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THE

PRINCIPLES

OF

SURVEYING.

SECTION I.

Containing Decimal Fractions, the Square Root, Geometrical Definitions, Theorems and Problems; with the nature and use of the Tables of Logarithm Numbers, Sines, Tangents, and Secants.

SUR

DEFINITION.

URVEYING is that art which enables us to give a plan or just representation of any piece or parcel of land, and to determine the content thereof in such measure as is agreeable and customary to the country or place where the land is.

This science depends on some parts of the mathematics, which must be known before we can treat of it, wherefore we shall begin with

DECIMAL FRACTIONS.

If we suppose unity or any one thing to be divid ed into any assigned number of equal parts, this number is called the denominator; and if we chuse to take any number of such parts less than the whole, this is called the numerator of a fraction.

B

7.

Denominator

The numerator in the vulgar form, is always wrote over the denominator, and these are separated by a small line thus or Numerator, the first of these is called 5 twelfths, and the latter 7 twelfths of an inch, yard, perch, &c. or of whatever the whole thing originally was.

Fractions are expressed in two forms, that is, either vulgarly or decimally.

All fractions whose denominators do not consist of a cypher or cyphers set after unity, are called vulgar ones, and their denominators are always wrote under their numerators. The treating of these would be foreign to our present purpose. But fractions, whose denominators consist of an unit prefixed to one or more cyphers, are called decimal fractions; the numerators of which are written without their denominators, and are distinguished from integers by a point prefixed: thus 2 and in the decimal form are expressed by .2 .42.172

30

172

The denominators of such fractions always consisting of an unit, prefixed to as many cyphers as there are places of figures in the numerators, it follows, that any number of cyphers put after those numerators will neither increase nor lessen their value: for and 30% are all of the same value, and will stand in the decimal form thus .3 .30.300; but a cypher or eners prefixed to those numerators lessen their value in a tenfold proportion: for and 00 which in the decimal form we denote by .3 .03 and .003, are fractions, of which the first is ten times greater than the second; and the second, ten times greater than the third.

1000

3 03

Hence it appears, that as the value and denomination of any figure or number of figures in common

arithmetic is enlarged, and becomes ten or an hundred, or a thousand times greater, by placing one or two, or three cyphers after it; so in decimal arithmetic, the value of any figure or number of figures, decreases, and becomes ten, or a hundred, or a thousand times less, while the denomination of it increases, and becomes so many times greater, by prefixing one, or two, or three cyphers to it: and that any number of cyphers, before an integer, or after a decimal fraction, has no effect in changing their values.

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Addition of DECIMALS.

Having placed those figures which are equi-distant from the point, (as well integers as fractions) under each other, add them as if they were integers. EXAMPLES.

Add 4.7832 3.2543 7.8251 6.03 2.857 and 3.251 together. Place them thus.

4.7832

3.2543

7.8251

6.03

2.857

Answer 28.0006

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What's the sum of 6.57 1.026 .75 146.5 8.7 526. 5.97 and .0271 ?

Answer 693.5431

What's the sum of 4.51 146.071 .507 .0006 132. 62.71 .507 7.9 and .10712?

Answer 354.31272.

Subtraction of DECIMALS.

Having placed the figures which are equi-distant from the point under each other; deduct as if they were integers.

EXAMPLES.

From 38.765 take 25.3741
25.3741

Answer 13.3909

From 2.4 take .8472

.8472

1.5528

From 71.45 take 8.4837248
Answer 62.9662752

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