dove'ste, you owed Indeterminate Preterite. Giácqui, I lay down giacé'sti, thou layst down dove'rono or dovettero, they giácque, he lay down owed giace'mmo, we lay down giace'ste, you lay down giácquero, they lay down Future. Giacerò, I shall or will lie down giacerái, thou wilt lie down giacerà, he will lie down giacere mo, we will lie down IMPERATIVE MOOD. [No First Person.] Giáci, lie (thou) down giacciamo or giaciámo, let us lie down gidccia or giácia, let him lie | giace'te, lie (ye or you) down down giácciano or giáciano, let them lie down Present. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Che giaccia or giácia, that I may lie down che giaccia, giácia, giácci, giáci, that thou mayst lie down che giaccia or giácia, that he may lie down che giacciamo or giaciámo, that we may lie down che giacciate or giaciate, that you may lie down che giacciano or giáciano, that they may lie down VII. Parere, to seem. INFINITIVE MOOD. Simple Tenses. Present: parere, to seem Present Gerund: seeming pare'ndo, Past Gerund: essendo párso, having seemed Past Participle: párso or pa rúto,* seemed Present. Pájo, † I seem páre or pár, he seems pári, thou seemest pajamo, we seem parete, you seem pájono, they seem Imperfect. INDICATIVE MOOD. pare'mmmo, we seemed párvero or pársero, they seemed Parrò, I shall or will seem parra, he will seem parre'mo, we will seem Conditional Present. Parre'i or parría, I should or would seem they parre'sti, thou wouldst seem parrebbe or parría, he would Indeterminate Preterite. Párvi or pársi, I seemed pare'sti, thou seemedst parve or párse, he seemed seem parre'mmo, we would seem parre'ste, you would seem parrebbero or parriano, they would seem • Paruto is not so often used, and not so good as párso. + Some Italians have used puro, pariámo, and párono, instead of pájo, • Some Italians think that there is no imperative; but as excellent gram- pajamo, and pújano. The learner must take care not to imitate them, for marians have given it, we prefer their opinion. the former come from paráre, to adorn. 421 INFINITIVE MOOD. Simple Tenses. Compound Tenses. suade persuaded Present Gerund: persuadendo, persuading Past Gerund: avendo per- 3. E-w 4. ευ-ω 5. ιζω μισθο-ω, I hire χρυσο-ω, 1 gild accuse ζημιο-ω, I punish 6. αζω δικαζ-w, I judge εργαζ-ομαι, Ι labour per 7. αινω λευκαιν-ω, I whiten suade suade persuaderánno, they will per- Conditional Present. persuadere bbc, he would per- persuadere mmo, we would per- persuadere'ste, you would per- persuaderebbero, they would IMPERATIVE MOOD. [No First Person.] persuadi, persuade (thou) persuada, let him persuade persuadiámo, let us persuade persuade'te, persuade (ye or persuádano, let them persuade xaλeπaiv-w, I am hard un- xaλεTO-s, hard. 8. vv-w yovv-w, I sweeten λαμπρυν-ω, I adorn jov-c, sweet. From the same noun as a stem may be derived several verbs, having different terminations and different meanings; thus, δουλο-, δουλους, a slave ; δουλο-ω, I enslave ; δουλευω, I am a slave ; πολεμο-, πολεμο-ς, war; πολεμε-ω, and πολεμίζω, Ι carry on war; оλεμo-w, to set in hostilities. Verbs may also be formed from verbs. There are three the idea conveyed by the primitive verb under certain modifications; these are called classes of verbs which set forth frequentative, inchoative, and desiderative. The frequentiveare those verbs which denote a repetition of the act; the inchoative those which denote the incipiency or commencement of the act; and the desiderative are those which express a desire or inclination toward that which the primitive declares. These words are severally derived from frequentativus, a late Latin word, denoting repetition; inchoo, I begin; and desidero, I feel the want of, I wish for. 1. Frequentatives. Frequentatives are formed partly from the unchanged stem conversion of the stem-vowel into o with the termination sw, by means of the terminations αζω, ίζω, ύζω, partly by the added; e.g. or by the lengthening of o into w, the termination aw being. OTEV-alw, I groan frequently 422 aspirate which is called the digamma,* equivalent to our, as sap (in Latin, ver), spring; also in Latin viginti); thus, koot (Doric Fikari, στρωφ-αω, I turn hither and thither νωμαω, I am used to manage στρέφειν, to turn. Inchoatives. onpo-epyo-s (Homeric) δημιουργος (Attic) The termination of a word is often in combination somewhat changed, especially if the compound is an adjective; Inchoatives are formed by the addition of the termination becomes rquo-s, and πрayμа, πрayμwv, e. g. COMBINATION. Besides primitive and derivative words, the Greek language are has compound words. Compound words are such as made up of two words or more, and are designed to express complex ideas. To the multitude of compounds which the Greek possesses that language at once owes its richness and its exactitude, so that by means of a compound consisting of two or three components it expresses that for the full utterance of which several words would be required in English; e. g. VπεKQEVуW (Vπо, from, EK, out of, and pevyw, I flee) signifies I fee home out of a place away from some one, and προκαταλαμBavo (po, before, Kara, down, and λaußavw, I take) signifies I take something before some one else. The subject is very pregnant, and here can be only looked at superficially. A noun which in combination takes the first place, appears in its stem-form, e. g. αστυ-γειτών city-neighbour neighbouring city χορο-διδασκαλος teacher of dancing σακες-παλος where aσru, xopo, (xopo-c) and cakes (σaro-ç, a shield) are in the stem-form. Consonantal stems are in general united with the second compound by the connecting vowel o, e. g. φιλο-τιμος honour-loving thus τιμη πολυ-πραγμων The termination ng (masculine and feminine) and the termination &c (neuter) deserve attention; they are appended, 1. To many adjectives formed immediately from verbal stems, e. g. 2. To adjectives whose second component has arisen from a substantive in eç (nominative, os), e. g, Let it be observed that I have kept the English as near in form as possible, in order to show at once the exact meaning of the Greek, and the possible analogy which the English might bear to it. Much is it to be regretted that our language has lost the greater portion of its combinative power; in its parent, the Anglo-Saxon, the facility of combination is very considerable. Without changing its nature a verb cannot be combined with any word except a preposition. if another word is united with a verbal stem, the two combine to form a noun; thus, out of Xilos, a stone, and ßaw, I throw, is formed Xio-Boλo-s, a stone-thrower. Hence a verb may be formed as Aloßorε-w, I throw stones: so from vave and paxopat have we vavμaxos, a sea-fighter, and thence vavuaxew, I fight by sea; also from Ev and εργ come ευεργετης, a benefactor, and ευεργετεω, I act as a benefactor. A substantive with an abstract signification may unite with a preposition only by retaining its own termination; thus Bovλn, a determination, becomes poßovλn, a pre-ordination; in every other combination an abstract noun must assume a derivation-ending; thus cog and Boλŋ (Badλw) give rise to λιθοβολία, stone-throwing ; ναυς and μαχη give rise to ναυμαχια a sea-fight; and ev and πpažus give rise to evπpažia, a good condition (well-being, weal). In regard to signification, compounds may be divided into three classes, determinatives, attributives, and objectives. The determinatives are those compounds in which the secondary component determines the exact meaning of the primary, and in these the second word is the primary or chief word; these compounds are the least numerous; as, * The Eolians, instead of the common spiritus asper or rough breathing, which we call "the aspirate," namely [], had a less forcible aspirate, which was represented by the form F, and was called a diagamma, or double г, because it is, in fact, two g's, the one being on the other. Thus, instead of Ρεσπερα 'Eλevn, the Eolians wrote Feλeva, in Latin Helena, found in our Helen. olvos, Eolic Foivos, Latin vinum, English wine, French vin. αιων 29 @rum coeval. a sheep Attributive Compounds. The attributives are those in which also the second word is determined by the first, but the idea formed by the two is attributed as a quality to another word, thus όμο-τροπο-ς signi fes not the same kind, (τροπος), but being of the same kind, having the same disposition; and μακρόχειρ is not a long hand, but having a long hand, or being long-handed. So αργυρότοξος is not a silver bow, but provided with a silver bow, a bearer of a silver bow; and evbeos denotes one who has a divinity within him, divinely inspired. Objective Compounds. The objectives are those in which one element is governed by the other, the latter being the object to the former; thus δεισιδαίμων superstitious, god fearing, where, as in god-fearing, δαιμων is governed by δεισι, and the word is equivalent to τους δαίμονας δεδιως, fearing the divinities. So ήνιοχος, rein holding is the same as τα ήνια εχων. In the same manner consider λογογραφος, speech-writer (historian or fabulist); αξιο. λογος, worthy of record, and χειροποιητος, hand-made, that is, made by the hand, χερσι ποιητος. Sometimes the first component is the object, sometimes the second. Especially common are compounds with the prefix αν (ανευ, Latin sine, without), which before consonants becomes a, and which, on account of its negative or privative force, is termed alpha privative; e. g. α-γράφος un-written ατεκνος child-less α-μητωρ Before you proceed any further, make a list arranged alphabetically of all the Greek words you have had in the preceding instructions and exercises. Commit that list carefully το memory; look over it from time to time so as to refresh your memory, and fix each word firmly in your mind. Then arrange the words etymologically, that is, according to their derivations and under their several roots. By this means you will obtain a great command of the Greek vocabulary, and fnd translation easy. In going forward you will then find the truth of these words, which every student should take as his motto: Παντ' εστιν εξευρεῖν, εαν μη τον πονον φευγή τις. Review. I have thus conducted you through the infected words, entering into such details as the occasion permitted and necessity seemed to require. If now you have studiously gone through the foregoing lessons, you are familiar with the derivation and formation of the nouns, adjectives, and verbs of the mother-less, or in form more exactly un-motherly. Greek language. There are some indeclinable words in which αναιδής shame-less (un-child-like, un-ashamed). The prefix eu, well, and the prefix dug, hardly, with difficulty, form many compounds; e. g. Verbal adjectives have two endings, one in τos, the other in τεος. Those in του resemble in signification the Latin participle in tus, as ποιητος, factus, that is, made, so γραπτος, scriptus, written. Many, and perhaps the greater number of them, more nearly approach the Latin adjectives in -bilis, as θαυμαστος, mirabilis, admirable; or they express a simple possibility, as ορατος, visible, an object that may be seen ; ακουστος, audible. Verbal adjectives in τεος have the same force as the Latin participle in -dus, and denote duty or necessity, as δοτεος, danclas, must be given. The adjectives in τεος, like the participle in -dus, has three genders, so as to agree with any houn that may be joined with it; they may also be used in the neuter in a general way, as signifying necessity; thus: English. some instruction is desirable. That given, Syntax will demand attention. But before we pass on to these two subjects, I will give you some exercises which will lead you to review the ground over which you have gone as well as enable you to ascertain your progress. I recommend you to study these exercises first without any aid from the grammar or the vocabulary. You ought to be able to construe them independently of those aids. If, however, after considerable effort, you fail to make out any sentence, then seek the usual assistance. Bear in mind that if ever you are to run alone you must learn to walk alone, and you are not to expect to be able to construe a Greek author if you cannot discover the sense of an easy sentence. RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES. Η σεληνη τα μερη τοῦ μηνος φανερα ποιεῖ. Τῷ τῶν Περσῶν βασιλεῖ πολλα εθνη πειθομενα ην. Ο βους κερατι παιει, ὁ ἱππος ὁπλῃ, ὁ κυων στόματι, ὁ κάπρος οδοντι. Ρήτορος αρετη εστι ταληθῆ λεγειν. Κερδη πονηρα ζημίαν αει φέρει. Δουλευειν παθεσι χαλεπωτερον η τυραννοις. Περικλέα μάλιστα εφοβείτο ὁ των Αθηναίων δῆμος. Οἱ κύνες τους λύκους απο των προβατων απερυκουσιν. Εν νῳ εχω τοῖν ανδροῖν παραδούναι εμαυτον. Ο αγων περι γυναικών και περι τεκνων και περι πάντων εστιν. Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ναυσι τριακοντα εβοηθουν. Οἱ Λύκιοι τας γυναῖκας πλεον ετιμων η τους ανδρας. Αχάριστο η the man must be set αμελεις η πλεονέκται η απιστοι η ακρατεις ανθρωποι ου δύνανται free. φιλοι γενεσθαι. Η των Αθηναίων πολις αρχαιότατη ην και virtue must be μεγιστη και ονομαστότατη. Χαλεπον μεν εστιν εκφυγείν θανα honoured. τον, πολυ δε χαλεπώτερον πονηριαν. Διδασκαλῳ μελει βελτίους ποιεῖν τους νεωτέρους. Η θηρα τους Περσαις δοκει ειναι αληit is necessary to write. θεστατη μελετη προς τον πολεμον. Παιδευομεν τους παῖδας τους γεραιτέρους προτιμᾶν. Ανθρωπῳ παντων των αλλων ζωων ῥᾷον εστιν η ανθρωπων αρχειν. Ταχιστον εστι νοῦς, δια Η φιλοτιμια μαλιστα παροξύνει προς τα παντος γαρ τρέχει. αγαθα και εντιμα. Η ψυχη βασιλεύει εν ἡμιν. Ει παρα σοι καλῶς ἔχει, θαῤῥει. Ῥᾷστον ἁπαντων εστιν αὐτον εξαπατᾶν. 'Ω. αγαθε, μη αγνοεί σεαυτον. Ο αγων ὑπερ ψυχῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων εστιν. Ὦ παῖδες, τιμᾶτε αλληλους. Όστις διαβολαις ταχυ πείθεται, πονηρός αυτός εστι τους τρόπους. Λεγε το ψηφισμα. Ανδρος αγαθοῦ εργα πραττε. Οἱ παλαιοι ήλιον τε σταλίτες και σεληνην ενομίζον θεους είναι. 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