they may be readily learnt from the verbs, which, if expressed, they would accompany. Thus, with verbs signifying το go, etc., όδος is omitted, e.g. πορευεσθαι μακραν (όδον), to go a long way (far); so with λειαν, an easy road, τραχείαν, al rough road ; ιέναι την παρα τεῖχος, to go along the road by the wall; τρέπεσθαι την επί Μεγαρα, to enter on the road to Megara ; ἡγεῖσθαι την συντομωτάτην, to lead on the shortest road; αγειν την επι θανατῳ, to conduct to death. On the same principle are explained ellipses (omissions) like την εναν. nothing is so difficult to guard as a woman-neither a fort, nor τιαν (ψῆφον) θεσθαι, to vote in opposition; ερήμην (δικην) κατηγορεῖν, to bring a deserted charge, that is, to accuse a person in his absence ; ίσην (δικην) τινειν, to undergo equal justice, to pay the penalty, to atone for ; κοιμᾶσθαι βαθυν (ύπνον), to sleep a deep sleep; and the like.

|

ποιοῦσι, δικαια δε πραττων ουδεις αδικος αν ειη. Ουδεις προς | distinguish the form of the aorist from the form of the imταδ' αντειποι βροτῶν.

VOCABULARY AND REMARKS.

Ος αν ήμων, etc., than the most just of men.

perfect? how are the two distinguished in meaning? What is the essential characteristic of the indicative mood? of the subjunctive? of the optative? of the infinitive? What force has the particle av? with the indicative? with the subjunctive? with the optative? What is meant by the enlargement

Μονοειδής, ες (μονος and είδος, appearance), that which has of the subject and the predicate? In what two ways may one shape or form, the simple, simplicity. Αλλοίωσις, εως, ή, change, diference.

Δασυς, εἴα, v, thick, thickset, as a copse or thicket, overgroun.
Παχύς, εῖα, υ, thick, large.

Πυκνος, η, ον, close together; these three words δασύς, παχυς, and πυκνος, may all be rendered by our thick; δασυς, is thick in the sense of being overgrown; παχυς, is thick, as individuals are thick, that is, large in circumference; and πυκνος, means thick, as when objects are close together. Διάζωμα (δια and ζωννυμι), a girdle, a wrapper.

HISTORICAL ANECDOTES.

Ηδη

Κολασαντος δε τινος ίσχυρως ακολουθον, ηρετο Σωκρατης τι χαλεπαινοι τῳ θεραποντι. Ότι, εφη, οψοφαγιστατος τε ων βλακιστατος εστι και φιλαργυρώτατος ων αργότατος. ποτε ουν επεσκέψω ποτερος πλειόνων πληγων δεῖται, συ η θεραπων; Φοβουμενου δε τινος την εις Ολυμπιαν όδον, Τί, εφη, φοβη συ την πορείαν ; ου και οικοι σχεδον όλην την ήμεραν περιπατεις; και εκεῖσε πορευόμενος περιπατησας αριστήσεις, περιπατησας δειπνήσεις και αναπαυση' ουκ οἶσθα, ότι, ει εκτειναις τους περιπάτους, ούς εν πεντε η ἓξ ἡμεραις περιπατεῖς, ῥᾳδίως αν Αθήνηθεν εις Ολυμπιαν αφικοιο ; χαριέστερον δε και προεξορμᾶν ἡμερᾳ μιᾷ μαλλον η ύστερίζειν. Το μεν γαρ αναγκάζεσθαι περαιτέρω του μετριου μηκύνειν τας όδους χαλεπον, το δε μια ημερα πλείονας πορευθῆναι πολλην ῥαστωνην παρέχει' κρεῖττον ουν εν τη ὁρμη σπεύδειν η εν τη όδῳ. Αλλου δε λεγοντος ὡς παρετάθη μακραν ὁδον πορευθεις, ήρετο αυτόν ει και φορτιον εφερε. Μα Δί', ουκ εγωγ', εφη, αλλα το ἱμάτιον. Μονος δ' επορεύου, εφη, η και ακολουθος σοι ηκολουθει: Ηκολουθει, εφη, Ποτερον κενος, εφη, η φερων τι ; Φέρων νη Δί', έφη, τα τε στρωματα και τάλλα σκευη. Και πῶς δη, εφη, απηλλαχεν εκ της ὁδοῦ ; Εμοι μεν δοκεῖ, εφη, βελτιον εμού. Τί ουν, εφη, ει το εκείνου φορτιον εδει σε φερειν, πῶς αν οιει διατεθῆναι; Κακῶς νη Δί', εφη' μᾶλλον δε ουδ' αν ηδυνηθην κομίσαι. Το οὖν τοσουτῳ ἧττον τοῦ παιδος δυνασθαι πονειν πῶς ησκημένου δοκεί σοι ανδρος εἶναι.

Κολάζω, I punish.

VOCABULARY, etc.

they each be enlarged? Give instances in English, and in Greek. What are attributives? What are determinatives? What is apposition ? Write out a list of the chief peculiarities in the use of the article.

Present.

Estoy, I am.
Εstas, thou art.
Estd, he is.
Estamos, we are.
Estdis, you are.
Están, they are.
Imperfect.

Estaba, I was.
Estabas, thou wast.
Estaba, he was.
Estabamos, we were.
Estabais, you were,
Estaban, they were.

Compound Tenses. Past : haber estado, to have been.

Past Gerund: habiéndo estado, having been.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Perfect Definite.*
Estive, I was.
Estuviste, thou wast.
Estivo, he was.
Estuvimos, we were.

Οψοφαγος (οψον, a delicacy, and φαγω, I eat), fond of good stuvisteis, you were. living.

Αργος (α, not, and εργον), idle.

Αρισταω, ήσω, I breakfast (αριστον).

Δειπνέω, ήσω, I dine, I take the chief meal of the day.
Avaravw, I cause to rest; mid. I rest.

Προεξορμαω, Ι αdvance.

Υστερίζω, I come too late, I remain behind.
Παρατείνω, I extend; pass. I am worn out.

Στρώμα, ατος, το, coverings, carpets, etc., for use in travelling. Απαλλάσσω, I set free ; mid. or pass. I come off, I leave in a ertain condition; quomodo discessit ex itinere? how was he after his journey?

Διατιθημι, I place, I afect; πως αν οιει διατεθηναι, in what condition would you have been ? μᾶλλον δε, or rather I could not have carried it.

Το οὖν τοσουτῳ, etc., how do you think that being so inferior to your slave in the power of enduring labour, becomes a well-educated man ? ησκημενου, practised, exercised, that is, in the gymnasium, or place for bodily exercise, access to which was fore bidden to slaves.

What parts of the verbs are επεσκέψω; φοβουμενου, εφη; φοβη ; περιπατησας; οἶσθα; εκτειναις ; αφικόιο; πορευθήναι; παρετάθη, εφερε ; ηκολουθει; απηλλαχεν; διατεθηναι; ηδυ νηθην; κομισαι; ησκημενου: What is meant by the periphrastic future? How does the third future differ from the first? What is the exact meaning of the aorist? How do you

Estuvieron, they were.
First Future.
Estare, I shall or will be.

Estards, thou shalt or wilt be.

Estard, he shall or will be.

Estarémos, we shall or will be.
Estaréis, you shall or will be.
Estarán, they shall or will be.

Perfect Indefinite.
He estado, I have been.
Has estádo, thou hast been.
Ha estádo, he has been.
Hemos estado, we have been.
Habéis estádo, you have been.
Han estado, they have been.
First Pluperfect.

Había estádo, I had been.
Habias estado, thou hadst been.
Había estado, he had been.
Habiamos estado, we had been.
Habiais estado, you had been.
Habian estado, they had been.
Second Pluperfect.
Hübe estádo, I had been.
Hubiste estádo, thou hadst been
Hubo estádo, he had been.
Hubimos estádo, we had been.
Hubisteis estado, you had been.
Hubiéron estádo, they had been.
Second Future.

Habré estádo, I shall or will
have been.
Habrás estádo, thou wilt have
been.

Habrá estádo, he will have
been.
Habrémos estádo, we shall have
been.

Habréis estado, you will have

IMPERATIVE MOOD.
[No First Person.
Está, be thou.

Esté, let him be, or may he be.
Estémos, let us be, or may we be.
Estad, be you.

Estén, let them be, or may they be.

indicative mood, in Spanish, are both rendered by the English peat The persons of the perfect dofinite and those of the imperfect of the tense; but they cannot be used indiscriminately in Spanish.

Hubiéra, habría, hubiése estádo, ¿ Cómo está vmd.? Estoy muy | ¿Dónde está mi libro? Aqui

he would, should, might have been. Hubiéramos, habríamos, hubiese-Mi mos estádo, we would,

should, might have been, Hubiérais, habríais, hubiéscis es

tado, you would, should, might have been. Hubieran, habrían, hubiésen estádo, they would, should, might have been. Second Future.

Si hubiére estádo, if I should:

4

house. The lawyers are in the hotel. My father is in the | lished precepts has deprived reason of her sceptre, and virtue city. Are-you tired? We-are not tired. The printer is always of her throne, that a character which forms the noblest theme occupied. Thou-art always busy. Where is the hotel? that ever merit gave to fame, should now become a question Here it-is. Where is John's book? Here it-is. Where are for debate? my spoons, knives, and forks? Here they-are. Where is my No painter of human excellence, if he would draw the hat? It-is upon the table. How are you? (how is your-features of that hero's character, needs study a favourable worship) I-am well. How is Mrs. B-? She-is well. light or striking attitude. In every posture it has majesty; How is Miss B- She-is not very well. Is Mr. B- at and the lineaments of its beauty are prominent in every point home? He-is at home. Are you (vms.) well? We-are well. of view. Are you (vmd.) tired? I-am not tired. Is Peter in Madrid? No, sir, he is in England. James is in the country. The book is upon the table. The buttons are in the hat. The printer is in the hotel. The painter is busy. My brothers are in the country. How are my friends? They are not very well.

[The verb in the following paragraph is to be rendered by the imperfect tense in Spanish.]

He was ill. I was contented. We-were present. Theywere tired. Mrs. B- was busy. You (vms.) were present. Thou-wast ill. Ye-were present. Were you (V.) not in the country? Was not my father in the city? Were-we not in the street? Thou-wast with thy friend.

I-was (perf. def.) sad two years. Were-ye there many years? Wast-thou there? Was-he there? Were-they sad? Were you (vmd.) [a] long (mucho) time with the judge? I-have never been in England. How long hast-thou been in England? We-have never been in England. I-have been ill. We-had been very sick.

John will-be in his house. I-shall-be busy. They-will-be with you (vmd.) soon. Thou wilt-be present. We-shall-be in our houses. Ye-will-be present. I-shall-be with you (vms.) soon. Peter will-be with us immediately. I-shall-be in London soon.

Be-ye contented. Let-us-be contented. May-they-be present. May-he-be contented. Let the water be warm. It-is possible that Peter may-be in his house. It-is possible that ye-may-be present. It-is probable that the lawyers may-be tired. If John should-be present, Mary would-be pleased. I do not believe that Mrs. B-can-have ever (jamás) been contented. O-that I had not been sick! O-that you (V.) had (say might-have) been present! The3 judge being1 ill, gave his money to his sons.

[The student can proceed to write and re-write all the parts of this verb (estar), continuing the practice till he has committed it to memory, and afterwards translate the following exercises on ser and estar.]

It is a generally received opinion, that uncommon circumstances make uncommon men,-Cæsar was an uncommon man in common circumstances. The colossal mind commands your admiration, no less in the pirate's captive, than in the victor at Pharsalia. Who, but the first of his race, could have made vassals of his savage masters, mocked them into the power that held him at its mercy? Of all the striking inreverence of a superior nature, and threatened, with security, cidents of Caesar's life, had history preserved for us but this single one, it would have been sufficient to make us fancy all the rest-at least we should have said," Such a man was born to conquest, and to empire!"

To expatiate on Cæsar's powers of oratory, would only be to add one poor eulogium to the testimony of the first historians. Cicero himself grants him the palm of almost pre-eminent merit; and seems at a loss for words to express his admiration of him. His voice was musical, his delivery energetic, his language chaste and rich, appropriate and peculiar. And it is well presumed, that, had he studied the art of public speaking with as much industry as he studied the art of war, he would have been the first of orators. Quintilian says, he would have been the only man capable of combating Cicero; but granting them to have been equal in ability, what equal contest could the timid Cicero-whose nerves fail him, and whose tongue falters when the forum glitters with arms-what equal contest could he have held with the man whose vigour chastised the Belgæ, and annihilated the Nervii, that maintained their ground till they were hewn to pieces on the spot?

His abilities as a master of composition were undoubtedly of the first order. How admirable is the structure of his commentaries! What perspicuity and animation are there in the details! You fancy yourself upon the field of action! You follow the development of his plans with the liveliest curiosity! You look on with unwearied attention, as he fortifies his camp or invests his enemy, or crosses the impetuous torrent !-You behold his legions, as they move forward from different points to the line of battle-you hear the shout of the onset, and the crash of the encounter; and breathless with suspense, mark every fluctuation of the awful tide of war!

Thou art proud. Thou art angry. Death is terrible. We are in the street. My father is very rich. My mother is very grand his projections!-How happy the execution of his meaAs a politician, how consummate was his address!-How sorrowful. Lead is heavy. The milk is sour. Honey is sweet. The honey is warm. I am a German. I am angry. add a milder but a fairer lustre to his glory, and by their fame sures. He governs his province with such equity and wisdom, as We are imprudent. We are ill. She-is old. She-is contented. My mother is blind. My daughter is blind with (de) eve of his rupture with Pompey, he sends back, on demand, prepare the Roman people for his happy yoke. Upon the very anger (ira). Mary is beautiful. Lucy is busy. John is good. the borrowed legions, covering with rewards the soldiers that John is well. The spoon is of gold. The spoon is upon the table. The fork is mine. The fork is in the house. The may no longer serve him, and whose weapons on the morrow may be turned against his breast-presenting here a noble exstockings are of silk. The stockings are in the street. The book is for Mary. The book is in the hotel. The stockings maintains that gratitude should not cease, though benefits are ample of his respect of right, and of that magnanimity which are for Lucy. Here are the stockings. I-am young. I-am discontinued. When he reigns sole master of the Roman writing. My mother is sickly. My mother is sick. The can- world, how temperate is his triumph!-how scupulous his resdlesticks are gold. The buttons are silver. The looking-pect for the very forms of the laws! He discountenances the glass is new. The candlestick is silver. They-are writing. profligacy of the patricians, and endeavours to preserve the Sugar is sweet. This hat is for John. They-are wise. They-virtue of the state, by laying wholesome restraints upon luxury. are sorrowful. Where is my hat? Here it-is. My shoes are

silk.

LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION.
No. XXV.

CHARACTER OF JULIUS CESAR.

He encourages the arts and sciences, patronizes genius and talent, respects religion and justice, and puts in practice every means that can contribute to the welfare, the happiness, and the stability of the empire.

It is unnecesary to recount the military exploits of Caesar. Why should I compel your attention to follow him, for the hundredth time, through hostile myriads, yielding at every encounter to the force of his invincible arms? As a captain, he was the first of warriors; nor were his valour and skill more [Extract from a Debate for Young Speakers.] admirable than his abstinence and watchfulness, his disregard FIRST SPEAKER.-"Was Cæsar a great man ?"-What revolu- of ease and his endurance of labour, his moderation and his tion has taken place in the first appointed government of the mercy. Perhaps, indeed, this last quality forms the most universe-what new and opposite principle has begun to direct dominent feature in his character; and proves, by the consethe operations of nature-what refutation of their long estab-quences of its excess, that virtue itself requires restraint, and

has its proper bounds, which it ought not to exceed-for His admirers are welcome to all the advantages that result from Caesar's moderation was his ruin!

That Cæsar had a heart susceptible of friendship, and alive to the finest touches of humanity, is unquestionable. Why does he attempt so often to avert the storm of civil war?Why does he pause so long upon the brink of the Rubicon? -Why does he weep when he beholds the head of his unfortunate rival? Why does he delight in pardoning his enemies-mind than what proceeds from the contemplation of those coneven those very men that had deserted him?

It seems as if he lived the lover of mankind, and fell-as the bard expresses it-vanquished, not so much by the weapons as by the ingratitude of his murderers.

If a combination of the most splendid talents for war with the most sacred love of peace-of the most illustrious public virtue with the most endearing private worth of the most unyielding courage with the most accessible moderation, may constitute a great man, that title must be Cæsar's!

SECOND SPEAKER.-No change has taken place in the first appointed government of the universe the operations of nature acknowledge now the same principle that they did in the beginning-reason still holds her sceptre, virtue still fills her throne; and the epithet of great does not belong to Cæsar!

I would lay it down, as an unquestionable position, that the worth of talents is to be estimated only by the use we make of them. If we employ them in the cause of virtue, their value is great; if we employ them in the cause of vice, they are less than worthless-they are pernicious and vile. Now let us examine Cæsar's talents by this principle, and we shall find, that neither as an orator nor as a politician-neither as a warrior, nor as a friend-was Cæsar a great man!

If I were asked, "What was the first, the second, and the last principle of the virtuous mind?" I should reply, "It was the love of country. It was the love of parent, brother, friend!-the love of MAN!-the love of honour, virtue and religion!-the love of every good and virtuous deed?-I say, then, if I were asked," What was the first, the second and the last principle of the virtuous mind?" I should reply, "It was the love of country!" Without it man is the basest of his kind!-a selfish, cunning, narrow speculator!-a trader in the dearest interests of his species!-reckless of every tie of nature -sentiment-affection! What was Cæsar's oratory?-How far did it prove him to be actuated by the love of country? It justified for political interest the invader of his honour;-sheltered the incendiary!-abetted treason!-flattered the people into their own undoing! -assailed the liberties of his country, and bawled into silence every virtuous patriot that struggled to uphold them! He would have been a greater orator than Cicero! I question the assertion-I deny that it is correct! He would have been a greater orator than Cicero! Well! -let it pass-he might have been a greater orator, but he never could have been so great a man. Which way soever he directed his talents, the same inordinate ambition would have led to the same results; and, had he devoted himself to the study of oratory, his tongue had produced the same effects as his sword, and equally desolated the human kingdom.

But Cæsar is to be admired as a politician! I do not pretend to define the speaker's idea of a politician; but I shall attempt to put you in possession of mine. By a politician, I understand a man who studies the laws of prudence and of justice as they are applicable to the wise and happy government of a people, and the reciprocal obligations of states. Now, how far was Cæsar to be admired as a politician? He makes war upon the innocent Spaniards, that his military talents may not suffer from inaction. This was a ready way to preserve the peace of his province, and to secure its loyalty and affection! That he may be recorded as the first Roman that had ever crossed the Rhine in a hostile manner, he invades the unoffending Germans, lays waste their territories with fire, and plunders and sacks their country. Here was a noble policy!-that planted in the minds of a brave and formidable people the fatal seeds of that revenge and hatred, which finally assisted in accomplishing the destruction of the Roman empire! In short, Cæsar's views were not of that enlarged nature which could entitle him to the name of a great politician; for he studied not the happiness and interest of a community, but merely his own advancement, which he accomplished-by violating the laws and destroying the liberties of his country.

That Cæsar was a great conquerer, I do not care to dispute.

such a position. I will not subtract one victim from the hosts that perished for his fame; or abate, by a single groan, the sufferings of his vanquished enemies. But I will avow it to be my opinion, that the character of a great conqueror does not necessarily constitute that of a great man; nor can the recital of Caesar's victories produce any other impression upon my vulsions of the earth, which in a moment inundate with ruin the plains of fertility and the abodes of peace; or, at one shock, convert whole cities into the graves of their living population! But Cæsar's munificence, his clemency, his moderation, and his affectionate nature constitute him a great man! What was his munificence, his clemency, or his moderation?-the automaton of his ambition! It knew no aspiration from the Deity. It was a thing from the hands of the mechanician!— an ingenious mockery of nature! Its action seemed spontaneous-its look argued a soul-but all the virtue lay in the finger of the operator. He could possess no real munificence, moderation or clemency, who ever expected his gifts to be doubled by return-who never abstained, but with a view to excess; nor spared, but for the indulgence of rapacity.Knowles.

SCROOGE AND MARLEY.

ever about that. The register of his burial was signed by the Marley was dead to begin with. There is no doubt whatclergyman, the clerk, the undertaker, and the chief mourner. Scrooge signed it: and Scrooge's name was good upon 'Change, for anything he chose to put his hand to. Old Marley was as dead as a door-nail.

Mind I don't mean to say that I know, of my own_knowledge, what there is particularly dead about a door-nail. I might have been inclined, myself, to regard a coffin-nail as the deadest piece of ironmongery in the trade. But the wisdom of our ancestors is in the simile; and my unhallowed hands shall not disturb it; or the country's done for. You will therefore permit me to repeat, emphatically, that Marley was as dead as a door-nail.

Scrooge knew he was dead? Of course he did. How could it be otherwise? Scrooge and Marley were partners for I don't know how many years. Scrooge was his sole executor, his sole administrator, his sole assign, his sole residuary legatee, his sole friend, and sole mourner. And even Scrooge was not so dreadfully cut up by the sad event, but that he was an excellent man of business on the very day of the funeral, and solemnised it with an undoubted bargain.

Scrooge never painted out Old Marley's name. There it stood years afterwards, above the warehouse door: "Scrooge and Marley." The firm was known as Scrooge and Marley. Sometimes people, new to the business, called Scrooge Scrooge, and sometimes Marley; but he answered to both names; it was all the same to him.

Oh! But he was a tight-fisted hand at the grindstone, Scrooge! a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous old sinner! Hard and sharp as a flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice. A frosty rime was on his head, and on his eyebrows, and his wiry chin. He carried his own low temperature always about with him; he iced his office in the dog-days; and didn't thaw it one degree at Christmas.

External heat and cold had little influence on Scrooge. No warmth could warm, nor wintry weather chill him. No wind that blew was bitterer than he; no falling snow was more intent upon its purpose; no pelting rain less open to entreaty. Foul weather didn't know where to have him. The heaviest rain, and snow, and hail, and sleet, could boast of the advantage over him, in only one respect. They often "came down " handsomely, and Scrooge never did.

Nobody ever stopped him in the street to say, with gladsome looks, "My dear Scrooge, how are you? when will you come to see me?" No beggars implored him to bestow a trifle; no children asked him what it was o'clock; no man or