ROBINSON, C. E. * SEYMOUR, T. D. The Days of Alkibiades (N. Y., 1916, Longmans, Green, and Life in the Homeric Age (N. Y., 1907, Macmillan, $4.00). * STOBART, J. C. The Glory that was Greece: a Survey of Hellenic Culture and Civilization (Philadelphia, 1911, Lippincott, $7.50). The Grandeur that was Rome: a Survey of Roman Culture and Civilization (Philadelphia, 1912, Lippincott, $7.50). STRACHAN-DAVIDSON, J. S. Cicero and the Fall of the Roman Republic (N. Y., 1894, Putnam, $1.50). "Heroes of the Nations." TARBELL, F. B. A History of Greek Art (2d ed., N. Y., 1905, Macmillan, $1.00). TOZER, H. F. Classical Geography (N. Y., 1883, American Book Co., 35 cents). A standard manual. TUCKER, T. G. Life in Ancient Athens (N. Y., 1906, Macmillan, $1.25). The most attractive treatment of the subject. Life in the Roman World of Nero and St. Paul (N. Y., 1910, Macmillan, $2.50). * WALTERS, H. B. The Art of the Greeks (N. Y., 1900, Macmillan, $6.00). The Art of the Romans (N. Y., 1911, Macmillan, $5.00). * * WELLER, C. H. Athens and its Monuments (N. Y., 1913, Macmillan, $4.00). 1884, American Book Co., 35 cents). MEDIEVAL HISTORY ADAMS, G. B. The Growth of the French Nation (N. Y., 1896, Macmillan, $1.25). The best short history of France. ARCHER, T. A., and KINGSFORD, C. L. The Crusades (N. Y., 1894, Putnam, $1.50). BARING-GOULD, SABINE. Curious Myths of the Middle Ages (N. Y., 1869, Longmans, Green, and Co., $1.25). BATESON, MARY. Medieval England (N. Y., 1903, Putnam, $1.50). Deals with social and economic life. "Story of the Nations." CHEYNEY, E. P. An Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of England (N. Y., 1901, Macmillan, $1.40). The best brief work on the subject. CHURCH, R. W. The Beginning of the Middle Ages (N. Y., 1877, Scribner, $1.00). CUTTS, E. L. Scenes and Characters of the Middle Ages (London, 1872, De La More Press, 7s. 6d.). An almost indispensable book; illustrated. DAVIS, H. W. C. Medieval Europe (N. Y., 1911, Holt, 50 cents). Charlemagne, the Hero of Two Nations (N. Y., 1899, Putnam, $1.50). "Heroes of the Nations." EMERTON, EPHRAIM. An Introduction to the Study of the Middle Ages (Boston, 1888, Ginn, $1.10). The most satisfactory short account, and of special value to beginners. FOORD, EDWARD. The Byzantine Empire (N. Y., 1911, Macmillan, $2.00). The most convenient short treatment; lavishly illustrated. * GIBBON, EDWARD. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, edited by J. B. Bury (N. Y., 1914, Macmillan, 7 vols., $25.00). The best edition, illustrated and provided with maps, of this standard work. * GREEN, J. R. Short History of the English People, edited by Mrs. J. R. Green and Miss Kate Norgate (N. Y., 1893-1895, Harper, 4 vols., $20.00). A beautifully illustrated edition of this standard work. GUERBER, H. A. Legends of the Middle Ages (N. Y., 1896, American Book Co., $1.50). HASKINS, C. H. The Normans in European History (Boston, 1915, Houghton Mifflin Co., $2.00). HODGKIN, THOMAS. The Dynasty of Theodosius (N. Y., 1899, Oxford University Press, American Branch, $1.50). Popular lectures summarizing the author's extensive studies. JESSOPP, AUGUSTUS. The Coming of the Friars, and Other Historic Essays (N. Y., 1888, Putnam, $1.25). A book of great interest. * LACROIX, PAUL. Science and Literature in the Middle Ages and at the Period of the Renaissance (London, 1880, Bickers and Son, out of print). LAWRENCE, W. W. Medieval Story (N. Y., 1911, Columbia University Press, $1.50). MAWER, ALLEN. The Vikings (N. Y, 1913, Putnam, 35 cents). Medieval Civilization (2d ed., N. Y., 1907, Century Co., $2.00). Translated selections from standard works by French and German scholars. RAIT, R. S. Life in the Medieval University (N. Y., 1912, Putnam, 35 cents). "Cambridge Manuals." SYNGE, M. B. A Short History of Social Life in England (N. Y., 1906, Barnes, $1.50). TAPPAN, EVA M. When Knights were Bold (Boston, 1912, Houghton Mifflin Co., $2.00). An economic and social study of the Feudal Age; charmingly written. TICKNER, F. W. A Social and Industrial History of England (N. Y., 1915, Longmans, Green, and Co., $1.00). Very simply written and well illustrated. * WRIGHT, THOMAS. The Homes of Other Days (London, 1871, Trübner, out of print). Valuable for both text and illustrations. TRANSITION TO MODERN TIMES CHEYNEY, E. P. European Background of American History, 1300-1600 (N. Y., 1904, Harper, $2.00). CREIGHTON, MANDELL. The Age of Elizabeth (13th ed., N. Y., 1897, Scribner, $1.00). "Epochs of Modern History." FISKE, JOHN. The Discovery and Colonization of North America (Boston, 1905, Ginn, 90 cents). GARDINER, S. R. The Thirty Years' War (N. Y., 1874, Scribner, $1.00). GOODYEAR, W. H. Renaissance and Modern Art (N. Y., 1894, Macmillan, $1.00). HUDSON, W. H. The Story of the Renaissance (N. Y., 1912, Cassell, $1.50). A wellwritten volume. HULME, E. M. The Renaissance, the Protestant Revolution, and the Catholic Reformation in Continental Europe (rev. ed., N. Y., 1915, Century Co., $2.50). The best work on the subject by an American scholar. * Joyce, T. A. Mexican Archæology (N. Y., 1914, Putnam, $4.00). South American Archæology (N. Y., 1912, Putnam, $3.50). KERR, P. H., and KERR, A. C. The Growth of the British Empire (N. Y., 1911, Longmans, Green, and Co., 50 cents). OLDHAM, J. B. The Renaissance (N. Y., 1912, Dutton, 35 cents). SEEBOHM, FREDERIC. The Era of the Protestant Revolution (N. Y., 1875, Scribner, $1.00). "Epochs of Modern History." 1 EARLY EUROPEAN HISTORY CHAPTER I THE AGES BEFORE HISTORY 1. The Study of History HISTORY is the narrative of what civilized man has done. It deals with those social groups called states and nations. Just as biography de- Subject mat scribes the life of ter of history individuals, so history relates the rise, progress, and decline of human societies. THE DISK OF PHÆSTUS Found in 1908 A.D. in the palace at Phæstus, Crete. The disk is of refined clay on which the figures were stamped in relief with History cannot go back of written records. These alone will preserve a Manuscripts full and accurate and books account of man's achievements. Manuscripts and books form one class of written records. The old Babylonians used tablets of soft clay, on which signs were impressed with a metal instruThe tablets were then baked hard in an oven. The Egyptians made a kind of paper out of the papyrus, a plant native to the Nile valley. The Greeks and Romans at first used papyrus, but later they employed the more lasting parchment prepared from sheepskin. Paper seems to have been a Chinese invention. It was introduced into Europe by the Arabs during the twelfth century of our era. ment. punches. Both sides of the disk are covered with characters. The side seen in the illustration contains 31 sign groups (123 signs) separated from one another by incised lines. The other side contains 30 sign groups (118 signs). The inscription dates from about 1800 B.C. A second class of written records consists of inscriptions. These are usually cut in stone, but sometimes we find them Inscriptions painted over the surface of a wall, stamped on and remains coins, or impressed upon metal tablets. The historian also makes use of remains, such as statues, ornaments, The pith of the papyrus, a plant native to the Nile valley, was cut into slices, which were then pressed together and dried in the sun. Several of the paper sheets thus formed were glued together at their edges to form a roll. From papyros and byblos, the two Greek names of this plant, have come our own words, paper " and "Bible." The illustration shows a manuscript discovered in Egypt in 1890 A.D. It is supposed to be a treatise, hitherto lost, on the Athenian constitution by the Greek philosopher Aristotle. weapons, tools, and utensils. Monuments of various sorts, including palaces, tombs, fortresses, bridges, temples, and churches, form a very important class of remains. Beginnings History, based on written records, begins in different countries at varying dates. A few manuscripts and inscriptions found in Egypt date back three or four thousand years before Christ. The annals of Babylonia are of history |