Multiply the given number or sum by the given percentage expressed decimally; and point off the product as in multiplication of decimal fractions. Obs.-1. It is important for the learner to observe, that the amount of money collected is made the basis upon which the percentage is computed. That is, the agent is entitled to 3 pounds as often as he collects 100 pounds, and not as often as he pays over 100 pounds, as is frequently supposed. For in the latter case he would receive only r33, instead of of the sum in question. This distinction is important, especially in calculating percentage on large sums. 2. Hence, if the percentage contains a vulgar fraction which cannot be expressed decimally, first multiply by the decimal, then by the vulgar fraction of the given percentage, and point off the sum of their products as above. 6. What is 4 per cent. of £300 ? COMMISSION, BROKERAGE, AND STOCKS. Commission is the percentage or sum charged by agents for their services in buying and selling goods, or transacting other business. a Obs.-An Agent who buys and sells goods for another, is called Commission Merchant, a Factor, Broker, or Correspondent. Brokerage is the percentage or sum charged by money dealers, called Brokers, for negotiating Bills of Exchange, and other monetary operations, and is of the same nature as Commission. By the term Stocks, is meant the capital of moneyed institutions, as incorporated Banks, Railway and Insurance Companies, etc.; also Government and Foreign Bonds, etc. Obs.-1. Stocks are divided into portions of various sums, shareholders. Solution.-Expressed decimally, 4 per cent. 042; and each, called shares; and the owners of these shares are called £300 X 042 = £12·60 = £12 12s. Ans. 7. What is 3 per cent. of £256 5s.? 8. What is 2 per cent. of £437 12s. 6d.? 9. What is 2 per cent. of £138 7s. 6d. ? 10. What is 6 per cent. of £145 38.? 11. What is 7 per cent. of £1,630 10s. 12. A man borrowed £150, and paid 7 per cent. for the use of it: how much did he pay? 13. A merchant bought goods amounting to £1,825, and sold them so that he gained 12 per cent.: how much did he gain? 14. A person collected £862 10s. 6d., and charged 5 per cent. for his services: how much did he receive, and how much did he pay over? 15. What is 10 per cent. of £4,020 10s.? 16. What is 8 per cent. of £1,675? 17. What is 4 per cent. of £725 ? 18. What is 54 per cent. of £648 68. 8d.? 19. What is 64 per cent. of £1,000? 20. What is 7 per cent. of £2,000? 21. What is 8 per cent. of £100 5s.? 22. A farmer having 1,500 sheep, lost 25 per cent. of them: how many did he lose? 23. A merchant having £1,960 on deposit, drew out 20 per cent. of it: how much had he left in the bank? 24. A merchant imported 1,500 boxes of oranges, and 12 per cent. of them decayed: how many boxes did he lose, and how many had he left? 25. What is 26. What is per cent. of £1,625? per cent. of £2,526 Ss.? per cent. of £42,260 1s. 8d. 27. What is 28. What is per cent. of £75,000? 29. What is per cent. of £100,000? 30. What is 31. What is per cent. of £45,241 4s. per cent. of £675,264? 32. A merchant bought a stock of goods amounting to £4,565, and paid 3 per cent for freight: what was the whole cost of his goods? 33. A man's salary is £200 a year, and he lays up 37 per cent. of it: how much does he spend ? 34. A youth who inherited £2,000 spent 40 per cent. of it in dissipation: how much had he left? 35. Two merchants embarked in business with £1,825 capital apiece; one gained 20 per cent. and the other lost 20 per cent. the first year: what was then the amount of each man's property? 36. Two men invested £1,000 apiece in stocks; one lost 8 per cent., the other 6 per cent.: what was the difference of their loss? 2. The association or company thus formed is called a corporation, when it has obtained a charter, instrument specifying the powers, rights, and privileges invested in the company. The original cost or valuation of a share is called its nominal or par value; the sum for which it can be sold is its real value. Obs.-1. The rise or fall of Stocks or Shares is reckoned at a word, which signifies equal, or a state of equality. certain percentage of its par value. The term par is a Latin are said to be at par; when they sell for more than the cost price, 2. When Stocks sell for their original cost or valuation, they they are said to be above par, at a premium, or an advance; when they do not sell at cost price, they are said to be below par, or at a discount. 3. Persons who deal in Stocks and Shares are usually called Stock and Share Brokers or Jobbers, according as they buy and sell for others, or on their own account. The commission or allowance made to factors and brokers, and the rise and fall of stocks, are usually reckoned at a certain percentage on the amount of money employed in the transaction, or on the par value of the given shares. Hence, discount on stocks, To compute commission, brokerage, and the premium or Multiply the given sum by the given percentage expressed in decimals, and point off the product as in Percentage. Obs. The commission for the collection of bills, taxes, etc., and for the sale or purchase of goods, varies from 2 to 12 or 15 per cent., and should always be reckoned on the amount of money collected, or paid out or employed in the transaction. The brokerage for the sale or purchase of stocks varies from to per cent., reckoned on the par value of the stock. EXAMPLES. 1. An auctioneer sold goods amounting to £463, at 3 cent. commission: how much did he receive? per 2. An agent bought goods amounting to £625 6s. 6d. : what is his commission at per cent.? 3. What is the commission on £1,682 5s. at 3 per cent? 4. What is the commission on £1,463 10s. at 5 per cent.? 5. What is the commission on £2,560 7s. at 4 per cent.? 6. What is the commission on £10,250 at 6 per cent.? 7. What is the commission on £8,340 6s. at 7 per cent.? 8. What is the commission on £960 6s. 3d. at 5 per cent.? 9. A commission merchant sold goods to the amount of £6,235 at 2 per cent.: what was his commission? 10. An attorney collected a debt of £8,265 17s. 6d., and 37. What is the difference between 6 per cent. of £1,040, charged 7 per cent. for his services: how much did he reand 7 per cent. of £905? APPLICATIONS OF PERCENTAGE, Percentage, or the method of reckoning by hundredths, is applied to various calculations in the practical concerns of life. Among the most important of these are Commissions, Brokerage, the Rise and Fall of Stocks, Interest, Discount, Insurance, Profit and Loss, Duties, and Taxes. Its principles, therefore, should be thoroughly understood by every one. ceive? 11. Bought £1,108 worth of books at 4 per cent. commission: what was the amount of commission? 12. A tax-gatherer collected £1,225, for which he was entitled to 5 per cent. commission: how much did he receive? 13. Sold goods amounting to £1,432 2s. 6d.: how much was the commission at 4 per cent.? 14. A commission merchant sold a quantity of hardware amounting to £924 7s. 6d.: how much would he receive, 546 allowing 24 per cent. for selling and 2 per cent; more for guaranteeing the payment? 15. An auctioneer sold carpeting amounting to £213 6s. 3d., and charged 2 per cent. for selling and 24 per cent. for guaranteeing the payment: how much did the auctioneer receive, and how much did he remit the owner? Commission merchants, agents, etc., generally keep an account with their employers, and as they make investments or sales of goods, charge their commission on the amount invested or the sum employed in the transaction. Sometimes, however, a specific amount is sent to an agent or broker, requesting him, after deducting his commission, to lay out the balance in a certain manner. 16. A gentleman sent his agent £150 to purchase a library how much had he to lay out after deducting his commission at 5 per cent.; and what was his commission? Note. The money actually laid out by the agent in books, is manifestly the proper basis on which to calculate his commission; for it would be unjust to charge commission on the sum he retains. 100 100 Analysis. The money laid out is 100 of itself, and the commission is yo of this sum; consequently the money laid out added to the commission must be 18% of the whole amount. The question therefore resolves itself into this: £1,500 is 185 of what sum? If £1,500 is 185, 1 must be 1500 105 = 1500, and 188 1500 × 100 = £1428-57, the sum laid out. Now £1500 £1428.57 £71-43, £71 8s. 7 d. the commission. 1059 | 32. A man bought 35 shares in the Great Northern Railway at par, and afterwards sold them at 1 per cent. premium: how much did he get for them? amount to? 33. A man bought 15 £100 shares in the South-eastern Railway at 2 per cent. premium, and sold them at 10 per cent. discount: how much did he sell them for, and how much did he lose? 34. Bought 71 £100 shares in the Central Gas Consumers Company at 5 per cent. premium: how much did they 35. A broker bought 48 shares in the Leeds and Northern Railway at 14 per cent. discount, and sold them at 6 per cent. 36. If I employ a broker to buy me 55 £100 shares in the premium: how much did he make by the operation? Eastern Counties Railway, which are 20 per cent. below par, and pay him per cent. brokerage, how much will my shares cost me? 37. If my agent buys 78 £100 shares in the North Midland Railway at 15 per cent. premium, and charges me per cent, brokerage, how much will my stock cost? LESSONS IN GREEK.-No. LIV. THE ENLARGEMENT OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. WE have considered simple sentences viewed in their Greek Proof.-£1428.57 × ·05 = £71·43; and £1428·57 + £71-43 In order to do so with effect, we must attend to the enlarge£1500, the amount sent. Hence, To compute commission when it is to be deducted in advance from a given amount, and the balance is to be invested, Divide the given amount by £1 increased by the percentage com-larged both externally and internally. Subtract mission, and the quotient will be the part to be invested. the part invested from the given amount, and the remainder will be the commission. Obs. The commission may also be found by multiplying the sum invested by the given percentage according to the preceding rule. 17. An agent received £2,150 to lay out in provisions, after deducting 2 per cent, commission: what sum did he lay out? 18. A country dealer sent £356 to his agent in the city to purchase goods: after taking out his commission, at 3 per cent., how much remained to be laid out? 19. Baring, Brothers and Co. sent their agents £80,000 to buy flour: after deducting 5 per cent. commission, how much would be left to invest? 20. A broker negotiated a bill of exchange of £82,531, at 5 per cent. how much did he receive for his services? 21. What is the brokerage on £94,265 at 14 per cent.? 22. What is the brokerage on £6,200 at per cent.? 23. What is the brokerage on £8,845 10s. at per cent,? 24. What is the brokerage on £2,500 at per cent.? 25. A broker made an investment of £21,265, and charged 1 per cent.: what was the amount of his brokerage? 26. If you buy 20 £100 shares in the Great Western Railway at 7 per cent. premium, how much will they cost you? Ans. £2,140. Note. The shares evidently cost their par value, which is Now £2000 × 07 £140; £2,000, and 7 per cent. besides. and £2,000+ £140 = £2140. 27. What is the cost of 20 shares of Bank stock at 7 per cent. discount? Ans. £2000 - £140 £1860. 28. What is the cost of 35 £100 shares in the of London and North-western Railway at 5 per cent. premium.? 29. A merchant bought 45 shares in the London Joint-Stock Bank at par, and afterwards sold them at 50 per cent. discount: how much did he lose? 30. A man invested £846 in the Three per Cent. Consols, and afterwards sold out at 4 per cent. premium: how much did he sell his stock for? 31. Sold 64 £100 shares in the Midland Railway at 10 cent. premium; how much did they come to? per The external enlargement of the subject consists in this, to several different objects, so that there are several subjects that the affirmation made in the predicate is equally referred belonging to one predicate. Now several subjects to which one predicate is assigned, may be viewed as a series of connected individual persons or things, or they may be viewed as forming a whole. If these subjects form a series they are united together copulatively by Kat, TE-KAL, TE—TE, KAI-Kαι; or disjunctively by 7. In English the copulative and the disjunctive are ordinarily placed only before the last noun of series. If the series is viewed as a whole the one is added to the series; in Greek they are placed between every two of the the other by means of ovv, μɛra, àμа. The subject must agree with the predicate. This general rule may be expanded. The predicate may agree with the several nouns in the plural or dual number, on the ground that in sense the several nouns are comprehended in the affirmation made in the predicate; or the predicate may grammatically agree with one of the nouns, with which in sense it is more intimately connected than with any other or all the others; that intimate connection may arise from proximity. In the former case the predicate will be in the plural, in the latter case it will be either in the singular or the plural, according to the number of the noun with which it is immediately connected. When the predicate agrees with only one noun, it must be understood to apply to the others through that one noun or subject. In reference to several subjects which signify things without life or conditions of things, the Greeks commonly put the adjective predicate in the neuter plural. In reference to masculine and feminine subjects, the common adjective predicate or attribute is usually in the masculine gender. In the union of several grammatically different subjects, the verb either agrees with the nearest, or is in the plural; if one of the subjects is in the first person, the verb is in the first person. Instances of these constructions will be found in the exercise. In some cases I have given the same sense in different modes of expression. The sense may in these cases be said to be generally the same. Nevertheless, shades of difference appear to the practised scholar. The laws of thought are more imperative, as well as more various, than the rules of grammar. By the laws of thought the rules of grammar are constantly modified, nor is it possible to reduce to grammatical rule the nicer distinctions of thought. You must, therefore, in your grammatical studies make due allowance for the predominance of the thought over the expression. No two forms of utterance can well be nearer in sense than these Συ τε Έλλην εἶ και ἡμεῖς Thou art a Greek and we (are Greeks). Έλληνες ἐσμὲν και συ και ἡμεῖς We are Greeks both thou and we. Yet they slightly differ; for in the former kai nuɛis seems to be added as an after-thought, and as if in the way of a claim; whereas in the latter, both subjeets are at once and frankly owned as Greeks, and emphasis is given to the acknowledgement by the addition of και συ και ἡμεῖς. Observe that subjects connected disjunctively, as well as conjunctively take a plural verb in Greek. This usage is contrary to what is common in English. Observe also, that a noun singular having a plural united with it by a preposition, and so forming a compound subject, takes the verbs in the plural in the Greek. Here also we have a departure from the rule of English grammar. The internal enlargement of the subject consists in this, that an attribute is associated with it. By an attribute is meant any addition made to a substantive, which serves to individualise the substantive, that is, to describe its essence and nature, and to distinguish it from other of the same species. The attribute appears as blended with the subject by means of an adjective; thus we say οἶκος πατρος father's house οἶκος εν τη πόλει οικοδομη house in the city house-building. The attribute may also be set forth as something subjoined in the way of explanation; as οἶκος, ἡ των ανθρωπων μονη house, the dwelling-place of men. This application of the attribute is specifically called apposition. Attributes may be assigned to nouns not merely as subjects but also as objects. In Greek frequently nouns may perform the office of attributives. Thus we may employ these uncoalescing combinations-avηp πρeoßurns, an old man; avyo vɛavias, a young man (literally a youth-man); yрaus yuvn, an old woman; πρεσβύτις γυνη, an old woman. We may exhibit the fact thus ανηρ-πολιτης, τυραννος, οπλίτης, ίππευς, αρχος, βουληφόρος. ανθρωπος-μετοικος, τεχνίτης, ῥητωρ, φιλοσοφος, ευεργετης, etc. ανηρ-Αθηναῖος, Σπαρτιατης, Περσης, Πυγμαῖος. γυνη-Σπαρτιατις, Περσις ; εο ταμίη, δεσποινα, To these and other adjectives of race or country, avno and yun, are thus added as attributives. Thus, in English we say, a French man, an English woman. In a similar manner, to the names of lands, islands, mountains, and especially rivers, may be added the appellative, descriptive of the species, when the proper name and the appellative are of the same gender; e.g. 0 Maiavopos Toraμos, the river Meander; ò Ευφράτης ποταμός; ἡ Θεσπρωτός γῆς ἡ Αττικὴ γῆ (οτ χωρα) ἡ Δήλος νήσος, το Σούνιον ακρον ; τα Κεραύνια όρη. Observe that the Greeks said the island Delos, which is more logically correct than our "the island of Delos." • An appellative is a common noun or name of a species, in distinction from a proper noun, or name of an individual. ; Also adverbs and adverbial phrases may be connected with a noun as its attribute, when the noun has the article. This is a marked peculiarity, and I shall therefore place the instances with their meanings in a distinct and emphatic manner. Adverbial Attributes. navo rolig, the upper (lying inland) city. ó μɛražu xpovos, the interval, the meanwhile. о εжɛтa xpovos, the following time, afterwards. ἡ εν Μαραθῶνι μαχη, the battle on the plain of Marathon. ἡ εν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχια, the naval battle at Salamis. ή σφοδρα επιθυμια, the intense desire. Περικλῆς ὁ πανυ, the great Pericles. The attributive adjective agrees with the subject to which it belongs, in the same way as the predicate agrees with its subject, following the subject in gender, number, and case, e.g. copos avne, a wise man; yuvŋ kaλn, a fair woman; тa výnλa opn, the lofty mountains; Ty sug Ovyarpi, to my daughter. If several adjective attributes are joined with a noun they are either connected together by means of xat, TE—Kai, etc.; or they stand without a copula. Adjectives expressive of quality are generally united by rat, etc., e.g. Νεα και άπαλη σαρξ, young and tender flesh. Αγαθῶν και παλαιων νομεθετῶν εὑρηματα, the discoveries of good and ancient lawgivers. Μεγαλα και λαμπρα δώρα της τυχῆς, the good and brilliant gifts of fortune. Οικια μεγάλη και ευδαίμων, a great and happy family. Γυνη καλη και ευείδης, a fair and well formed woman. The copula may be omitted, however, if one of the adjectives blends with the noun so as to form with it a compound idea, 28 εσχατη κακη τυχη, the extreme of bad luck; where κακη τυχη go together as if they were one word; so μeya mλоîov σiraуwyov, a large corn-vessel. The copulative kat is sometimes omitted also for the sake of oratorical effect. Equally disconnected are the adjective attributes if one of quality, as cov toyov Xaμroov, thy splendid deed; deкa vñes them is a pronominal adjective, or an adjective of number or μakpai, ten long ships; alλog veos mais, another young child; δικαῖος ανηρ ουδεις, not one just man. Πολυς forms an exception; thus, πολλοι και καλοι χιτωνες (though in English the conjunction is here omitted), many beautiful coats; aor πολλοι και σοφοι ανδρες, many other wise men. If you subjoin an attribute which arises out of the nature of what is called apposition, that is, the ascription of two (or the subject, and yet has an independent existence, you form more) ideas to the same subject. Explanation is the object of this construction. It has special force to give individuality to be confounded. The word receiving the apposition determines the subject, distinguishing it from others with which it might the case of the word by which the apposition is made. In general, the latter immediately follows the former. For the sake of special emphasis, however, the explanatory word may take precedence; e.g. Ο κοινός ιατρός θεραπεύσει σε, χρόνος, for whether used substantively or adjectively, may receive apThe personal pronouns and the demonstrative pronouns, position. The personal pronoun involved in the verb may also receive apposition. If a preposition is employed with the chief word, it is commonly not repeated with the subordinate one, Special notice must be given to apposition with possessive pronouns, and adjectives which indicate that something belongs to an object. In these instances the appended words are in the genitive; the case being taken from the genitive force of the word which represents possession. Let us give an instance: Διαρπάζουσι τα εμα του κακοδαιμονος They plunder my goods, wretched man that I am; 548 where the genitive του κακοδαιμονος is borrowed from the | νομοις ουτε εθεσι χρωμεθα τοῖς αὐτοῖς. sense clear. Another kind of apposition is, that in which the parts of a whole are appended to the whole in the same case as the whole itself, has, e.g. Πολλά και καλα εργα σαντο. Επεσχον πολλα και δεινα. Αμεινοκλῆς, Κορινθιος ναυπηγος, Σαμίοις ναῦς ἐποίησε. Κροῖσος, ὁ Λύδιος βασιλευς, απεβαλε την αρχην. Σωκράτην, ανδρα σοφωτατον και δικαιοτατον, απεκτειναν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι. Σκύθαι, βαρβαρον εθνος, ανδρεῖοι εισι και μαχιμοι. Μεγαλην, φασι, δυναμιν τῳ Γύγη, τοῦ Λυδοῦ προγονῳ, γενεσθαι. Το μέλος εκ τριῶν συγκειται, λογου τε και άρμονιας και ῥυθμου. Περι χρηματων λαλεῖς, αβε βαίου πραγματος. Ἡμεῖς, οἱ ταλαίπωροι, απολωλαμεν. Οὗτος ὁ τροπος ἦν τῆς τῶν παλαιῶν φιλοσοφίας, βρακυλογια τις Λακωνική. Θεμιστοκλῆς ἡκω παρα σε. Εκεινο κερδανεῖν ἡγεῖται, την ηδονην. Ταμα (τα εμα) δυστήνου κακα. Απιτε εφ' ὑμετεραν των βαρβάρων χωραν. Αθηναῖος ἦν, πολεως τῆς μεγιστης και ευδοκιμωτάτης. Οικιαι αἱ μεν πολλαι επεπτωκεσαν, ολίγαι δε To this, which is called the partitive apposition, belongs the περιῆσαν. Αἱ τεχναι το αυτῆς ἑκαστη εργον εργάζεται. Παντες σχῆμα καθ ̓ ὁλον και μερος, that is, the construction which | οἱ δημιουργοι βλέπουσι προς το ἑαυτὸν ἔργον έκαστος. Μεθες με puts the part and the whole in the same case; a construction χειρα. Τρῶας δε αχος έλλαβε θυμον. Ποῖον σε επος φυγεν which strictly is peculiar to the poets; thus Homer says Λῦπαι αἱ μεν χρησται εισιν, αἱ δε κακαι (Of) griefs some are useful, others bad. In English the whole is put in the objective, but in Greek the whole stands in the same case as the parts. We have a somewhat similar construction in English, e.g.—the pilgrims returned each to his own home. Τον μεν αρα Γλαῦκος στηθος μεσον ούτασε δουρι Him Glaucus, (in) the centre of his bosom, wounded with a spear; where στηθος μεσον, the part, is in apposition with ror, the whole, στηθος μεσον thus defnes the exact place in which the man was wounded. Sometimes the distributive apposition is connected with this partitive apposition; e.g. Τρῶας δε τρόμος αινος ὑπηλυθε γυῖα ἑκαστον Dreadful fear seized the Trojans (in) each one's knees. The infnitive appears in apposition, chiefly after demon. strative and relative pronouns, in order to give a more exact view of the idea before generally indicated; e.g. Βαρος τι και τοδ' εστιν, αινεῖσθαι λιαν This also is something unpleasant, (namely) to be praised excessively. A substantive appears in apposition to an entire sentence, in order to mark the point of view from which the fact in the sentence is to be regarded; e.g, 'Ελενην κτανωμεν, Μενελεῳ λυπην πικραν Let us slay Helen-a bitter grief to Menelaus. EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH. Των αυτών δεονται και ἡ γυνη και ο ανηρ, δικαιοσυνης και σωφροσύνης. Μινως και Λυκοῦργος νομους εθετην. Σωκράτει ὁμιλητα γενομενω Κριτίας τε και Αλκιβιαδης πλειστα κακα την πολιν εποιησάτην. Εμελλον απολογήσασθαι Λεωχάρης η Δικαιογενης. Δημοσθενης μετα των ξυστρατηγῶν σπευδονται. Αλκιβιάδης εκ Σαρδίων μετα Μαντιθέου ἱππων ευπορήσαντες απεδρασαν ες Κλαζομενας. Εστρατηγει τῶν νεῶν Αριστευς και Καλλικράτης και Τιμανωρ. Ανίστατο εκ τοῦ συμποσίου ὁ Ηλθε Χρυσ Τιμαρχος και ὁ Φιλημων αποκτενοῦντες Νικιαν. αντας τε ὁ Περσης και αλλοι τινες τῶν ὁμοτιμων. Βασιλευς και οἱ συν αυτῳ διωκων ειςπιπτει εις το Κυρεῖον στρατοπεδον. Αβεβαια και πλουτος και τιμη και δοξα. Σωματος κάλλος και ισχυς δειλῷ και κακῳ ξυνοικοῦντα ου πρεποντα φαίνεται, αλλ' απρεπή. Ευγενίαι και δυνάμεις και τιμαι δηλα εστιν αγαθα οντα. Εκκλησιαζόμεν περι πολεμου και ειρηνης, ὁ μεγιστην έχει δυναμιν εν τῷ βίῳ των ανθρωπων. Νεοι τε και νεαι ὁμιλοῦντες αλληλοις φιλοπόνως ἡδέως διαγουσιν. Αλκηστις ηθελησε μονη ὑπερ τοῦ αὐτῆς ανδρος αποθανειν, οντων αυτῷ πατρος τε και μητρος. Συ τε ̔Ελλην εἶ και ἡμεῖς. Έλληνες εσμεν και συ και ἡμεῖς. Ουτε συ ουτ' αν αλλος ουδεις δύναιτ' αντειπεῖν. Ουτε συ αν δυναιο αντειπεῖν ουτ' αλλος ουδεις. Και εγω και συ πολλα δη τοῦ αρεσκειν ἕνεκα τῇ πόλει και ειπομεν και επραξαμεν. Ὑμεῖς και εγω ταδε λεγομεν. Λακεδαιμόνιοι και ἡμεῖς ουτε έρκος οδόντων! Αχαιοῖσιν δε μεγα σθενος εμβαλ ̓ ἑκάστῳ καρδιῃ αλληκτον πολεμιζειν ηδε μαχεσθαι. Εστι πενια αύτη σαφης, το δεομενον τινος μη εχειν χρῆσθαι. Οἱ τα φαρμακα πινοντες πότερον σοι δοκοῦσι τουτο βουλεσθαι, όπερ ποιουσι, πινειν το φαρμακον και αλγεῖν, η έκεινο, το ύγιαίνειν; Κεισομεθα δε νεκρώ, αθανατον άλγος σοι, ψογος δε σῷ πατρι. VOCABULARY, QUESTIONS, ETC. Ξυστρατηγῶν for συστρατηγῶν, from συν and στρατηγος. Ομοτῖμος (όμος, like, and τιμη honour), alike honoured; οἱ ομοτιμοι, were among the Persians the first class of citizens, the Απιτε εφ' ὑμετέραν, etc., nobility, compare our word “peers,” that is pares, equals. Ειργασαντο, from εραγζομαι, I do, I make. the sentence may be resolved thus, απιτε επι την χωραν ύμων βαρβαρων, go away to the country of you barbarians; that is, begone to your own country, you barbarians. In a similar manner, resolve and explain the sentence beginning Αθηναῖος ὢν. Ποῖον σε επος, literally, what a speech has escaped thee, the hedge of (thy) teeth; that is, what a speech has fallen from thy lips. Εθετην, why is this verb in the active, not in the middle voice? Εποιησάτην, what part of the verb is this? what parts are the following: namely, απολογήσασθαι, ευπορήσαντες, ανιστ τατο, ἤλθε, εκκλησιαζόμεν, αποθανειν, αντειπεῖν, ςυναιο, επραξαμεν, ειργάσαντο, γενεσθαι, ἡγειται. Why is σπευδονται in the plural ? Why is εστρατήγει in the singular? How do you explain that the fact ανιστατo is in the singular, and αποκτενοῦντες in the plural? Why is φαίνεται in the singular? Why is αγαθα οντα in the neuter? Why is ὁμιλουντες in the masculine ? Explain the construction of οντων; also of δυστήνου and των βαρβαρων; also of λογου τε και άρμονιας και ῥυθμου. What do you mean by apposition State its several modifications. HISTORICAL ANECDOTES. Επει ὁ Σωκρατης κριθεις το δικαστηριον απέλιπετο, και ᾔσθετο τους παρεπομενους φιλους δακρυοντας, Τί τοῦτο, εἶπεν, η αρτι δακρυετε; ου γαρ παλαι ιστε ότι εξ ότου περ εγενόμην, κατεψηφισμενος ἦν μου ὑπο τῆς φυσεως ὁ θάνατος; αλλα μεντοι, ει μεν αγαθῶν επιῤῥεοντων προαπολλυμαι, δηλον ότι εμοι και τοις εμοις ευνοῖς λυπητεον, ει δε χαλεπῶν προςδοκωμένων καταλυω τον βιον, εγω μεν οιμαι ὡς ευπραγοῦντος ἐμοῦ πᾶσιν ὑμιν ευθυμητεων εἶναι. Παρων δε τις Απολλοδωρος επιθυμητης μεν ισχυρῶς αὐτοῦ, αλλως δ' ευήθης, εἶπεν αρα, Αλλα τοῦτο εγωγε, ω Σωκρατες, χαλεπωτατα φέρω, ότ' ὁρῶ σε αδικῶς αποθνήσκοντα. Τον δε λεγεται καταψήσαντα την αυτοῦ κεφαλην εἰπεῖν, Συ δε, ω φιλτατε Απολλόδωρε, μαλλον αν εβουλου με ὁρᾶν δικαίως η αδικῶς αποθνησκοντα; και άμα επιγελασαι. Λεγοντος δε τινὸς ότι αηδώς εσθιοι. Ακουόμενος, εφη, τούτου φαρμακον αγαθόν centurion sent them to Joppa, in which city wasdwelling Simon. διδασκειν. Ερομενου δε, Ποιον; Παυσασθαι εσθιοντα, εφη και | which, or of which, in English, and agrees with the noun which ήδιον τε και ευτελέστερον και υγιεινοτερον φησι διάξειν παυσαcomes after it; as, μενον. Αλλου δε αὖ λεγοντος ότι θερμον εἴη παρ' ἑαυτῷ το El hombre cuya madre es buena, the man whose mother is good. ύδωρ, ὃ πινοι, Οταν αρ', εφη, βουλη θερμῳ λούσασθαι, έτοιμον La casa cuyos cuartos son espaciosos, the house of which the rooms are spacious. εσται σοι. Αλλα ψυχρον, εφη, ώστε λούσασθαι εστιν. Αρ' ουν, | El centurion los envió d Joppe, en cuya ciudad moraba Simon, the εφη, και οἱ οικεται σου άχθονται πίνοντες τε αυτο και λουόμενοι αυτῷ; Μα τον Δι', εφε αλλα και πολλακις τεθαύμακα ὡς ήδέως αυτῷ προς αμφοτερα ταῦτα χρῶνται. Πότερον δε, έφη, το παρα σοι ύδωρ θερμότερον πιεῖν εστιν η το εν Ασκληπιού; Το εν Ασκληπιού, εφη. Ποτερον δε λούσασθαι ψυχρότερον, το παρα σοι η το εν Αμφιαρου; Το εν Αμφιαρου, εφη. Ενθυμοῦ ουν, εφη, ότι κινδυνεύεις δυσαρεστότερος εἶναι των τε οικετων και των αῤῥωστούντων. When the relative pronoun refers to persons, que is generally used for quien, in the nominative case; but in the objective case d quien or que is used (generally the former); as, El hombre que habla, the man who speaks. Yo que hablo, I who speak. La muger á quien Juan vió, or la muger que Juan viỏ, the woman whom John saw. If a preposition come before Whom, quien is always used in Spanish; as, El muchacho para quien él lo hizo, the boy for whom he did it. Un hombre en quien el rey tiene mucha confianza, a man in whom the king has much confidence. What, when it means that which, is, in Spanish, lo que; when it means what thing, it is que; and when used before a noun, What or Which is que or cual; as, ά Lo que á algunos gusta á otros disgusta, what to some is-pleasant, to others is-disgusting. El dijo, yo no sé que, he said I know not what. Yo no sé que libros leer, or yo no sé cuales libros leer, I know not what (or which) books to read. He who, or he that, is in Spanish el que; she who, la que; they or those who, los que (masc.), las que (fem.). There is also the neuter form, lo que. In Spanish a preposition is always placed before the relative pronoun which it governs; as, La ciudad en que yo moro, the city in which I dwell. We cannot say, "the city which I dwell in," in Spanish. The relative pronoun can never be suppressed in Spanish as in English; thus, "the man I saw," must be expressed in full, "the man whom I saw." They Cuarto, room. Ciudad, city. sant. VOCABULARY. Dios, God. Quien always relates to persons, and agrees with its antecedent in gender and number; as, El general es quien los vió, the general is (he) who saw them. Las reinas son quienes le maldijeron, the queens are (they) who reviled him. When quien (or quienes) is governed by a verb, it is always preceded by the preposition á; as, La dama á quien omd. teme, the lady whom you fear. El cual and que, like the relative pronoun that in English, relate both to persons and things, agreeing with their antecedent in gender and number. El cual is generally to be used to prevent the repetition of quien or que; as, La vaca que vió, y de la cual habla, es tímida, the cow which he saw, and of which he speaks, is timid. Maria, Mary. Nombre, name. Sabiduría, wisdom. Agradable, agreeable, plea- Desgraciado, unfortunate, un Posible, possible. Sabe, (he) knows. Hacer, to make, to do. MODEL SENTENCES. El juez es quien vió las cartas que vmd. escribió. Las Francesas son quienes dieron los libros á Pedro. El hombre á quien et Aleman dió los sombreros, es muy rico é ignorante. Las mugeres á quienes el médico escribió las cartas, son muy Cuyo is the possessive relative pronoun, answering to Whose, pobres é ignorantes. El juez dió los libros á un pintor2 ingles1, • Lo cual is sometimes used instead of el cual. en quien el médico tiene mucha confianza. Las mugeres para quienes Pedro escribió las cartas, son muy hermosas y ricas. La Espñola á quien Pedro ama, es muy hermosa. Las Fran |