Multiply the given number or sum by the given percentage expressed decimally; and point off the product as in multiplication of decimal fractions. Obs.-1. It is important for the learner to observe, that the amount of money collected is made the basis upon which the percentage is computed. That is, the agent is entitled to 3 pounds as often as he collects 100 pounds, and not as often as he pays over 100 pounds, as is frequently supposed. For in the latter case he would receive only r3, instead of of the sum in question. This distinction is important, especially in calculating percentage on large sums. 2. Hence, if the percentage contains a vulgar fraction which cannot be expressed decimally, first multiply by the decimal, then by the vulgar fraction of the given percentage, and point off the sum of their products as above. 6. What is 4 per cent. of £300 ? COMMISSION, BROKERAGE, AND STOCKS. Commission is the percentage or sum charged by agents for their services in buying and selling goods, or transacting other business. Obs.-An Agent who buys and sells goods for another, is called a Commission Merchant, a Factor, Broker, or Correspondent. Brokerage is the percentage or sum charged by money dealers, called Brokers, for negotiating Bills of Exchange, and other monetary operations, and is of the same nature as Commission. By the term Stocks, is meant the capital of moneyed institutions, as incorporated Banks, Railway and Insurance Companies, etc.; also Government and Foreign Bonds, etc. Obs.-1. Stocks are divided into portions of various sums, shareholders. Solution.-Expressed decimally, 4 per cent. 042; and each, called shares; and the owners of these shares are called £300 X 042 = £12·60 = £12 12s. Ans. 7. What is 3 per cent. of £256 5s.? 8. What is 2 per cent. of £437 12s. 6d. ? 9. What is 2 per cent. of £138 7s. 6d. ? 10. What is 6 per cent. of £145 3s.? 11. What is 7 per cent. of £1,630 10s. 12. A man borrowed £150, and paid 7 per cent. for the use of it: how much did he pay? 13. A merchant bought goods amounting to £1,825, and sold them so that he gained 12 per cent.: how much did he gain? 14. A person collected £862 10s. 6d., and charged 5 per cent. for his services: how much did he receive, and how much did he pay over? 15. What is 10 per cent. of £4,020 10s.? 16. What is 8 per cent. of £1,675 ? 17. What is 4 per cent. of £725 ? 18. What is 54 per cent. of £648 6s. 8d. › 19. What is 64 per cent. of £1,000? 20. What is 7 per cent. of £2,000? 21. What is 8 per cent. of £100 5s.? 22. A farmer having 1,500 sheep, lost 25 per cent. of them: how many did he lose? 23. A merchant having £1,960 on deposit, drew out 20 per cent. of it: how much had he left in the bank? 24. A merchant imported 1,500 boxes of oranges, and 12 per cent. of them decayed: how many boxes did he lose, and how many had he left? 25. What is per cent. of £1,625? per cent. of £2,526 Ss.? per cent. of £42,260 1s. 8d. 26. What is 27. What is 28. What is per cent. of £75,000? 29. What is per cent. of £100,000? 30. What is 31. What is per cent. of £45,241 4s. per cent. of £675,264? 32. A merchant bought a stock of goods amounting to £4,565, and paid 3 per cent for freight: what was the whole cost of his goods? 33. A man's salary is £200 a year, and he lays up 37 per cent. of it: how much does he spend? 34. A youth who inherited £2,000 spent 40 per cent. of it in dissipation: how much had he left? 35. Two merchants embarked in business with £1,825 capital apiece; one gained 20 per cent. and the other lost 20 per cent. the first year: what was then the amount of each man's property? 36. Two men invested £1,000 apiece in stocks; one lost 8 per cent., the other 6 per cent.: what was the difference of their loss? 37. What is the difference between 6 per cent. of £1,040, and 7 per cent. of £905? APPLICATIONS OF PERCENTAGE. Percentage, or the method of reckoning by hundredths, is applied to various calculations in the practical concerns of life. Among the most important of these are Commissions, Brokerage, the Rise and Fall of Stocks, Interest, Discount, Insurance, Profit and Loss, Duties, and Taxes. Its principles, therefore, should be thoroughly understood by every one. 2. The association or company thus formed is called a corporation, when it has obtained a charter, instrument specify. ing the powers, rights, and privileges invested in the company. The original cost or valuation of a share is called its nominal or par value; the sum for which it can be sold is its real value. Obs.-1. The rise or fall of Stocks or Shares is reckoned at a certain percentage of its par value. The term par is a Latin word, which signifies equal, or a state of equality. 2. When Stocks sell for their original cost or valuation, they are said to be at par; when they sell for more than the cost price, they are said to be above par, at a premium, or an advance; when they do not sell at cost price, they are said to be below par, or at a discount. 3. Persons who deal in Stocks and Shares are usually called Stock and Share Brokers or Jobbers, according as they buy and sell for others, or on their own account. The commission or allowance made to factors and brokers, and the rise and fall of stocks, are usually reckoned at a certain percentage on the amount of money employed in the transaction, or on the par value of the given shares. Hence, discount on stocks, To compute commission, brokerage, and the premium or Multiply the given sum by the given percentage expressed in decimals, and point off the product as in Percentage. Obs. The commission for the collection of bills, taxes, etc., and for the sale or purchase of goods, varies from 2 to 12 or 15 per cent., and should always be reckoned on the amount of money collected, or paid out or employed in the transaction. The brokerage for the sale or purchase of stocks varies from to per cent., reckoned on the par value of the stock. EXAMPLES. 1. An auctioneer sold goods amounting to £463, at 3 per cent. commission: how much did he receive? 2. An agent bought goods amounting to £625 6s. 6d. : what is his commission at 2 per cent.? 3. What is the commission on £1,682 5s. at 3 per cent? 4. What is the commission on £1,463 10s. at 5 per cent.? 5. What is the commission on £2,560 7s. at 4 per cent.? 6. What is the commission on £10,250 at 6 per cent.? 7. What is the commission on £8,340 6s. at 7 per cent.? 8. What is the commission on £960 6s. 3d. at 5 per cent.? 9. A commission merchant sold goods to the amount of £6,235 at 24 per cent.: what was his commission? charged 74 per cent. for his services: how much did he re10. An attorney collected a debt of £8,265 17s. 6d., and ceive? 11. Bought £1,108 worth of books at 4 per cent. commission: what was the amount of commission? 12. A tax-gatherer collected £1,225, for which he was entitled to 5 per cent. commission: how much did he receive? 13. Sold goods amounting to £1,432 2s. 6d. : how much was the commission at 4 per cent.? 14. A commission merchant sold a quantity of hardware amounting to £924 7s. 6d.: how much would he receive, allowing 24 per cent. for selling and 2 per cent; more for guaranteeing the payment? 15. An auctioneer sold carpeting amounting to £213 6s. 3d., and charged 24 per cent. for selling and 2 per cent. for guaranteeing the payment: how much did the auctioneer receive, and how much did he remit the owner? Commission merchants, agents, etc., generally keep an account with their employers, and as they make investments or sales of goods, charge their commission on the amount invested or the sum employed in the transaction. Sometimes, however, a specific amount is sent to an agent or broker, requesting him, after deducting his commission, to lay out the balance in a certain manner. 16. A gentleman sent his agent £150 to purchase a library how much had he to lay out after deducting his commission at 5 per cent.; and what was his commission? Note. The money actually laid out by the agent in books, is manifestly the proper basis on which to calculate his commission; for it would be unjust to charge commission on the sum he retains. 100 Analysis. The money laid out is 188 of itself, and the commission is 18 of this sum; consequently the money laid out added to the commission must be 18% of the whole amount. The question therefore resolves itself into this: £1,500 is 185 of what sum? If £1,500 is 105, 1 must be 1500 105 = 1500, and 188 1800 x 100 = £1428 57, the sum laid out. Now £1500 £1428.57 £71-43, £71 8s. 7 d. the commission. Proof-£1428.57 X 05 = £71.43; and £1428-57 + £71-43 £1500, the amount sent. Hence, 32. A man bought 35 shares in the Great Northern Railway at par, and afterwards sold them at 1 per cent. premium: how much did he get for them? 33. A man bought 15 £100 shares in the South-eastern Railway at 2 per cent. premium, and sold them at 10 per cent. discount: how much did he sell them for, and how much did he lose? 34. Bought 71 £100 shares in the Central Gas Consumers Company at 5 per cent. premium: how much did they amount to? 35. A broker bought 48 shares in the Leeds and Northern Railway at 14 per cent. discount, and sold them at 6 per cent. premium: how much did he make by the operation? 36. If I employ a broker to buy me 55 £100 shares in the Eastern Counties Railway, which are 20 per cent. below par, and pay him per cent. brokerage, how much will my shares cost me? 37. If my agent buys 78 £100 shares in the North Midland Railway at 15 per cent. premium, and charges me per cent. brokerage, how much will my stock cost? LESSONS IN GREEK.-No. LIV. THE ENLARGEMENT OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. To compute commission when it is to be deducted in advance from a given amount, and the balance is to be invested, Divide the given amount by £1 increased by the percentage com-larged both externally and internally. mission, and the quotient will be the part to be invested. Subtract the part invested from the given amount, and the remainder will be the commission. Obs. The commission may also be found by multiplying the sum invested by the given percentage according to the preceding rule. 17. An agent received £2,150 to lay out in provisions, after deducting 2 per cent, commission: what sum did he lay out? 18. A country dealer sent £356 to his agent in the city to purchase goods after taking out his commission, at 3 per cent., how much remained to be laid ou?? 19. Baring, Brothers and Co. sent their agents £80,000 to buy flour: after deducting 5 per cent. commission, how much would be left to invest? 20. A broker negotiated a bill of exchange of £82,531, at 5 per cent. how much did he receive for his services? 21. What is the brokerage on £94,265 at 14 per cent.? 22. What is the brokerage on £6,200 at per cent.? 23. What is the brokerage on £8,845 10s. at per cent.? 24. What is the brokerage on £2,500 at per cent.? 25. A broker made an investment of £21,265, and charged 1 per cent.: what was the amount of his brokerage? 26. If you buy 20 £100 shares in the Great Western Railway at 7 per cent. premium, how much will they cost you? Ans. £2,140. Note.-The shares evidently cost their par value, which is £2,000, and 7 per cent. besides. Now £2000 07 £140; and £2,000+ £140 £2140. 27. What is the cost of 20 shares of Bank stock at 7 per cent. discount? Ans. £2000 - £140 £1860. 28. What is the cost of 35 £100 shares in the of London and North-western Railway at 5 per cent. premium.? 29. A merchant bought 45 shares in the London Joint-Stock Bank at par, and afterwards sold them at 50 per cent. discount: how much did he lose? 30. A man invested £846 in the Three per Cent. Consols, and afterwards sold out at 4 per cent. premium: how much did he sell his stock for? 31. Sold 64 £100 shares in the Midland Railway at 10 cent. premium; how much did they come to? per The external enlargement of the subject consists in this, that the affirmation made in the predicate is equally referred to several different objects, so that there are several subjects belonging to one predicate. Now several subjects to which one predicate is assigned, may be viewed as a series of connected individual persons or things, or they may be viewed as forming a whole. If these subjects form a series they are united together copulatively by kaι, TE—KAI, TE—TE, KAI—KAI; or disjunctively by n. In English the copulative and the disjunctive are ordinarily placed only before the last noun of the series; in Greek they are placed between every two of the series. If the series is viewed as a whole the one is added to the other by means of ovv, μera, àμa. The subject must agree with the predicate. This general rule may be expanded. The predicate may agree with the several nouns in the plural or dual number, on the ground that in sense the several nouns are comprehended in the affirmation made in the predicate; or the predicate may grammatically agree with one of the nouns, with which in sense it is more intimately connected than with any other or all the others; that intimate connection may arise from proximity. In the former case the predicate will be in the plural, in the latter case it will be either in the singular or the plural, according to the number of the noun with which it is immediately connected. When the predicate agrees with only one noun, it must be understood to apply to the others through that one noun or subject. life or conditions of things, the Greeks commonly put the adIn reference to several subjects which signify things without jective predicate in the neuter plural. In reference to masculine and feminine subjects, the common adjective predicate or attribute is usually in the masculine gender. In the union of several grammatically different subjects, the verb either agrees with the nearest, or is in the plural; if one of the subjects is in the first person, the verb is in the first person. Instances of these constructions will be found in the exercise. In some cases I have given the same sense in different modes of expression. The sense may in these cases be said to be generally the same. Nevertheless, shades of difference appear to the practised scholar. The laws of thought are more imperative, as well as more various, than the rules of grammar. By the laws of thought the rules of grammar are constantly modified, nor is it possible to reduce to grammatical rule the nicer distinctions of thought. You must, therefore, in your grammatical studies make due allowance for the predominance of the thought over the expression. No Also adverbs and adverbial phrases may be connected with a noun as its attribute, when the noun has the article. This is a marked peculiarity, and I shall therefore place the instances with their meanings in a distinct and emphatic two forms of utterance can well be nearer in sense than manner. these Συ τε Ελλην εἰ καὶ ἡμεῖς Thou art a Greek and we (are Greeks). Ἕλληνες ἐσμὲν και συ και ἡμεῖς We are Greeks both thou and we. Yet they slightly differ; for in the former kai μeç seems to be added as an after-thought, and as if in the way of a claim; whereas in the latter, both subjeets are at once and frankly owned as Greeks, and emphasis is given to the acknowledgement by the addition of και συ και ἡμεῖς. Observe that subjects connected disjunctively, as well as conjunctively take a plural verb in Greek. This usage is contrary to what is common in English. Observe also, that a noun singular having a plural united with it by a preposition, and so forming a compound subject, takes the verbs in the plural in the Greek. Here also we have a departure from the rule of English grammar. The internal enlargement of the subject consists in this, that an attribute is associated with it. By an attribute is meant any addition made to a substantive, which serves to individualise the substantive, that is, to describe its essence and nature, and to distinguish it from other of the same species. The attribute appears as blended with the subject by means of an adjective; thus we say— οἶκος πατρος father's house οικοδομη The attribute may also be set forth as something subjoined in the way of explanation; as οἶκος, ἡ των ανθρωπων μονη house, the dwelling-place of men. This application of the attribute is specifically called apposition. Attributes may be assigned to nouns not merely as subjects but also as objects. In Greek frequently nouns may perform the office of attributives. Thus we may employ these uncoalescing combinations-avno πрeoßurns, an old man; avno vɛavias, a young man (literally a youth-man); ypaus youn, an old woman; πρεσβύτις γυνη, an old woman. We may exhibit the fact thus ανηρ-πολιτης, τυραννος, οπλίτης, ίππευς, αρχος, βουληφόρος. ανθρωπος-μετοικος, τεχνίτης, ῥήτωρ, φιλοσοφος, ευεργετης, etc. ανης-Αθηναῖος, Σπαρτιατης, Περσης, Πυγμαῖος. γυνη-Σπαρτιατις, Περσις ; 60 ταμίη, δεσποινα. To these and other adjectives of race or country, avno and yuvn, are thus added as attributives. Thus, in English we say, a French man, an English woman. In a similar manner, to the names of lands, islands, mountains, and especially rivers, may be added the appellative, descriptive of the species, when the proper name and the appellative are of the same gender; e.g.-'0 Maiavopos Toraμos, the river Meander; ò Ευφράτης ποταμός; ἡ Θεσπρωτις γῆς ἡ Αττικη γῆ (or χωρα); ἡ Δήλος νήσος; το Σούνιον ακρον ; τα Κεραύνια όρη. Observe that the Greeks said the island Delos, which is more logically correct than our "the island of Delos." • An appellative is a common noun or name of a species, in distinction from a proper noun, or name of an individual. Adverbial Attributes. navo Toxic, the upper (lying inland) city. Ó μεтažν xρovog, the interval, the meanwhile. ἡ εν Μαραθῶνι μαχη, the battle on the plain of Marathon. ἡ εν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχια, the naval battle at Salamis. ἡ σφοδρα επιθυμια, the intense desire. Περικλῆς ὁ πανυ, the great Pericles. belongs, in the same way as the predicate agrees with its The attributive adjective agrees with the subject to which it subject, following the subject in gender, number, and case, e.g. copos avne, a wise man; yuvn kaλn, a fair woman; τa výna opn, the lofty mountains; Ty euy Ovyarpi, to my daughter. If several adjective attributes are joined with a noun they are either connected together by means of Kat, Te—kai, etc.; or they stand without a copula. Adjectives expressive of quality are generally united by kaι, etc., e.g. Νεα και άπαλη σαρξ, young and tender flesh. Αγαθῶν και παλαιων νομεθετῶν εὑρηματα, the discoveries of good and ancient lawgivers. Μεγαλα και λαμπρα δώρα της τυχῆς, the good and brilliant gifts of fortune. Οικια μεγάλη και ευδαιμων, a great and happy family. The copula may be omitted, however, if one of the adjectives blends with the noun so as to form with it a compound idea, as εσχατη κακη τυχη, the extreme of bad luck; where κακη τυχη go together as if they were one word; so μεγα πλοῖον σιταγω yov, a large corn-vessel. The copulative ka is sometimes omitted also for the sake of oratorical effect. Equally disconnected are the adjective attributes if one of quality, as cov oyov Xaμrpov, thy splendid deed; deka vies them is a pronominal adjective, or an adjective of number or μakoai, ten long ships; alλog vεos mais, another young child; δικαῖος ανηρ ουδεις, not one just man. Πολυς forms an exception; thus, πολλοι και καλοι χιτώνες (though in English the conjunction is here omitted), many beautiful coats; aMor πολλοι και σοφοι ανδρες, many other wise men. If you subjoin an attribute which arises out of the nature of what is called apposition, that is, the ascription of two (or the subject, and yet has an independent existence, you form this construction. It has special force to give individuality to more) ideas to the same subject. Explanation is the object of be confounded. The word receiving the apposition determines the subject, distinguishing it from others with which it might the case of the word by which the apposition is made. In general, the latter immediately follows the former. For the sake of special emphasis, however, the explanatory word may take precedence; e.g. Ο κοινός ιατρός θεραπεύσει σε, χρόνος, for The personal pronouns and the demonstrative pronouns, whether used substantively or adjectively, may receive apposition. The personal pronoun involved in the verb may also receive apposition. If a preposition is employed with the chief word, it is commonly not repeated with the subordinate one. Special notice must be given to apposition with possessive pronouns, and adjectives which indicate that something belongs to an object. In these instances the appended words are in the genitive; the case being taken from the genitive force of the word which represents possession. Let us give an instance: Διαρπάζουσι τα εμα του κακοδαιμονος They plunder my goods, wretched man that I am; sense clear. Another kind of apposition is, that in which the parts of a whole are appended to the whole in the same case as the whole itself, has, e.g. αἱ δε κακαι Λῦπαι αἱ μεν χρησται εισιν, Πολλά και καλα εργα where the genitive του κακοδαιμονος is borrowed from the | νομοις ούτε έθεσι χρωμεθα τοῖς αὐτοῖς. genitive involved in εμα; and the phrase is equivalent to σαντο. Επεσχον πολλα και δεινα. Αμεινοκλῆς, Κορινθιος διαρπάζουσι τα του κακοδαιμονος έμου πραγματα, they plunder ναυπηγος, Σαμίοις ναῦς ἐποίησε. Κροῖσος, ὁ Λύδιος βασιλευς, the goods of me, a wretched man. In rendering the idiom into English, some latitude must be taken, in order to make the απεβαλε την αρχην. Σωκράτην, ανδρα σοφωτατον και δικαιοτατον, απεκτειναν οἱ Ἀθηναῖοι. Σκύθαι, βαρβαρον εθνος, ανδρεῖοι εισι και μαχιμοι. Μεγάλην, φασι, δυναμιν τῳ Γύγη, τοῦ Λυδοῦ προγονῳ, γενεσθαι. Το μέλος εκ τριῶν συγκειται, λόγου τε και άρμονιας και ρυθμου. Περι χρηματων λαλεῖς, αβε βαίου πραγματος. Ἡμεῖς, οἱ ταλαιπωροι, απολωλαμεν. Οὗτος ὁ τρόπος ἦν τῆς τῶν παλαιῶν φιλοσοφίας, βρακυλο για τις Λακωνική. Θεμιστοκλῆς ἡκω παρα σε. Εκεινο κερδανεῖν ἡγεῖται, την ηδονην. Ταμα (τα εμα) δυστήνου κακα. Απιτε εφ' ὑμετεραν των βαρβάρων χωραν. Αθηναῖος ὤν, πόλεως τῆς μεγιστης και ευδοκιμώτατης. Οικιαι αἱ μεν πολλαι επεπτώκεσαν, ολίγαι δε περιῆσαν. Αἱ τεχναι το αυτῆς ἑκαστη εργον εργάζεται. Παντες οἱ δημιουργοι βλέπουσι προς το ἑαυτον έργον έκαστος. Μεθες με χειρα. Τρώας δε αχος έλλαβε θυμον. Ποῖον σε επος φυγεν έρκος οδόντων! Αχαιοῖσιν δε μεγα σθενος εμβαλ ̓ ἑκαστῳ καρδι αλληκτον πολεμιζειν ηδε μαχεσθαι. Εστι πενια αύτη σαφης, το δεομενον τινος μη εχειν χρῆσθαι. Οἱ τα φαρμακα πινοντες πότερον σοι δοκοῦσι τουτο βουλεσθαι, όπερ ποιουσι, πίνειν το φαρμακον και αλγεῖν, η έκεινο, το ύγιαινειν; Κεισόμεθα δε νεκρώ, αθανατον άλγος σοι, ψογος δε σῷ πατρι. In English the whole is put in the objective, but in Greek the whole stands in the same case as the parts. We have a somewhat similar construction in English, e.g.—the pilgrims returned each to his own home. To this, which is called the partitive apposition, belongs the σχῆμα καθ ̓ ὅλον και μερος, that is, the construction which puts the part and the whole in the same case; a construction which strictly is peculiar to the poets; thus Homer says Τον μεν αρα Γλαῦκος στηθος μεσον ούτασε δουρι Him Glaucus, (in) the centre of his bosom, wounded with a spear ; where στηθος μεσον, the part, is in apposition with ror, the whole; στηθος μεσον thus defines the exact place in which the man was wounded. Sometimes the distributive apposition is connected with this partitive apposition; e.g. Τρώας δε τρόμος αινος ὑπηλυθε γυῖα έκαστον Dreadful fear seized the Trojans (in) each one's knees. The infnitive appears in apposition, chiefly after demonstrative and relative pronouns, in order to give a more exact view of the idea before generally indicated; e.g. Βαρος τι και τοδ' εστιν, αινεῖσθαι λιαν This also is something unpleasant, (namely) to be praised excessively. A substantive appears in apposition to an entire sentence, in order to mark the point of view from which the fact in the sentence is to be regarded; e.g, 'Ελενην κτανωμεν, Μενελεφ λυπην πικραν Let us slay Helen-a bitter grief to Menelaus. EXERCISES.-GREEK-ENGLISH. Των αυτών δεονται και ἡ γυνη και ο ανηρ, δικαιοσύνης και σωφροσύνης. Μίνως και Λυκοῦργος νομους εθετην. Σωκράτει ὁμιλητα γενομένω Κριτίας τε και Αλκιβιάδης πλειστα κακα την πολιν εποιησάτην. Εμελλον απολογήσασθαι Λεωχαρης η Δικαιογενης. Δημοσθενης μετα των ξυστρατηγῶν σπευδονται. Αλκιβιαδης εκ Σαρδίων μετα Μαντιθέου ἱππων ευπορήσαντες απεδρασαν ες Κλαζομενας. Εστρατηγει τῶν νεῶν Αριστευς και Καλλικράτης και Τιμανωρ. Ανίστατο εκ τοῦ συμποσίου ὁ Τιμαρχος και ὁ Φιλημων αποκτενοῦντες Νικιαν. Ηλθε Χρυσ αντας τε ὁ Περσης και αλλοι τινες τῶν ὁμότιμων. Βασιλευς και οἱ συν αυτῳ διωκων ειςπίπτει εις το Κυρεῖον στρατοπεδον. Αβέβαια και πλουτος και τιμη και δοξα. Σωματος καλλος και ισχυς δειλῷ και κακῳ ξυνοικοῦντα ου πρέποντα φαίνεται, αλλ' απρεπή. Ευγενίαι και δυνάμεις και τιμαι δηλα εστιν αγαθα οντα. Εκκλησιαζόμεν περι πολέμου και ειρήνης, ὁ μεγιστην έχει δυναμιν εν τῳ βιῳ των ανθρωπων. Νεοι τε και νεαι ὁμιλοῦντες αλληλοις φιλοπόνως ήδέως διαγουσιν. Αλκηστις ηθελησε μονη ὑπὲρ τοῦ αὐτῆς ανδρος αποθανειν, οντων αυτῷ πατρος τε και μητρος. Συ τε ̔Ελλην εἶ και ἡμεῖς. Έλληνες εσμεν και συ και ἡμεῖς. Ουτε συ ουτ' αν αλλος ουδείς δύναιτ' αντειπεῖν. Ουτε συ αν δυναιο αντειπεῖν ουτ' αλλος ουδεις. Και εγω και συ πολλα δη τοῦ αρεσκειν ἕνεκα τῇ πόλει και ειπομεν και επραξαμεν. Ὑμεῖς και εγω ταδε λεγομεν. Λακεδαιμονιοι και ἡμεῖς ουτε VOCABULARY, QUESTIONS, ETC. Ευστρατηγῶν for συστρατηγῶν, from συν and στρατηγος. Ομοτιμος (όμος, like, and τιμη honour), alike honoured; οἱ ομοτιμοι, were among the Persians the first class of citizens, the nobility, compare our word “peers,” that is pares, equals. Ειργασαντο, from εραγζομαι, I do, I make Απιτε εφ' ὑμετέραν, etc., the sentence may be resolved thus, απιτε επι την χώραν ύμων βαρβαρων, go away to the country of you barbarians; that is, begone to your own country, you barbarians. In a similar manner, resolve and explain the sentence beginning Αθηναῖος ὢν. Ποῖον σε επος, literally, what a speech has escaped thee, the hedge of (thy) teeth; that is, what a speech has fallen from thy lips. Εθετην, why is this verb in the active, not in the middle voice? Εποιησάτην, what part of the verb is this? what parts are the following: namely, απολογησασθαι, ευπορήσαντες, ανισο τατο, ἤλθε, εκκλησιαζόμεν, αποθανειν, αντειπεῖν, ςυναιο, επραξαμεν, ειργασαντο, γενεσθαι, ήγειται. Why is σπευδονται in the plural ? Why is εστρατήγει in the singular? How do you explain that the fact avioraro is in the singular, and αποκτενοῦντες in the plural ? Why is φαίνεται in the singular? Why is αγαθα οντα in the neuter? Why is ομιλουντες in the masculine : Explain the construction of oντων; also of δυστήνου and των βαρβαρων; also of λογου τε και άρμονιας και ρυθμού. What do you mean by apposition? State its several modifications. HISTORICAL ANECDOTES. Επει ὁ Σωκρατης κριθεις το δικαστήριον απέλιπετο, και ήσθετο τους παρεπομενους φιλους δακρύοντας, Τί τοῦτο, εἶπεν, η αρτι δακρύετε; ου γαρ παλαι ιστε ότι εξ ότου περ εγενόμην, κατεψη φισμενος ἦν μου ὑπο τῆς φύσεως ὁ θάνατος; αλλα μεντοι, ει μεν αγαθῶν επιῤῥεοντων προαπολλυμαι, δηλον ότι εμοι και τοις εμοις ευνοῖς λυπητεον, ει δε χαλεπῶν προςδοκωμενων καταλύω τον βιον, εγω μεν οιμαι ὡς ευπραγοῦντος ἐμοῦ· πᾶσιν ὑμιν ευθυμητέων εἶναι. Παρων δε τις Απολλοδωρος επιθυμητης μεν ισχυρῶς αὐτοῦ, αλλως δ' ευήθης, εἶπεν αρα, Αλλα τοῦτο εγωγε, ω Σωκρατες, χαλεπωτατα φέρω, ὅτ' ὁρῶ σε αδικῶς αποθνήσκοντα, Τον δε λέγεται καταψήσαντα την αυτοῦ κεφαλην εἰπεῖν, Συ δε, ω φίλτατε Απολλόδωρε, μαλλον αν εβουλου με ὁρᾶν δικαίως η αδικῶς αποθνησκοντα; και άμα επιγελασαι. Λεγοντος δε τινος ότι αηδώς εσθιοι. Ακουομενος, εφη, τούτου φαρμακον αγαθόν διδασκειν. Ερομενου δε, Ποιον; Παυσασθαι εσθίοντα, εφη και | which, or of which, in English, and agrees with the noun which comes after it; as, ήδιον τε και ευτελέστερον και υγιεινοτερον φησι διάξειν παυσαμενον. Αλλου δε αὖ λεγοντος ότι θερμον εἴη παρ' ἑαυτῷ το ύδωρ, ὃ πινοι, Όταν αρ', εφη, βουλη θερμῳ λούσασθαι, έτοιμον εσται σοι. rooms are spacious. El hombre cuya madre es buena, the man whose mother is good. La casa cuyos cuartos son espaciosos, the house of which the Αλλα ψυχρον, εφη, ώστε λούσασθαι εστιν. Αρ' ουν, | El centurion los envio d Joppe, en cuya ciudad moraba Simon, the centurion sent them to Joppa, in which city wasdwelling Simon. εφη, και οἱ οικεται σου αχθονται πίνοντες τε αυτο και λουόμενοι αυτῷ; Μα τον Δι', εφε αλλα και πολλακις τεθαύμακα ὡς ἡδέως αυτῷ προς αμφοτερα ταῦτα χρῶνται. Πότερον δε, έφη, το παρα σοι ύδωρ θερμότερον πιεῖν ἐστιν η το εν Ασκληπιού ; Το εν Ασκληπιού, εφη. Ποτερον δε λούσασθαι ψυχρότερον, το παρα σοι η το εν Αμφιαρου ; Το εν Αμφιαρου, εφη. Ενθυμοῦ ουν, εφη, ότι κινδυνευεις δυσαρεστότερος εἶναι των τε οικετων και των αῤῥωστουντων. Quien always relates to persons, and agrees with its antecedent in gender and number; as, El general es quien los vió, the general is (he) who saw them. Las reinas son quienes le maldijeron, the queens are (they) who reviled him. When quien (or quienes) is governed by a verb, it is always preceded by the preposition á; as, La dama á quien omd. teme, the lady whom you fear. El cual and que, like the relative pronoun that in English, relate both to persons and things, agreeing with their antecedent in gender and number. El cual is generally to be used to prevent the repetition of quien or que; as, La raca que vió, y de la cual habla, es tímida, the cow which he saw, and of which he speaks, is timid. When the relative pronoun refers to persons, que is generally used for quicn, in the nominative case; but in the objective case d quien or que is used (generally the former); as, El hombre que habla, the man who speaks. Yo que hablo, I who speak. La muger a quien Juan vió, or la muger que Juan viỏ, the woman whom John saw. If a preposition come before Whom, quien is always used in Spanish; as, El muchacho para quien él lo hizo, the boy for whom he did it. Un hombre en quien el rey tiene mucha confianza, a man in whom the king has much confidence. What, when it means that which, is, in Spanish, lo que; when it means what thing, it is que; and when used before a noun, What or Which is que or cual; as, Lo que á algunos gusta á otros disgusta, what to some is-pleasant, to others is-disgusting. El dijo, yo no sé que, he said I know not what. Yo no sé que libros leer, or yo no sé cuales libros leer, I know not what (or which) books to read. He who, or he that, is in Spanish el que; she who, la que; they or those who, los que (masc.), las que (fem.). There is also the neuter form, lo que. In Spanish a preposition is always placed before the relative pronoun which it governs; as, La ciudad en que yo moro, the city in which I dwell. We cannot say, "the city which I dwell in," in Spanish. The relative pronoun can never be suppressed in Spanish as in English; thus, "the man I saw," must be expressed in full, "the man whom I saw." El juez es quien vió las cartas que vmd. escribió. Las Francesas son quienes dieron los libros á Pedro. El hombre á quien el Aleman dió los sombreros, es muy rico é ignorante. Las mugeres á quienes el médico escribió las cartas, son muy Cuyo is the possessive relative pronoun, answering to Whose, pobres é ignorantes. El juez dió los libros á un pintor2 ingles1, Lo cual is sometimes used instead of el cual. en quien el médico tiene mucha confianza. Las mugeres para quienes Pedro escribió las cartas, son muy hermosas y ricas. La Espñola á quien Pedro ama, es muy hermosa. Las Fran |