622 The Hegira 632-661 The "Orthodox Caliphs" 661-750 The Ommiad Caliphs 711 Arabs and Berbers invade Spain 716-717 Siege of Constantinople by the Arabs 732 Battle of Tours 750-1058 The Abbassid Caliphs 768-814 Reign of Charlemagne 800 Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans 829 England united under Egbert 843 Treaty of Verdun 862 (?) Northmen under Ruric settle in Russia 870 Treaty of Mersen 871-901 (?) Reign of Alfred the Great 911 Northmen settle in northwestern France (Normandy) 962 Otto the Great crowned Holy Roman Emperor 982 Greenland discovered 987-996 Reign of Hugh Capet 988 Christianity introduced into Russia 1000 (?) Vinland discovered 1016 England conquered by Canute 1054 Final rupture of Greek and Roman churches 1066 Battle of Hastings; Norman conquest of England 1066-1087 William I, the Conqueror, king of England 1073-1085 Pontificate of Gregory VII 1077 Humiliation of Henry IV at Canossa 1090-1153 St. Bernard 1095-1291 The Crusades II22 1095 Council of Clermont 1189-1192 Third Crusade 1202-1204 Fourth Crusade; sack of Constantinople 1204-1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople 1291 Fall of Acre; end of the crusades Concordat of Worms 1152-1190 Reign of Frederick I, Barbarossa 1154-1189 Henry II, king of England 1180-1223 Philip II, Augustus, king of France 1181 (?)-1226 St. Francis of Assisi 1198-1216 Pontificate of Innocent III 1206-1227 Mongol conquests under Jenghiz Khan 1215 Magna Carta 1226-1270 Louis IX, the Saint, king of France 1230 Union of León and Castile 1237-1240 Mongol conquest of Russia 1254-1273 The Interregnum 1261 Fall of Latin Empire of Constantinople 1271-1295 Travels of Marco Polo 1272-1307 Edward I, king of England 1273 Rudolf of Hapsburg becomes Holy Roman Emperor 1285-1314 Philip IV, the Fair, king of France 1291 First Swiss Confederation 1295 "Model Parliament" of Edward I 1309-1377 "Babylonian Captivity" of the Papacy 1314 Battle of Bannockburn 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War 1346 Battle of Crécy 1356 Battle of Poitiers Transition to Modern Times 1453 Constantinople captured by the Ottoman Turks 1455-1485 War of the Roses 1461-1483 Louis XI, king of France 1462-1505 Ivan III, the Great, tsar of Russia 1476 Caxton's printing press set up in England 1479 Castile and Aragon united under Ferdinand and Isabella 1485-1509 Henry VII, king of England 1488 Cape of Good Hope rounded by Diaz 1492 America discovered by Columbus 1497 North America rediscovered by John Cabot 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches India 1513 Discovery of the Pacific by Balboa 1517-1555 Reformation in Germany 1517 The Ninety-five Theses 1520 Burning of the papal bull 1521 1555 Peace of Augsburg 1519-1521 Mexico conquered by Cortés 1519-1522 Magellan's circumnavigation of the globe 1519-1556 Reign of Charles V 1531-1537 Peru conquered by Pizarro 1533-1558 Reformation in England 1534 Jesuit order founded by Loyola 1545-1563 Council of Trent 1556-1598 Reign of Philip II 1558-1603 Elizabeth, queen of England 1568-1609 Revolt of the Netherlands 1571 Battle of Lepanto 1572 Massacre of St. Bartholomew 1579 Union of Utrecht 1588 Defeat of the Spanish Armada 1589-1610 Henry IV, king of France 1598 Edict of Nantes 1600 English East India Company chartered 1607 Colonization of Virginia; Jamestown founded INDEX AND PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY NOTE. - The pronunciation of most proper names is indicated either by a simplified E-gos-pot'a-mi, battle of, 111. Abelard (Fr. pron. å-bă-lär'), Peter, 567, Æneid (ê-ne'id), Vergil's, 277. Eschuylus (es'ki-lus), Greek dramatist, 271. Aëtius (-e'shi-us), 247, 248. Africa, Portuguese exploration of, 620, 621. Ag-a-mem'non, 74. Ag'o-ra, the Athenian, 261, 290. Agrarian law of Tiberius Gracchus, 175, 176. Albuquerque (al-bðð-kér′kě), 622, 623. Al-ci-bi'a-des, 110. Alcuin (ǎl'kwin), 310. Aldine press, the, 595, 596. Aldus Manutius (ăl'dus mȧ-nu'shi-us), 595. lation of, 208. Alexius (a-lek'si-us) I, Roman emperor in Alfred the Great, king of England, 404, 406, 407. Algebra, 385. Al-ham'bra, the, 386. A'li, fourth caliph, 379. Allah (ǎl'a), 369. Alli-a River, battle of the, 153. Alphabet, Egyptian, 10; Phoenician 10, 11; Alps Mountains, 66, 136, 195. Alsace (al-säs') 303, 314, 685. Am-en-ho'tep IV, Egyptian king, 54. Amusements, Athenian, 264, 265; Roman, Ancestor worship, Roman, 145, 253. 556. Animals, domestication of, 6, 7 and note 2, Anjou (äN-zhoo'), 500, note 1, 519. An-til'les, the Greater, 634. Antioch (ănti-ök), 128, 129, 209, 211, 214, Antonine Cæsars, the, 200, 201. An-to-ni'nus Pi'us, Roman emperor, 200. Antwerp, 552, 640. Ap'en-nine Mountains, 136, 140, 153. Apprentices in guilds, 536, 537. A-pu'li-a, a district of southern Italy, 166. Arabia, physical features of, 21, 367. Arabs, the, as foes of the Roman Empire in Ar-be'la, battle of, 124. Ar-ca'di-us, Roman emperor in the East, 243. Architecture, prehistoric, 18; Egyptian, Bab- Ar-e-op'a-gus, hill, 288; Council of the, 288, 290. Ares (āʼrēz), 226. Ar'go-lis, a district of southern Greece, 70. Arian heresy, the, nature of, 235, 236; ac- Ar-is-toph'a-nes, Athenian dramatist, 272. Ark, sanctuary of Jehovah, 31. "Armada (är-ma'da), the Invincible," 678, Armenia, 21, 22, 121, 200, 377. Army, Macedonian, under Philip II, 116; |