Luxury, during the Hellenistic Age, 133, 184; | Max-en'ti-us, 295. Roman, 172, 173, 213, 214. Ly-ce'um, the, at Athens, 261, 288. Ly-cur'gus, legendary Spartan law-giver, 85,
Ma-gel'lan, Fer'di-nand, 629, 630.
Max-im'i-an, Roman emperor, 221. Maximilian Í, Holy Roman Emperor, 654. Mayas (mä'yäs), the, 631, 632. May Day, 435, 581, 582.
"Mayors of the palace," Frankish, 805, 306. Mecca, 309, 371, 372, 374.
Me'di-a, rise of, 36; union of, with Persia, 37. Medici (měd'e-che), the, 594.
Medicine, Oriental, 62; Greek, 181; Arab, 384.
Medina (mă-dē’nä), 371, 380. Mediterranean Sea, 66, 74. Memphis (měm'fis), 25, 123. Mendicant Orders. See Friars. Menes (mě nez), 25, 26. Menhvis, 13, 16.
Merchant guild, the, 534, 585. Mer'ci-a, kingdom of, 320.
Mer-o-vin'gi-an, dynasty, the, 305 and note 1. Mer'sen, Treaty of, 313.
Magic, Babylonian, 52, 53 in the Middle Mesopotamia (měs-o-po-ta'mĭ-ů), 22, 124, Ages, 574, 575.
Magicians, medieval, 575.
Magistrates, Spartan ephors, 83, 84; Athe- nian Ten Generals, 105; Roman, 151, 152, 155; of a medieval city, 534.
Mag'na Car'ta, winning of, 504, 505; provi- sions of, 505.
Mag'na Gra'ci-a, the name, 136; conquered by Rome, 153, 154, 174. Magyars (mod'yors), the, inroads of, 314; wars of Henry the Fowler and Otto the Great with, 315, 316; their settlement in Europe, 316 and note 1; converted to Chris- tianity, 360.
Mainz (mints), 595. Ma-lac'ca, 622.
Malory, Sir Thomas, 560, 595. Manchuria, 483.
Ma'nes, the, 145.
Mankind, races of, 15, 16.
Manor, the medieval, 431, 433-436, 610, 611. Manor houses, 584, 585.
Man-ti-ne'a, battle of, 113. Man'tu-a, 606.
Manufacturing. See Industry. Manuscripts, 1, 2, 256, 596, 597.
Maps, medieval, 614,615, 617; the portolani,
Mariannes. See Ladrone Islands.
Maʼri-us, Gai'us, 178, 179, 181, 182, 191. Markets in the Middle Ages, 537. "Marks," 309.
Mar'mo-ra, Sea of, 338.
Merv (měrf), 485.
Mes-sa'na, 89 and note 2. Mes-si'ah, 229.
Mes-si'na, strait of, 89, 187, 154, 413. Metals, Age of, 4, 5. Me-tho'di-us, 360. Meuse (mûz) River, 402.
Mexico, the Aztec power in, 632; conquered by the Spaniards, 634. Mexico City, 632, 637. Michael, archangel, 517.
Michelangelo (Ital. pron. mē-kěl-än′ja-lõ), 598, 599.
Middle Ages, the, transition to, 298; central period of, 587, 588; later period of, 589. Middle class, the, in the ancient Orient, 43, 44; in medieval Europe, 531. Midgard serpent, the, 894, 895, 396. Midsummer Eve, 581.
Milan (mil'un), city, 209, 543, 544; edict of, 235.
Military-religious orders, 473, 526.
Millionaires, Roman, in imperial times, 213. Mil-ti'a-des, 95, 96, 102.
Minstrels, Greek, 270; Scandinavian, 392; medieval, 428, 559.
Miracle plays, 582, 583.
Mis'si do-min'i-ci, the, 309. Missionaries, Jesuit, 666. Missions in America, 636.
Mithra, worship of, in the Roman world, 227-229.
Mith-ra-da'tes, king of Pontus, 179, 181, 185. Moabite Stone, the, 12.
Moawiya (mō-ä-wē'yä), 380.
Moesia (me'shi-d), province of, 195. Mo-guls', rule of the, in India, 488.
Marriage among the Greeks and Romans, Mo-ham'med, prophet, 370-372.
Mohammed II, sultan, 492, 493. Mohammedanism. See Islam. Mohammedans. See Moslems. Mo-luc'cas, the. See Spice Islands. Monarchy, Oriental, 42, 43; in early Greece, 82; in early Rome, 142, 143, 149; Augustus as Princeps, 194; absolute, of Diocletian and his successors, 221, 222, rise of abso- lute, in Europe, 496-499, 512, 514, 515, 518, 519, 521, 522.
Monasticism, rise of, 352, 353; the Benedic- tine Rule, 354, 355; life and work of Bene-
dictine monks, 355-358; the Cluniac revival, 448, 449; the Cistercian order, 449; the friars, 450-453; suppression of, in Scandi- navia and England, 656, 660; the Society of Jesus, 666.
Money, use of cattle as, 6; development of metallic, 46; Athenian, 107, note 2; Ro- man, 143, 144, 210, 211; scarcity of, in the Middle Ages, 541; the Jews as money lenders, 542; increased supply of, after the discovery of America, 641. See also Coinage.
Mongolia, 7, 347, 483 and note 2. Mongolian race, the, 15, 247.
Mongols, the, overthrow the Abbasid call- phate, 381, 485; their life and culture, 483, 484, 616; conquests of, 484, 485, 487-491. Monotheism, Persian, 54; Hebrew, 54, 55; Arabian, 369, 371, 373, 387. Monsoons, the, 134, 540. Montaigne (mon-tan'), 603. Mon'te Cas-si'no, 354. Mon-te-ne'gro, 363, 493. Montfort, Simon de, 506.
Montpellier (môn-pě-lyā), university
Mon-u-men'tum An-cy-ra'num, 196. Moors, the, 519 and note 1, 520, 521. Morality plays, 383, 384.
More, Sir Thomas, 613, 660.
Mo-re'a, the, 546, note 1.
Morris dance, the, 582.
Navy, Phoenician, 94, 123; Carthaginian, 163; Venetian, 547; Spanish and English, 678; French, 682. Ne-ap'o-lis. See Naples. Ne-ar'chus, voyage of, 125, 184. Neb-u-chad-nez'zar, king of Babylonia, 36. Negro race, the, 15.
Nero, Roman emperor, 193, 197, 198, 218, 292, 348.
Nerva, Roman emperor, 200. Nes-to'ri-ans, the, 347, 616. Nestorius, 347.
Netherlands, the, condition of, in the Middle Ages, 549, 671; Protestantism in, 671; re- volt of, 671-674. New England, 642. Newfoundland, 399. New Mexico, 635.
Nibelungenlied (në'be-loong-en-lēt), the, 560, 561.
Nicæa (ni-se'a), Council of, 235, 236, 468. Nicene Creed, the, 236, 349. Nie'men River, 526.
Nijni-Novgorod (nyêz'nyê nôvʼgð-rōt), 539. of, | Nile River, 22–24.
Nimes (nem), 209; La Maison Carrée at, 215, 217; Pont du Gard near, 217, 285. Nineveh (nin'é-vě), capital of Assyria, 35, 36, 124.
Nippur (nip-poor'), excavations at, 63, 64. Nobility, Oriental, 48; early Greek, 82; Athenian, 85, 86; early Roman, 150, 151; feudal, 416-419.
Morte d'Arthur (môrt'dår-tür'), the, 560, Nor'i-cum, 195, note 1. 595.
Mosaics, 123, 260, 330, 456.
Moscow (mos'kō), 336, 488, 490, 491. Moses, Hebrew law giver, 52, 374. Mos'lems, the, defeated by Charles Martel at Tours, 306, 314; Charlemagne's wars with, 309; in southern France, Italy, and Sicily, 314, 317, 412; meaning of the name, 871, note 2; during the crusades, 466-481. Mosques, 374, 384, 386, 471. Mosul (mo-sool'), 480. "Mourning Athena," the, 109. Mu-ez'zin, 374.
Mummification, Egyptian practice of, 55. Mumming and muminers' plays, 582. Mus'co-vy, principality of, 490, 491.
Museum, Alexandrian, 130.
Normandy, 402, 403, 411, 512, 514.
Normans, the, settle in France, 402, 403; conquer England, 407, 408, 410; results of the Norman conquest, 410-412; conquer southern Italy and Sicily, 412, 413; in- fluence of, on European history, 413, 414, 590, 591; as crusaders, 468, 470. North Cape, 399.
Northmen, inroads of the, 314, 397, 398; their home, 389, 390; in prehistoric times, 390, 391; the Viking Age, 391-393; in the West, 897-399; in the East, 399-401; in Germany and France, 402, 403; in England, 403, 404, 406, 407.
Nor-thum'bri-a, kingdom of, 320, 324. Northwest passage, search for the, 639.
Music, Greek, 255, 270; Renaissance, 599, Norway, 314, 390, 396, 397, 656.
Myc'a-le, naval battle of, 100, 101.
Mycena (mi-se'ne), Schliemann's excava- tions at, 69, 70.
Mysteries, Eleusinian, 226, 227; Mithraic, 228, 229.
Mythology, Greek, 68, 75-78; Roman, 142, 143, 147; Scandinavian, 394-396.
Names, Greek and Roman, 253, 254, and note 1; occupational, in the Middle Ages, 535.
Nantes (Fr. pron. näxt), Edict of, 681.
Norwegians, converted to Christianity, 360, 396.
Nova Scotia, 399, 638.
Novgorod (nov'go-rot), 400, 490, 548. Nu'ma Pom-pil'i-us, 143, 146.
Numerals, the "Arabic," 885; the Roman, 566. Nu-mid'i-a, 178. Nu'mi-tor, 142.
Nuncios (nůn'shi-ōz), papal, 454. Nu'rem-berg, 532, note 1, 548, 625. "Oath-helpers," 420.
Naples, bay, 89, 139, 180, 199, 214; city, 89, Oath-swearing, 419, 420.
139, note 1, 153, 302, 413.
Ob'er-Am'mer-gan, Passion Play at, 383, note 1.
Nationality, rise of, in Europe, 496, 497, 511, Oc-ta'vi-an, 188-190. See also Augustus.
O'der River, 526. Odes, Horace's, 278.
Navarre (na-vär'), kingdom of, 520, 681 and O-de'um, the, 290.
O-do-a'cer, king of the Germans in Italy, 249; conquered by Theodoric, 298, 299. Odysseus (o-dis'ūs), 73, 74.
Odyssey (od'i-si). See Homeric poems. Ogres, 577.
O'laf the Saint, 396. O-lym'pi-a, in Elis, 79, 80. Olympiad, 79, note 4. Olympian council, the, 75.
Olympian games, described, 79-81; abolished, 236, 237.
Olympieum (o-lim-pi-ē’ům), the, 217, 290. O-lym'pus, Mount, 75.
Omar, second caliph, 379; mosque of, 471. Omar Khayyam (o'mår Ki-yäm'), 385. Omens. See Divination.
| Paper, use of, 1, 382, 594.
Papyrus, use of, as writing material, 1, 2, 255, 256, 594.
Paradise, 22, note 3, 615, 617.
Parallel Lives, Plutarch's, 273.
Parchment, use of, as writing material, 1, 256, 594.
Paris, in Roman imperial times, 247; sacked by the Northmen, 402; becomes capital of France, 514; university of, 567, 569, 570.
Parishes, church, 446, 447.
Parliament, English, in the thirteenth cen- tury, 505-507.
Par-nas'sus, Mount, 78. Parsees, the, 54, note 1.
Ommiads (o-mi'ădz), dynasty of the, 380 and Par'the-non, the, 291, 292.
Ophir (o'fer), 49 and note 3.
Oracle of Apollo at Delphi, 78, 79.
Oratory, Greek, 117, 273; Roman, 277.
Orders of Greek architecture, 279, 280, 597.
O-res'tes, 249.
O-ri-no'co River, 627, 635.
Parthia, 184, 194, 200, 201, 219.
Patriarchate, development of the, 343, 361, 362.
Patricians (på-trish'ăns), the early Roman, 150, 151.
Paul III, pope, 665, 666.
Pavia (pä-ve'ä), capital of Lombardy, 302, 309; university of, 626.
Orléans (or-lä-äN'), city, 512, 513; university Pax Romana, the, 203, 204.
Ork'ney Islands, 398.
Or'muz, 622.
O-ron'tes River, 128.
Ostracism, 87 and note 1, 97, 103.
Os'tro-goths, the, subdued by the Huns, 241, 242; cross the Danube, 243; invade Italy, 298; under Theodoric, 299, 300; conquered by Justinian, 300, 330; become Catholic Christians, 358.
Othman, third caliph, 379; Ottoman chief- tain, 491 and note 2.
Otto I, the Great, 316-318, 359, 456, 522. Ot'to-man Turks, the, rise and spread of, 491; the Janizaries, 491, 492; siege and capture of Constantinople by, 492, 493; in southeastern Europe, 493, 495; their con- trol of Asiatic trade routes, 540, 545, 622; defeated at the battle of Lepanto, 669. Oxford, university of, 567, 569, 570. Oxus River, 377.
Pacific Ocean, the, discovery of, 629. Pad'u-a, university of, 570. Pa'dus. See Po.
Paganism, decline of, 195, 196, 226, 236, 237. Painting, prehistoric, 13; Oriental, 60; Egean, 71, 72, 74; Roman, 287, 288; Byzantine, 330; Italian, in the Middle Ages, 330, 598; Renaissance, 598, 599, 601, and note 2.
Palaces: Sargon II, near Nineveh, 59; Minos, at Gnossus, 70, 71; of the Cæsars, 294, 295; the Louvre, 601. Pal'a-tine Hill, 140-143, 294, 295. Pa-ler'mo, 413.
Palestrina (pä-las-trē'nä), 599, 600. Palli-um, the, 448, 454. Pal-my'ra, 211.
Pan-ath-e-na'ic festival, the, 264, 292. Pan-no'ni-a, 195, note 1.
Pan'the-on, the, 202, 283, 294, 597. Pantomimes, Roman, 265.
Papacy. See Roman Church.
"Peace of God," the, 423.
Peasants, Oriental, 44; condition of, in early Attica, 86; early Roman, 143, 144; dis- appearance of Roman, 178; in the Middle Ages, 433-436, 611-613. Peasants' Rebellion, the, 611. Peking (pē-king'), 488, 616. Pe-lop'i-das, 111, 112.
Pel-o-pon-ne'si-an League, 83, 102, 109, 113. Peloponnesus, the, 83, 243, 546 and note 1. Pe'lops, 83, note 1.
Pe-na'tes, the, 146, 237.
Pen'te-cost. See Whitsunday. Pepin (pěp'in) the Short, king of the Franks, 306, 307, 359, 379. Per'ga-mum, 129, 209.
Per'i-cles, 103, 104, 110, 112, 290, 291. Per'i-style of a Roman house, 260, 261. Perrault (pě-ro'), Charles, 576, note 1. Persecution, of the early Christians, 232- 234; of heretics, 344, 647-650 Per-sep'o-lis, 124.
Persia, rise of, under Cyrus the Great, 37, 38; under Cambyses, 38; under Darius the Great, 38, 39; organization of the Persian, Empire, 39, 40; advance of, to the Medi- terranean, 93-95; the Persian wars, 95-100; expedition of Cyrus the Younger, and retreat of the Ten Thousand, 120-122; con- quered by Alexander the Great, 122-124; rise of the New Persian Empire, 219; con- flict between, and the Roman Empire in the East, 332, 333; conquered by the Arabs, 376; overrun by the Mongols, 485. Peru, the Inca power in, 632, 633; con- quered by the Spaniards, 634, 635. Peter the Hermit, 470, 472.
"Peter's Pence," 454.
Petrarch (pe'trärk), 592, 593, 596, 600, 602.
Petrine supremacy, doctrine of the, 349, 350.
Petrograd (pe'trō-gräd), 336.
Phæstus (fes'tus), disk of, 1.
Phalanx, the Macedonian, 116, 154. Pharaoh (fa'rō), 26.
Phaʼros, lighthouse on the island of, 128, note 2.
Phar-sa'lus, battle of, 185.
Phid'i-as, Athenian sculptor, 290, 291. Phile (file), island of, 23.
Philanthropy under the Early Empire, 214,
Philip II, king of Macedonia, 113, 115-119. Philip II, Augustus, king of France, 461, 475, 476, 502, 518, 514; IV, the Fair, 514, 515, 644; VI, 515, 516.
Philip II, king of Spain, 668-670, 672, 673, 677-679.
Phi-lip'pi, founded by Philip II, 116 and note 1; battles of, 189.
Philippine Islands, the, 630, 635, note 2, 666. Philistines (fi-lis'tins), 30, 31. Philosophy, Greek, 273-276; scholastic, 570- 572, 606, 609.
Pho'cis, a district of central Greece, 78. Phoenicia (fe-nish'i-d), the country and peo- ple, 29; commerce of, with Europe, 48, 49; Phoenician imports and exports, 49; Phoenician exploring voyages and settle- ments, 49, 50; conquered by Persia, 94. Picts, the, 246.
Piers Plowman, 612, 613.
Pilgrimages, Mohammedan, to Mecca, 374; Christian, 441, 466, 467, 652. Pindar, Greek poet, 271.
Piracy, in antiquity, 74, 184, 210; in the Middle Ages, 539, 549.
Pi-ræ'us, 100, 101, 107, 108, 111, 288. Pisa (pe'sä), 544.
Pi-sis'tra-tus, tyrant of Athens, 86, 87. Pizarro (Span. pron. pê-thä'ro), Francisco, 634.
Plagues, 110, 610, 611, 6S6.
Plan-tag'e-net dynasty, the, 500 and note 1. Plants, domestication of, 8 and note 1, 22. Pla-tæ'a, battle of, 100.
Pla'to, Athenian philosopher, 275, 624. Playing cards, 580.
Plebeians (ple-be'yans), the early Roman, 150, 151.
Plutarch (ploo'tärk), Greek biographer, 273. Pnyx (niks), hill, 105, 290.
Po, river, 136, 138, 164, 243, 302, 543. Poetry, Greek epic, 73, 270, 271; Greek lyric, 271; Greek dramatic, 271, 272; Roman, 277, 278; Arabic, 385; medieval, 558-561; Renaissance, 591, 592, 602, 605. Poitiers (pwå-tya'), battle of, 516, 517. Poland, 360, 489, 490, 666.
Potato introduced into Europe, 641. Potosi (pō-to-sē′), silver mines of, 640. Pozzolana (pot-so-lä'nä), 288. Præ'tors, Roman, 151.
Prague (Ger. pron. präg), university of, 569, 650.
Praise of Folly, the, 647.
Prehistoric times, defined, 3; divisions of, 3-5; steps toward civilization in, 6-15; in Greece and the Egean, 68-72. Pres'by-ter, church official, 232 and note 2,
Presbyterian Churches, 664, note 1. Prester John, legend of, 616.
Priesthood, Oriental, 43; Roman, 148; Christian, 232, 342-344, 363, 446-448. Primogeniture, 417 and note 1. Prince, the, by Macchiavelli, 602. Prin'ceps, the title, 194 and note 1. Printing, invention of, 594, 595; incunabula, 596; importance of, 596, 597, 607, 637, 653. Pro-py-læ'a of the Acropolis, 290. Protestants, origin of the name, 655; sects of, 662-664.
Provençal (pro-väN-sål') speech, 555, 558. Provence (pro-väns′), 470, 519, 555. Provinces, Roman, 172, note 1, 202. See also Provincial system.
Provincial system, Roman, 171, 172; re- formed by Julius Cæsar and Augustus, 187, 195; remodeling of, by Diocletian, 221. Prussia. See Brandenburg. Prussians, converted to Christianity, 360, 526.
Ptolemaic system, the, 133, 608. Ptolemies (tŏl'é-miz), kingdom of the, 127,
Ptolemy, one of Alexander's generals, 127; Greek scientist, 133, 383, 608, 624 and note 4, 626.
Pub'li-cans, Roman, 172 and note 2. Public lands, Roman, 175.
Pu'nic War, First, 163, 164; Second, 164- 167; Third, 168, 169.
Punjab (pun-jäb'), the, 20, 89, 125. Purga-to-ry, belief in, 443, 444, 652. Puritans, the, 642. Pyramids, the, 27, 29.
Pyre-nees Mountains, 65, 165, 183, 245, 303, 309.
Pyrrhus (pir'us), 154.
Pyth'e-as, exploring voyage of, 181.
Polos, the, in the Far East, 487, 488, 616, Pyth'i-a, the, 78. 618, 626.
Pompeii (pom-pa'yē), destruction of, 199;| excavations at, 200, 210, 258, 259, 261. Pom-pe'ius, Gnæ'us. See Pompey. Pompey (pom'pi), 180, 181, 183-185.
Quæstors (kwěs'tors), Roman, 151. Quir'i-nal Hill, 141, 143.
"Race suicide," in the Roman world, 225.
Pon'ti-fex Max'i-mus, the title, 148, note 2, Ræ'ti-a, 195, note 1. 364.
Raleigh (rô'li), Sir Walter, 639, 679. Ram-a-dan', 874.
Rameses (răm'è-sez) II, king of Egypt, 28. Raphael (raf'a-ěl), 599.
Ra-ven'na, 209, 244, 298, 299, 300, 302, 806, 336.
Raymond of Toulouse, Count, 470. Rebus making, 9. Red Sea, 21, 32, 211.
Reformation, the, preparation for, 643-650 in Germany, 651-655; in Scandinavia, 656 in Switzerland, 656-657; in the British Isles, 658-661; the Protestant sects, 662-
664; the Catholic Counter, 665-668; in the Netherlands, 671-674; in France, 679- 681.
Re'gi-um, 89 and note 1.
Reims (rémz), 304, 517.
Relics in the Middle Ages, 443, 647. "Relief," the feudal, 418.
Religion, Oriental, 52-56; early Greek, 75- 78, 91; Greek religious institutions, 78-81; early Roman, 145-148; reforming activities of Augustus, 195-196; worship of the Cæ- sars, 196, 197, 216; decline of classical pagan- ism, 226; Eleusinian mysteries, 226, 227; Oriental religions in the Roman Empire, 227- 229; Christianity in the Roman Empire, 229-237; the Christian Church in the East and in the West, during the early Middle Ages, 342-365; Arabian heathenism, 369; Islam, 372-375, 386-388; Scandinavian hea- thenism, 394-396; the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire, 439-464; the Reformation, 643-687. See also Future life, Monotheism. Re'mus, 142.
Renaissance (re-na'săns), the meaning of the term, 589; period included within, 589; origin of, in Italy, 589-591; as a revival of learning, 591-594, 600-601; as an artistic revival, 597-600, 601; in literature, 602-605; in education, 606, 607; in science, 607-609; economic aspects of, 609-613; the geo- graphical, 614; interest of the popes in, 646. Representation, principle of, not found in the classical city-state, 106, 155; in England, 506, 507; in France, 514, 515. Restitution, Edict of, 683, 685.
Revenues of the medieval Church, 454. Reynard (ra'nård) the Fox, 561. Rhe'a Sil'vi-a, 142.
Rhine River, 183, 195, 245, 303, 308, 402, 685. Rhodes (rōdz), city, 129, 130, 209, 256; island, 479, 546.
Rhone River, 89, 245, 313.
Rhyme, use of, as a poetic device, 558, 559. Ri-al'to Bridge of Venice, 547.
Richard I, king of England, 475, 476, 502; II, 611, 612, 650.
Richelieu (re-she-lyû'), Cardinal, 682–695. Ricimer (ris'i-mer), 249.
Roads, Persian, 40; Roman, under the re- public, 157, 158; under the Empire, 203. Robin Hood, ballads of, 561.
Ro'land, Song of, 309, note 1, 559, 560. Rollo, 402, 403.
Romance (ro-măns') languages, 208, 332, 555,
Romances, the Arthurian, 560.
Roman Church, the, missionary activity of, in the early Middle Ages, 302, 304, 316, 322- 325, 358-360, 396; relations of, with Clovis, Pepin the Short, Charlemagne, and Otto the Great, 305, 306, 307, 311, 317, 319; rise and growth of the Papacy, 348-352; schism be- tween, and the Greek Church, 360-363; compared with the Greek Church, 363; as heir of the Roman Empire, 364, 365; charac- teristics of, in the Middle Ages, 439, 440; doctrines and worship of, 440-444; juris- diction of, 444-446; the secular clergy, 446-448; the regular clergy, 448-453; power of the medieval Papacy, 453-455; contest between the Papacy and the Em- pire, 455-463; significance of, in the Middle Ages, 463, 464; decline of, in the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries, 643-645; heresies and heretics, 647-650; the Protestant Ref- ormation, 651-664; the Counter Reforma- tion, 665-668; the religious wars, 668-686. Romanesque architecture, 562, 563. Romanization, of Italy, 158; of Sicily and Spain, 169; of Gaul, 184, 512; the Germans not Romanized, 195; of Dacia, 200; of East and West, 217, 218; of the Visigoths, 245; of the Ostrogoths, 299, 300; of the Lom- bards, 302; of the Franks, 303.
Romans, the, their legends, 142, 143; their early society, 143, 144; the Roman family, 144, 145; the family and state religion, 145- 148; the Roman city-state, 149-152; nature of Roman rule over Italy, 155; their colo- nies and roads in Italy, 155-158; their army, 158-160; provincial system under the re- public, 171, 172; effects of foreign conquests on, 172-174; at the end of the republican period, 190, 191; during the Augustan Age, 195, 196; extension of Roman citizenship, 204; economic and social conditions in the first and second centuries, 210-215; the Græco-Roman world, 215-218; economic and social conditions in the third and fourth centuries, 224-226; Christian influence on society, 287; Gerinanic influence on society, 250, 251; fusion of, with the Germans, 325, 326.
Rome, founding of, 140-142; myths of early, 142, 143; becomes a republic, 143; contest between plebeians and patricians, 150, 151; burned by the Gauls, 158; becomes supreme in Italy, 153, 154; First Punic War, 162- 164; annexation by, of Sicily, Sardinia, Cor- sica, and Cisalpine Gaul, 164; Second Punic War, 164-167 Third Punic War, 168, 169; annexation of Spain, Macedonia, Greece, and Western Asia Minor, 169-171; reforms of the Gracchi, 174-178; Jugurthine and Ger- manic wars, 178; Social War, 178, 179; Mithridatic wars, 179, 181, 185; struggle between Marius and Sulla, 179, 180; annex- ation of Syria, 181; annexation of Transal- pine Gaul, 183, 184; struggle between Cæsar and Pompey, 184, 185; Egypt annexed, 185, 190; Civil War between Antony and Octa- vian, 190; reign of Augustus, 193-197; under the Julian and Claudian Cæsars, 197, 198; burning of, 198, 292; under the Flavian Cæsars, 199, 200; under the "Good Em- perors," 200, 201; under the "Soldier Em- perors," 219, 220; fortification of, 220; under the "Absolute Emperors," 220-224; no longer the capital after the foundation of Constantinople, 223; captured by the Visi- goths, 244; sacked by the Vandals, 249; the ancient city as an art center, 292-296; as the capital of the Papacy, 454, 455. Rom'u-lus, first king of Rome, 142; Au- gus'tu-lus, last Roman emperor in the West, 249.
Roses, War of the, 518. Ro-set'ta Stone, the, 42. Ros'tra, the Roman, 296. Rothenburg (rō'těn-bōōrк), 532, note 1. Rotterdam, 600, 671. Rouen (roo-äN'), 403, note 2. Royal Road, Persian, 40. Rubáiyát (roo-bi-yät), the, of Omar Khay- yam, 385 and note 2. Ru'bi-con River, 154, 179, 185.
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