Whatever is expedient is conformable to nature:

Whatever is conformable to nature is not hurtful to society; therefore,

What is hurtful to society is never expedient.

EXERCISE XIII.

Name the moods of the Syllogisms given in the preceding exercise.

Explain on what grounds the following moods are inadmissible :

No

savages have the use of metals:

The ancient Germans had the use of metals;
therefore,

They were not savages.

Every A is B:

No C is A; therefore,

No C is B.

Every A is B:

Some A is C; therefore,
Some C is B.

All wise men subdue their passions :

Some learned men do not subdue their passions;

All diamonds consist of carbon :

All carbon is combustible; therefore,

Some combustible substances are diamonds.

EXERCISE XVI.

Point out the antecedent, the consequent, and the consequence, in each of the following conditional propositions

If this man is a thief, he deserves punishment.

If the Pope be infallible, he must be inspired.

The husbandman is well off if he knows his own advantages.

Logic should be neglected if it is useless.

Misery will increase if the population increases.

What follows if you admit the antecedent?

What follows if you reject the consequent ?

State the two rules on which conditional syllogisms depend; and give an example of a Constructive, and of a Destructive conditional syllogism.

EXERCISE XVII.

Give examples of a disjunctive proposition.

Of what does a disjunctive proposition consist?
When is a Syllogism disjunctive?

Give examples of disjunctive syllogisms having their conclusion categorical.

Give examples in which the conclusion will be disjunctive. Reduce the following hypothetical Syllogisms to the categorical form :

If Logic is useful, it deserves to be studied:

But it is useful; therefore,

It deserves to be studied.

If the potato crop fail, the price of corn will rise:
But the potato crop has failed; therefore,
The price of corn will rise.

EXERCISE XVIII.

Enumerate the Irregular Syllogisms.

Give examples of the Enthymeme; and mention the rules for supplying the suppressed premise.

Draw out the following Sorites into regular consecutive Syllogisms :

A popular orator is a favourite with the populace;

He who is a favourite with the populace must know how to manage them;

He who knows how to manage them must well understand their weaknesses;

He who well understands their weaknesses must hold them in contempt; therefore,

A popular orator must hold the populace in contempt.

EXERCISE XIX.

State the following arguments in the form of the Dilemma :

There are two kinds of things about which we ought not to fret: what we can help, and what we cannot help.

For those who are bent on cultivating their minds by diligent study, the incitement of academical honours is unnecessary; for such as are idle and indifferent to mental improvement, it is ineffectual.

If the blessed in heaven have no desires, they will be perfectly content; they will be equally so, if their desires are fully gratified.

If the prophecies of the Old Testament had been written without knowledge of the events of the time of Christ, they could not correspond with them exactly; and if they had been forged by Christians, they would not be preserved and acknowledged by the Jews:-they are preserved and acknowledged by the Jews, and they correspond exactly with the events of the time of Christ: what then?

EXERCISE XX.

Explain, and give examples of, the Epichirema.
Explain what is meant by Induction.

State the following arguments in a syllogistic form :— Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, &c. move in elliptical orbits round the sun; therefore, all planets do so. Sheep, oxen, deer, and other animals deficient in upper cutting-teeth, ruminate; therefore, all such do so. Philip, Alexander, Julius Cæsar, Augustus, Napoleon, and other great warriors, were reckless of human life; therefore, all great warriors are so.

APPENDIX II.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.

In the following examples, let such as are not in the syllogistic form, be reduced to that form, when the reasoning is in itself sound. Let such as are apparent Syllogisms have their validity tried by logical rules, which may be applied in the following order :

1st, Observe whether the argument be Categorical or Hypothetical; recollecting that a hypothetical premise does not necessarily imply a hypothetical Syllogism, unless the reasoning turns on the hypothesis. If this appear to be the rules for hypothetical Syllogisms must be applied.

case, the

2d, If the argument be categorical, count the terms. 3d, If there are only three terms, observe whether the middle term be distributed.

4th, Observe whether the premises are both negativethat is, really so, and not in appearance only; and if one is, whether the conclusion be negative also; or affirmative, if both premises are affirmative.

5th, Observe what terms are Distributed in the Conclusion, and whether the same are Distributed in the Premises.

6th, If the Syllogism is not a Categorical in the first Figure, reduce it to that form.

1. Man, by worshipping, becomes assimilated to the
moral character of the object that he worships :
The God of the Bible, as manifested in Christ Jesus, is
the only perfectly righteous and perfectly benevolent
being ever worshipped by man; therefore,

Man can become righteous and benevolent in no other way
but by that worship which will assimilate him to the
God of the Bible.

2. No one is happy who is not wise: no fool is wise; therefore, no fool is happy.

3. No one is free who is enslaved by his appetites: a sensualist is enslaved by his appetites; therefore, a sensualist is not free.