conscientiousness, small Benevolence and moderate Adhesiveness - a combination, the Antipodes of one which would co-exist with the possession of gratitude as a feature of the mind. But his ingratitude is still more glaring in the next fact mentioned; namely, his conduct to his halfsister, the only daughter of his father and benefactor, and exemplifies the second powerful principle of action which the cast before us indicates him to have possessed; viz. selfish animalism unchecked by any feelings of honor or gratitude. (Amativeness very large, Conscientiousness small, Benevolence small, deficient Reflective Intellect, with large Secretiveness, Cautiousness and Love of Approbation only full.) The third strong mental feature to be inferred from the cast and the foregoing history, is revenge. We have seen that his malignant disposition incited him to an act of impotent revenge against his father's friend. Here we have again Destructiveness very large, also Combativeness; his powerful selfishness was offended, and there was neither Benevolence nor Conscientiousness to restrain the manifestation of his propensities; but the ridiculous means adopted by him to gain his object are an indication of the working of Secretiveness alone, unaided by the Reflective Faculties; had these been even moderately possessed by him he never could have been induced to put in execution so ill-concocted a scheme, and which he would have clearly seen, could only end in his own discomfiture and disgrace; as actually happened. We next hear of Greenacre doing business as a Grocer and Tea-dealer, in the London Road, and then removing to the Kent Road still in the same line of business. During this period he was three times married, and it appeared he always managed to get wives who brought him money. He wrote a pamphlet exposing and deprecating the extent to which the adulteration of Teas was carried on in and about London, which caused his business to increase considerably, the public conceiving his disinterestedness and zeal for their welfare to be as pure and as genuine as his Teas. He was continuing his business in the Kent Road with every appearance of respectability and success, when, unfortunately, an extensive seizure of sloeleaves was made on his premises; a circumstance which speedily

altered people's opinion of him, as may naturally be supposed. For this fraud he was condemned to a heavy fine, but had the address to escape from those who had the Process out against him, and finally to elude both the payment of the fine and imprisonment for its non-payment. In consequence of this seizure, he became a bankrupt and went to America. (In all these details we constantly trace the working of his great Acquisitiveness and Secretiveness, with weak Conscientiousness.) On arriving in America he commenced business as a carpenter, and took out a patent for inventing a new description of Washing Machine. (Constructiveness and Perceptive Faculties large.) In a year he failed and returned to England.

Before he went to America he was brought up on a charge of having administered certain poisonous drugs to a young woman, but the evidence not being sufficiently strong, the case was dismissed. After his return in 1836, he was accused before the Magistrates of having murdered a child of the woman Gale with whom he lived. The child suddenly disappeared, and has never been heard of since, but the parties who made the accusation, not being able to prove it, were held to bail. He next got acquainted with the unfortunate Hannah Brown, through the medium of an advertisement, and murdered her under the atrocious circumstances so well known to the public; the general impression being, that he committed the act from exasperation at not finding her possessed of so much property as she had represented herself to be, and that he might be free to make a fifth matrimonial speculation. He had become acquainted with various females by means of advertisements, and, only two days after the discovery of the mangled limbs of his victim, he addressed a most artful and hypocritical letter to a female said to be in possession of 500l., requesting permission to pay his addresses to her. Greenacre's bust presents a large development of the organ of Alimentiveness, as far as we are able to judge of it from external examination, but his history furnishes us with no data respecting his propensities in that respect.

The only organ of the Moral Sentiments which he possesses a large development of, is Veneration, and the only direction it took in a mind so alarmingly animal as his, was to inspire him with a respectful deference for his superiors and an obsequiousness of manners which we find he often turned to good account in his money-making speculations. His being endowed with a large development of this organ, was regarded by a friend, to whom I shewed the bust the other day, as a fact subversive of Phrenology; he argued that Greenacre should have possessed a religious mind, at least a natural bias to religion; but no such

inference is deducible, for Veneration inspires merely a feeling without reference to the particular Being or object to be venerated; and if the intellect and moral sentiments generally be weak, and the animal propensities very strong, the legitimate inference is, that the direction most naturally to be taken by it, would be towards objects lower than the Deity, and subjects less elevated than the Christian Religion, whose sublime truths and divine precepts such a mind could scarcely perceive or appreciate, and so would not have, at least, a natural tendency to venerate them.

I have observed, that in those minds where the animal feelings greatly predominate, even tho' the Intellect be powerful, there is frequently a natural proneness to reject religion and to deny the authority of the Bible, and I conceive the causes to lie chiefly in an unwillingness in the individual to admit the claims of a system which waged an incessant warfare with the indulgence of those propensities, to him the delights of existence; and the limitation of which within the bounds commanded by Nature and by God, would be, to tear from him all those enjoyments the most congenial to his nature, and to substitute a happiness too refined for his moral degradation, too pure for his vitiated tastes, and with the peremptoriness of whose requirements on the score of his duty to God and to his fellow-creatures the selfishness of his heart refuses to sympathise. Greenacre disbelieved the doctrines and evidence of the New Testament, altho' he admitted the existence of God. Ideality and Hope are both very small, and as far as we know of his history the dispositions corresponded. The former organ is perhaps found universally deficient in the heads of grovelling criminals; and as to the latter, Greenacre exhibited great deficiency of it in his character. He abandoned himself to despair very soon after his capture, and attempted his own life when locked up in the Police Station House, previous to any examination, and was recovered with difficulty by surgical aid. (Destructiveness and Secretiveness very large, Hope very small.) In this conduct Greenacre may be contrasted with those criminals in whom the faculty of Hope is strong, and who are found to persist in asserting their innocence until within a few hours of their execution, buoyed up, as they afterwards confess with the deceitful hope of a reprieve, or of a commutation of punishment. Many phrenologists still deny the existence of Hope as a primitive feeling of the mind, and Dr. Gall died without recognizing it. Its existence appears to me to be demonstrable à priori by analysis of the mental faculties, and after several years of observation, I am convinced that the locality of no organ is more correctly assigned than that of the one in question, on either side of Veneration. The only

other organs in this head, worthy of particular notice are, Adhesiveness and Concentrativeness. They are rather small. The first of these seems in conformity with his disposition, for he was little prone to friendships or attachments of any kind. With regard to Concentrativeness, which is certainly small in the head, I shall make no comment on it, for I have never yet been able to satisfy myself, either by reasoning or observation, concerning its function, and the precise part it plays in the intricate phenomena of mind. The simple fact, however, is worthy of being recorded, and if the purpose of Concentrativeness be, as Mr. Combe believes, to impart to the mind the tendency to concentration of thought and the ability to direct it in a combined effort to one object,—or, on the other hand, if its uses are, to give continuity to thought, fixedness of purpose and steadiness to our pursuits in life, as a late writer in the Phrenological Journal maintains (and I apprehend his views to be nearer the truth than any yet published,) in either, or both views, our information touching this criminal's "way of life" would lead us to conclude that his mental manifestations were in this respect (as we have seen to be the case in all the others) in harmony with the unfortunate development of his brain.

II. Notices of the Case of William Perrie, executed at Paisley, on the 18th of October, for the Murder of his Wife.

A REPORT of the cranial development of Perrie, as indicated by Mr. Sidney Smith, from a cast of Perrie's head taken after death, appeared in the Glasgow Argus of November 9th. It was accompanied by an inference of Perrie's disposition and talents, given by Mr. Smith, and occupying a full column of the newspaper in small print. For the purposes of science, a brief account of Perrie's actual conduct and character would have been a much better memorial than the most elaborate inferential one. In this conviction we addressed a letter to Mr. Smith, stating our wish to put on record his note of the development of Perrie, and requesting a short statement of facts, instead of the inferential report. Just as we were about to send the sheets of this Number to the printer, a letter reached us from a gentleman in Glasgow, containing the notices which are here appended to the report of development. Unfortunately, the seal of the letter was precisely over the surname of the writer, but so far as it can be read, the signature appears to be "Robert J. Macgeorge." Under the circumstances, the gen