Future.

Distinguerò, I shall or will distinguish distinguerdi, thou wilt distinguish

distinguerà, he will distinguish distinguerémo, we will distinguish distingueréte, you will distinguish distingueranno, they will tinguish

Conditional Present. Distingueréi, I should or would distinguish distinguerésti, thou wouldst distinguish distinguerebbe, he would distinguish distinguerémmo, we would distinguish distingecreste, you would disdistinse, he distinguished tinguish distinguémmo, we distinguished distinguéste, you distinguished distinguerebbero, they would distinguish distinsero, they distinguished

Indeterminate Preterite. Distinsi, I distinguished distinguésti, thou distinguish

edst

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

[No First Person.] Distingui, distinguish (thou) distingua, let him distinguish distinguiámo, let us distinguish

Present.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Che distingua, that I may distinguish

che distingua, that thou mayst distinguish

che distíngua, that he may disguish

che distinguiamo, that we may

distinguish

che distinguiate, that you may distinguish che distinguano, that they may distinguish

Estinguere, to put out

Imperfect.

So conjugate

ITALIAN-ENGLISH.

Buón dì a Vossignoría. Come stà V. S. ?* Non troppo bene; così, così, sóno obligato a V. S. Come stà il signor suo fratello? Non stà bene. Avrà gusto di vedérla.† Non avrò tempo di vederlo oggi. V. S. seda. Date una sédia al signór. Non è necessário. Bisogna che vada a fare una vísita quì vicíno. E molto affrettata V. S. Tornerò adésso, adésso. Adío, signóre. Ho gran gusto di vederla in buóna salute.

Ove 'l tuo padróne? dorme ancóra? Signor, nò, è svegliato. E leváto? Signor, nò, stà ancóra al letto. Che vergogna di stare al letto à quest' ora! Andái jeri al letto tanto tardi, che non ho potúto levármi à buón ora.

Che si fece qui dopo cena? Si ballò, si cantò, si rise, Giuocárono a scacchi. si giuocò. Che fécero gli altri? Quanto mi dispiace, non averlo sapúto! Chi ha vinto? Chi ha perduto? Ho vinto. Fin a che ora s'è giuocáto? A che ora siéte andáto Fin alle due dopo mezza notte. Non mi meraviglio che vi al letto? Alle tre e mezza. leviate così tardi. Che ora è Che ora (credéte che sía? Come le otto! sóno Credo che non siano ancóra le otto. sonáte le diéci. Bisogna adúnque che mi lévi quanto prima.

ENGLISH-ITALIAN.

Good evening, sir. How do you do, madam? Very well, I shall be very glad to see her. You will not have time to go thank you. How is your sister? She is not very well. I very glad to see you. You must go and pay a visit near here. to-day; Take a seat, madam. I am not well. We shall be glad (say, I had great pleasure) to see him in good health. I am in a great hurry. He will return directly. I was very Where are your brothers? They are still asleep. Is she up? Are you still in bed? What a shame! Did you go to bed so late last night that you could not get up early this morning? He is not in bed at this time of day (say, this hour). What did your brothers do yesterday after dinner? They danced, they sang, they laughed, and they played. At what games? At chess, draughts, and other games. He is vexed he did not know it. I won; he lost. How late (say, till what hour) did your brother and sister play? Till three o'clock in the morning. What o'clock does he think it is? He thinks it is not two yet. It has struck eight. You must get up as soon as possible. They went to bed so late last night, that they could not get up early in the morning. I am surprised that they are in bed at this time of day. Are they not awake? No, sir, At what time did they come last they are still asleep. night? At half-past ten. How late did they dance? Till half-past three in the morning? They must get up as soon as possible. I am very glad to see you. He was very glad to see me. They are in a great hurry. Good bye, madam. Good morning, sir. We shall return directly. What a shame, to go to bed so late!

Present.

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.

Yo haya, I may have.
Tú hayas, thou mayest have.

El haya, he may have. Nosotros háyamos, we may have.

Vosotros háyais, you may have.

Ellos hdyan, they may have.

Imperfect.

Yo hubiéra, habría, or hubiése, I would, should, or might have.

Tú hubieras, habrías, or hubiéses, thou wouldst, shouldst, or mightst have.

El hubiéra, habría, or hubiése, he would, should, or might have. Nosotros hubiéramos, habríamos, or hubiésemos, we would, should, or might have. Vosótros hubiérais, habríais, or

hubieseis, you would, should, or might have. Ellos hubieran, habrían, or hu- | biesen, they would, should, or might have.

First Future. Si yo hubiére, if I should have.

Si tú hubiéres, if thou shouldst have.

Si él hubiére, if he should have.

Si nosotros hubiéremos, if we should have.

Si vosotros hubiéreis, if you should have.

Si éllos hubiéren, if they should have.

Perfect Indefinite. Yo haya habido, I may have had Tú hayas habido, thou mayest have had.

El haya habido, he may have had Nosotros hayamos habido, we

may have had. Vosotros háyais habido, you may have had. Ellos hayan habido, they may have had.

Pluperfect.

Yo hubiéra, habría, or hubiése habido, I would, should, or might have had. Tú hubieras, habrías, or hubiéses habido, thou wouldst, shouldst, or mightst have had. hubiéra, habría, or hubiése

El

habido, he would, should, or might have had. Nosostros hubiéramos, habría.

mos, or hubiésemos habido, we would, should, or might have had. Vosótros hubiérais, habríais, or

hubiéseis habido, you would, should, or might have had. Ellos hubiéran, habrían, or hu

biésen habido, they would, should, or might have had. Second Future. Si yo hubiére habido, if I should have had.

Si tú hubiéres habido, if thou shouldst have had. Si él hubiére habído, if he should have had.

Si nosotros hubiéremos habido, if we should have had. Si vosotros hubiéreis habído, if you should have had. Si ellos hubiéren habido, if they should have had.

By examining the above conjugation, it will be seen that, after having learnt the simple tenses, the componnd ones are also known, as these latter are always formed by placing the past participle after the persons of the simple tenses of the auxiliary verb.*

The personal pronouns of the nominative case are seldom used with the verb, as the ending of the person of each tense generally indicates the person and number of its nominative. Thus, the first person plural of every tense has its ending in mos: when, therefore, the learner sees any tense of a verb having for its final letters mos, he may know that its nominative is to be rendered in English by the pronoun we. In the conjugations which follow, the pronouns will be omitted in Spanish.

E'ramos zapateros. Erais abogados. Vm. era juez. Vms. eran libreros. Eran impresores, pero ahora son carpinteros. Ella no era una hermosura. ¿No era yo mas robusto que él? ¿Eran abogados? Mis hermanas no eran tan culpables como ella? Erais impresores. Yo era general. Estas ciudades eran pequeñas, pero ahora son grandes.

El hombre fué criado. Fuí castigado. Esta carta fué escrita para mi madre. Fuimos castigados. Las cartas fueron escritas para las Francesas. Fuiste castigado. Vmd. fué premiado. Vms. fueron premiados. Fuísteis castigados. Fuí premiado? La Española fué premiada. Fuí jóven. Mi madre ha sido desgraciada. He sido desgraciado. Has sido premiado. Han sido fieles. Hemos sido castigados. He sido castigado. Habeis sido fieles. Ella ha sido hermosa. El abogado ha sido desgraciado. Vms. han sido premiados. He sido feliz. Vm. ha sido fiel. Mi hermana había sido imprudente. Habíamos sido imprudentes. Yo había sido castigado. V. había sido premiado. Vms. habían sido impru

dentes. Habíais sido castigados.

Serán premiados. Juan será soldado. Mis hermanos serán abogados. María será una hermosura. Seré médico. Seréis soldados. Vms. serán premiados. Serás castigado. Seré rico. Pedro será mas rico que Juan, pero Juan será ménos ignorante que Pedro. El vino será barato este año. La harina será barata. El azúcar será caro. Nunca serás juez. No serán premiados segun sus obras. Los criados serán castigados? Nunca seréis abogados. Los buenos serán premiados.

Sé fiel. Sé bueno. Sed fieles. Sed puntuales. Sé puntual. Seámos buenos y sábios. Séa el criado premiado. Séan las criadas castigadas. Séa Juan tan fiel como Pedro. Séan Vms. felices. Sea V. muy feliz. Séan los impíos castigados. Que las cartas séan escritas. Séa el impresor premiado. Quiero que Juan séa rico. Quiero que mis amigos sean buenos. Quiero que V. sea económico. Quiero que seas feliz. Quiero que seáis económicos. Es posible que no seas pobre. Muy probable est que nunca seáis ricos. Est posible que Juan no sea castigado. Muy proble es que estas señoras nunca sean premiadas.

Preciso erat que ella fuese castigada. Preciso era que fuesen puntuales. Erat preciso que no fuésemos negligentes. Era preciso que los pintores fuesen económicos. ¿No sería este librero el mejor de los dos? Si yo fuese vmd., yo sería puntual. Si yo fuera rico, yo sería económico. Si fueran ricos, serían soberbios.

ΕΙ

No creo que vuestra madre haya jamás (ever) sido linda. No creo que Vms. hayan jamás (ever) sido prudentes. ¡Ojalá hubiese yo sido frugal! Ojalá hubiesen sido prudentes! ¡Ojalá hubiéseis sido frugales! Serás premiado, si fueres diligente. Quiero ser prudente. Quiero ser diligente. que es mal hijo no puede ser buen padre. El que es impío, no puede ser amable. Pretende no haber sido engañado. Pretende no haber sido castigado. Siendo como eres tan imprudente, ¿quién te dará dinero? Habiendo sido engañado por

sus amigos, les escribió muchas cartas.

ENGLISH-SPANISH.

I am a soldier. Thou art a lawyer. They are young. He is diligent. I am frugal. Ye are negligent. You (Vmd.) are punctual. They are fortunate. I am small. She is small and pretty. You (Vms.) are prudent. I am a son of the judge. Am I imprudent? The spoon is of gold. These forks are of silver. The ladies are French-women. You (Vmd.) are a Spaniard. Ye are English-women. We are Germans. I am an Englishman. She is a Spanish woman. Thou art a physician. He is a bookseller. Ye are painters. They are

shoemakers.

[In the following paragraph, the past tense in English is to be rendered in Spanish by the imperfect of the indicative.]

Peter was an innkeeper. My brothers were hatters, but now are carpenters. Thy father was a baker, and now is a bookseller. Thou wast a physician. I was a lawyer. They were soldiers. We were shoemakers. Ye were lawyers. You (Vmd.) were a judge. You (Vms.) were booksellers. They were printers, but now are carpenters. She was not a (una) beauty. Was I not more robust than he? Were they lawyers? Were not my sisters as culpable as she? Ye were printers. I was a general. These cities were small, but now they are large (grandes).

the indicative is to be used.] [In the following paragraph, the Spanish perfect-definite of

Man was created. I was punished. This letter was written for my mother. We were punished. The letters were written for the French-women. Thou wast punished. You (md.) were rewarded. You (Vms.) were rewarded. Ye were punished. I was rewarded. I was young. The Spanish

woman was rewarded.

My mother has been unfortunate. Thou hast been rewarded, They have been faithful. We have been punished. I have been punished. Ye have been faithful. She has been beautiful. The lawyer has been unfortunate. You (ms.) have been rewarded. I have been fortunate. been faithful. My brother had been imprudent. We had You (Vm.) have been imprudent. I had been punished. You (V.) had been rewarded. You (Vms.) had been imprudent. Ye had been punished.

brothers will be lawyers. You (ms.) will be rewarded. They shall be rewarded. John will be a soldier. My Thou wilt be punished. I shall be rich. Peter will be richer than John, but John will be less ignorant than Peter. Wine will be cheap this year. Flour will be cheap. Sugar will be according-to their works. dear. Never wilt-thou-be a judge. They will not be rewarded Will the male-servants2 be rewarded? Never will-ye-be lawyers. The good shall-be rewarded.

Be-thou faithful. Be-thou good. Be-ye faithful. Be-ye punctual. Be-thou punctual. Let-us-be good and wise. be rewarded. May John be faithful as Peter. May you (Vms.) May the male-servant be rewarded. Let the female-servants be happy. May you (m.) be very fortunate. Let the printer be rewarded. impious be punished. Let the letters be written. Let the

I-wish that (que) John may-be rewarded. I-wish that my I-wish that thou mayest-be happy. I-wish that ye may be friends may be good. I-wish that you (V.) may be economical. economical. It-is (es) possible that thou mayest not be poor. It-is very probable that ye may never be rich. It-is possible that John may not be punished. It-is very probable that these ladies never may be rewarded.

It was (era) necessary that she should-be punished. It was that we should not be negligent. It-was necessary that the necessary that they should-be punctual. It-was necessary painters should-be economical. Would not this bookseller be the better of the two? If (si) I were (should-be) you (Vmd.), I would-be punctual. If I were (should-be) rich. I would be economical. If they were (should be) rich, they would be proud.

I do not believe that the physician's mother has (may have) ever (jamas) been pretty. I do not believe that you (Vms.) have (may-have) ever (jamás) been prudent. O-that I had O-that I had been frugal! (should-have) been prudent! Thou shalt-be rewarded if thou O-that ye had been frugal! art (shouldst-be) diligent. I-wish to-be prudent. I-wish to-be diligent. He who is a bad son, cannot be a good father. He who is impious cannot be amiable. He-pretends not to-have been deceived. He-pretends not to have been punished. Being so (tan) imprudent as thou art, who will-give thee money? Having been deceived by his friends, he wrote them

many letters.

Remark. The learner should now write out, for practice, the different persons of all the tenses of the various moods of the verb ser (omitting the nominative personal pronouns), as directed in Remark at the beginning of this exercise.

The participle after neuter verbs must agree in gender and number with the word to which it belongs.