* Paruto is not so often used, and not so good as párso.

+ Some Italians have used puro, pariámo, and púrono, instead of pájo,

Some Italians think that there is no imperative; but as excellent gram- pajamo, and pújano. The learner must take care not to imitate them, for marians have given it, we prefer their opinion.

the former come from paráre, to adorn.

Verbs in
1.0-w

2. a-w

Past Gerund: avendo per-3. ε-w
suáso, having persuaded

INFINITIVE MOOD.

Simple Tenses.

Compound Tenses.

suade

4. ευ ω

μισθο-ω, I hire

χρυσο-ω, 1 gild

ζημιο-ω, I punish

τιμα-ω, I honour

αιτια-ομαι, I accuse
yoa-w, I moan
αριθμε-ω, I number
Evтuxe-w, I am fortunate
ἱστομε-ω, I investigate
Baoiλev-w, I am a king.
βουλευ-ω, I counsel
ελπιζω, I hope
Ελληνιζ-ω, I speak Greek

Φιλιππίζ-ω, Ιfavour Philip
δικαζ-ω, I judge
εργαζ-ομαι, Ι labour
βιαζομαι, I use force

Noun whence derived. μiolo-s, wages, reward.

χρυσο-ς, gold. Enμ-a, punishment. τιμ-η, honour. airi-a, cause, blame. yoo-s, moaning. αριθμο-ς, number. EUTUXns, fortunate. iorwp, an investigator. βασιλευ-ς, a king. Bovλn, counsel. ελπις, hope. Ελλην, « Greek. Φιλιππος, Philip. dun, justice.

εργον, labour.

Bia, force.

σῆμα, a sign.

Persuado, I persuade persuádi, thou persuadest persuade, he persuades persuadiamo, we persuade persuade te, you persuade persuadono, they persuade

Imperfect.

Persuade'va, I persuaded persuade vi, thou persuadest persuade va, he persuaded persuadevamo, we persuaded persuadeváte, you persuaded persuade vano, they persuaded

Indeterminate Preterite. Persuasi, I persuaded persuadé'sti, thou persuadedst persuase, he persuaded persuade 'mmo, we persuaded. persuade'ste, you persuaded persuasero, they persuaded

persuaderái, thou wilt persuade
persuaderà, he will persuade
persuadere mo, we will per-
suade

persuadere'le, you will per-
suade

persuaderánno, they will per-
suade

Conditional Present.
Persuadere'i, I should or would
persuade

persuadere'sti, thou wouldst
persuade

persuadere bbc, he would per-
suade

persuadere'mmo, we would per-
suade

persuadere'ste, you would
suade

persuaderebbero, they would
persuade

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

[No First Person.] persuadi, persuade (thou) persuada, let him persuade persuadiámo, let us persuade

Present.

λευκος, white.

χαλεπαινω, I am hard un- χαλεπος, hard.

willing
8. vv-w yovv-w, I sweeten

λαμπρυν-ω, I ador

ήδυς, sweet. λaμmpo-s, brilliant.

From the same noun as a stem may be derived several verbs, having different terminations and different meanings; thus, δουλο-, δουλο-ς, a slave ; δουλο-ω, I enslave ; δουλευω, I am α slave; πολεμο-, πολεμο-ς, και; πολεμε-ω, and πολεμιζω, Ι carry on war; оλεμо-w, to set in hostilities."

Verbs may also be formed from verbs. There are three the idea conveyed by the primitive verb under certain modiper-fications; these are called classes of verbs which set forth frequentative, inchoative, and desiderative. The frequentive are those verbs which denote a repetition of the act; the inchoative those which denote the incipiency or commencement of the act; and the desiderative are those which express a desire or inclination toward that which the primitive declares. These words are severally derived from frequentativus, a late Latin word, denoting repetition; inchoo, I begin; and desidero, I feel the want of, I wish for.

persuade'te, persuade (ye or

you

persuadano, let them persuade

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

The termination of a word is often in combination somewhat changed, especially if the compound is an adjective; thus riμn

Inchoatives are formed by the addition of the termination becomes Tuo-s, and жрayμа, πрaɣμwv, e. g.

Attributive Compounds.

The attributives are those in which also the second word is determined by the first, but the idea formed by the two is attributed as a quality to another word, thus ὁμο-τροπο-ς signifes not the same kind, (τροπος), but being of the same kind, having the same disposition; and μακρόχειρ is not a long hand, but having a long hand, or being long-handed. So αργυρότοξος is not a siver bow, but provided with a silver bow, a bearer of a silver bow; and Evos denotes one who has a divinity within him, divinely inspired.

Objective Compounds.

The objectives are those in which one element is governed by the other, the latter being the object to the former; thus δεισιδαίμων superstitious, god fearing, where, as in god-fearing, δαιμων is governed by δεισι, and the word is equivalent to τους δαίμονας δεδιως, fearing the divinities. So ήνιοχος, rein holding is the same as τα ήνια εχων. In the same manner consider λογογραφος, speech-writer (historian or fabulist); αξιολογος, worthy of record, and χειροποιητος, hand-made, that is, made by the hand, χερσι ποιητος. Sometimes the first compo nent is the object, sometimes the second. Especially common are compounds with the prefx αν (ανευ, Latin sine, without), which before consonants becomes a, and which, on account of its negative or privative force, is termed alpha privative; e. g.

Verbal adjectives have two endings, one in rog, the other in τεος. Those in του resemble in signification the Latin participle in tus, as ποιητος, factus, that is, made; so γραπτος, scriptus, written. Many, and perhaps the greater number of them, more nearly approach the Latin adjectives in-bilis, as θαύμαστος, mirabilis, admirable; or they express a simple possibility, as ορατος, visible, an object that may be seen ακουστος, audible.

;

Verbal adjectives in τεος have the same force as the Latin participle in -dus, and denote duty or necessity, as δοτεος, danclus, must be given. The adjectives in τεος, like the participle in -dus, has three genders, so as to agree with any houn that may be joined with it; they may also be used in the neuter in a general way, as signifying necessity; thus:

Before you proceed any further, make a list arranged alphabetically of all the Greek words you have had in the preceding instructions and exercises. Commit that list carefully to memory; look over it from time to time so as to refresh your memory, and fix each word firmly in your mind. Then arrange the words etymologically, that is, according to their derivations and under their several roots. By this means you will obtain a great command of the Greek vocabulary, and find translation easy. In going forward you will then find the truth of these words, which every student should take as his motto:

Παντ' εστιν εξευρείν, εαν μη τον πονον φευγη τις.

Review.

I have thus conducted you through the inflected words, entering into such details as the occasion permitted and necessity seemed to require. If now you have studiously gone through the foregoing lessons, you are familiar with the derivation and formation of the nouns, adjectives, and verbs of the Greek language. There are some indeclinable words in which some instruction is desirable. That given, Syntax will demand attention. But before we pass on to these two subjects, I will give you some exercises which will lead you to review the ground over which you have gone as well as enable you to ascertain your progress. I recommend you to study these exercises first without any aid from the grammar or the vocabulary. You ought to be able to construe them independently of those aids. If, however, after considerable effort, you fail to make out any sentence, then seek the usual assistance. Bear in mind that if ever you are to run alone you must learn to walk alone, and you are not to expect to be able to construe a Greek author if you cannot discover the sense of an easy sentence.

RECAPITULATORY EXERCISES.

Η σεληνη τα μερη του μηνος φανερα ποιεῖ. Τῷ τῶν Περσῶν βασιλεῖ πολλα εθνη πειθομενα ην. Ο βους κερατι παιει, ὁ ἱππος ὁπλῃ, ὁ κύων στόματι, ὁ κάπρος οδοντι. Ρητορος αρετη εστι ταληθῆ λεγειν. Κερδη πονηρα ζημιαν αει φερει. Δουλευειν παθεσι χαλεπωτερον η τυραννοις. Περικλέα μαλιστα εφοβείτο ὁ των Αθηναίων δῆμος. Οἱ κύνες τους λύκους απο των προβατων απερυκουσιν. Εν νῳ εχω τοῖν ανδροῖν παραδούναι εμαυτον. Ο αγων περι γυναικών και περι τεκνων και περι πάντων εστιν. Οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι ναυσι τριακοντα εβοηθουν. Οἱ Λύκιοι τας γυναῖκας πλεον ετιμων η τους ανδρας. Αχάριστοι η the man must be set αμελεις η πλεονέκται η απιστοι η ακρατεις ανθρωποι ου δύνανται free. virtue must be honoured,

English.

it is necessary to
write.

φίλοι γενεσθαι. Η των Αθηναίων πολις αρχαιοτατη ην και μεγιστη και ονομαστότατη. Χαλεπον μεν εστιν εκφυγείν θανα τον, πολυ δε χαλεπώτερον πονηριαν. Διδασκαλῳ μελει βελτίους ποιεῖν τους νεωτέρους. Η θηρα τους Πέρσαις δοκει ειναι αλη- θεστατη μελέτη προς τον πολεμον. Παιδευομεν τους παῖδας τους γεραιτέρους προτιμᾶν. Ανθρωπῳ παντων των αλλων ζωων ῥᾷον εστιν η ανθρωπων αρχειν. Ταχιστον εστι νοῦς, δια παντος γαρ τρέχει. Η φιλοτιμια μαλιστα παροξύνει προς τα αγαθα και εντιμα. Η ψυχη βασιλεύει εν ήμιν. Ει παρα σοι καλῶς ἔχει, θαῤῥει. Ρᾆστον ἁπάντων εστιν αὐτον εξαπατᾶν. 'Ω αγαθε, μη αγνοεί σεαυτον. Ο αγων ύπερ ψυχῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων εστιν. "Ω παίδες, τιμᾶτε αλληλους. Όστις διαβολαις ταχυ πείθεται, πονηρος αυτός εστι τους τρόπους. Λεγε το ψηφισμα. Ανδρος αγαθοῦ εργα πραττε. Οἱ παλαιοι ήλιον τε και σεληνην ενομίζον θεους ειναι. Ὁ ταληθή λεγων απεχθανε ται πολλοῖς. Μιλτιαδης ωνομάζετο σωτηρ τῆς Ἑλλάδος·

424

Ουδείς μισεῖ τους

Διδάσκετε

LITERARY NOTICES.

Now ready, price 9s. 6d. strongly bound. CASSELL'S FRENCH AND ENGLISH DICTIONARY: Composed from the French Dictionaries of the French Academy, Bescherelle, etc.; and from the Technological and Scientific Dictionaries of both LanLandais, etc.: from the English Dictionaries of Ogilvie, Johnson, Webster, The following are the distinctive features which render this Work superior guages. By Professor DE LOLME and HENRY BRIDGEMAN, Esq. to any of the same class now extant. It has been compiled with unusual care from the very best authorities. It contains correct renderings of all the ture, commerce, law, politics, etc., as well as familiar conversation-which are indispensable to a knowledge of language, but yet are rarely, if ever, to most modern words and phrases-including those of science, art, manufac be found properly translated in any Dictionary. The idiomatic usages of the two languages the constructions of verbs, the force of prepositions, and more copiously and carefully illustrated than elsewhere within the same the changes of meaning caused by different combinations of words are limits. The meanings are also classifed and arranged in such a manner as in price as it is comprehensive in aim, accurate in detail, and superior in τo prevent the possibility of mistake. Το crown all, the Work is as moderate neat cloth; the English-French Division, price 4s. paper covers, or 5s. arrangement. The French-English Division, price 4s. paper covers, or 58. strongly bound.

Δικαια λέγοντες πολλοι αδικα ποιοῦσιν.
επαινοῦντας. Θαῤῥων πειρῶ αγαθος γιγνεσθαι.
τους παῖδας αληθεύειν και μη εξαπατᾶν. Σωκρατης έλεγε τους
μεν αλλους ανθρωπους ζῆν ἵνα εσθοιεν, αυτον δε εσθίειν ἵνα ζη.
Μετα την
Οι Ελληνες το παλαι προς ληστείαν ετράποντο.
εν Κορώνεια μαχην οἱ Αθηναῖοι εξελιπον την βοιωτιαν πᾶσαν.
Ἡ γλῶσσα πολλους εις ολεθρον ηγαγεν. Θησευς καταλιπων
την Αριαδνην εν Ναξῳ απεπλευσεν. Οἱ Λακεδαιμονιοι ειςεβα-
λον εις την Αττικην, των Αθηναιων τους αγρούς καταλιπόντων.
Πεῖσομαι μᾶλλον Θεῳ η ανθρωποις. Τους φιλους πλουτίζων
Ο Ξέρξης ηλπιζεν ει τας Αθηνας κατα-
σεαυτον πλουτιεῖς.
στρεψαιτο, ῥᾳδίως των αλλων Ελληνων αρξειν. Ο Σωκρατης
ουκ επέτρεψε τῳ δημῳ παρα τους νομους ψηφισασθαι. Θεους
φοβουμενοι μη ποτ' ασεβες μηδεν, μηδε ανοσιον μητε ποιησητε
μητε βουλευσητε. Μονος ὁ ανθρωπος γυμνος και ανοπλος ύπο
τῆς φύσεως απολελειπται. Ο Αισχίνης παῖς ων μετα πολλης
ενδειας ετράφη. Ουτοι εγωγε τοῦτο πώποτε επεισθην, ὡς ἡ
ψυχη, έως μεν αν εν θνητῳ σωματι ᾖ, ζῇ, όταν δε τουτου
απαλλαγη, τεθνηκεν. Αρχιμηδης ειπε· δος που στῶ και την γῆν
κινησω. Όταν νομευς αγαθον κυνα εχη, και οἱ αλλοι νομεῖς
βουλονται πλησιον αυτοῦ τας αγελας ἱσταναι, ἵνα τοῦ κυνος
απολαύωσιν. Αληθεια παρεστω σοι και εμοι, παντων χρῆμα
δικαιοτατον. Ει ήττηθησεσθε, ευ ίστε ότι παραδώσετε παντα
τοις πολεμίοις. Οἱ Περσαι όν αν γνωσι δυναμενον μεν χαριν
αποδιδοναι, μη αποδίδοντα δε, κολαζουσι τοῦτον ισχυρως. Δος
τι και λαβε τι. Τας μαθήσεις ουκ επι τεχνη εμαθες, ὡς δημιουρ-
γος εσόμενος, αλλ' επι παιδεια. Οἱ πολεμιοι φοβούμενοι ἡμας
αποδεδρακασιν, πολλα γαρ ηδη κακα ὑφ ̓ ἡμων πεπονθασιν. THE
Οἱ Αθηναῖοι οξυτατοι
Ότι δεῖ βοηθεῖν παντες εγνωκαμεν.

ἦσαν γνῶναι τα ῥηθεντα. Ηδυ μεν αρτος πεινῶντι φαγεῖν,
ὕδωρ δε διψῶντι πιεῖν. Πολλοι δια την δοξαν και πολιτικήν |
δυναμιν μεγαλα κακα πεπονθασιν. Ταληθῆ μετα παῤῥησιας |
ερῶ προς ύμας και ουκ αποκρυψομαι. ̔Ο ̔Ελλησποντος εκληθη
απο τῆς Έλλης εν αυτῳ θανούσης.

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