Ru'dolf of Hapsburg, 462, 522, 523.
Rum (room), sultanate of, 468.
Rumania, 200, 363. 493.
Runes, the, 240, 390, 391.
Run'ni-mede, 505.
Kuric, 400.

Russia, geography of, 65, 66; Swedish set-
tlements in, 400; conquered by the Mongols,
488-490; rise of Muscovy, 490, 491.
Russians, attack Constantinople, 335, 401;
converted to Christianity, 335, 360, 368, 401.

Sabbath, Hebrew, 52, 845.
Sa'bines, the, 140, 141, 143.
Sacraments, the, 440-442, 664.

Sacred Way, Roman, 190, 295; Athenian,

288.

Sacrifice, Roman, 147.

Sagas, the, 392 and note 1, 398.

St. Anthony (ǎn'tō-ni), 352.

St. Bartholomew's Day, massacre of, 680.
St. Basil (băzʼil), 853, 354.

St. Benedict, 354, 355.

St. Bernard, 449, 450, 474, 558, 565.

St. Brandan, 625.

St. Cyp'ri-an, 342.

St. Dom'i-nic, 452.

St. Francis, 451 452.

St. Ives, city, 538.

St. Jerome, 600.

St. Mark, Cathedral of, at Venice, 461, 547.
St. Martin, church of, at Canterbury, 323.
St. Patrick, 323.

St. Paul, 170, note 1, 206 and note 1, 230, 231,
348.

St. Peter, 230, 307, 324, 348, 350; church of,
at Rome, 311, 455, 543, 597, 598, 651.
St. Remi (re-mē′), 304.

Saints, reverence for, 443, 648.
Sal'a-din, 474, 475, 476.

Salamanca, university of, 570, 637.

Sal'a-mis, naval battle of, 99.

Salem, witchcraft delusion at, 579.

Sa-ler'no, city, 413; university of, 570.
"Sal'ic law," the, 515 and note 1.
Salisbury (sôlz'ber-i), Oath of, 499; Cathe-
dral of, 562.

Scandinavia, geography of, 66, 389; Reforma-
tion in, 656.

Scarab, the Egyptian, 53.
Scheldt (skelt) River, 402.
Schleswig (shlaz'vik), 815.
Schleswig-Holstein (hol'shtin), 246.
Schliemann (shle'män), Heinrich, excava-
tions by, 68-70.

Scholasticism, medieval, 570-572, 606, 609.
Schools. See Education.

Schwyz (shvets), canton of, 523.
Science, primitive, 11-18; Oriental, 60-62;
Greek, 181; Arab, 383, 884; Medieval, 572-
574; Renaissance, 607-609.

Scip'i-o, Pub'li-us, 167; Æ-mil-i-aʼnus, 168,
169.

Scotland, partially conquered by the Romans,
197; the Picts of, 246; Christianity intro-
duced into, 323, 325; the Northmen in, 398;
formation of the Scottish kingdom, 509, 510;
conquered by Edward I, 510, 511; becomes
independent of England, 511; the Reforma-
tion in, 657, 662.

Scots, the, 246, 509; Mary, Queen of, 676.
Scribes, Oriental, 63.

Sculpture, prehistoric, 18; Egyptian, 58, 59;
Babylonian and Assyrian, 59; Egean, 71,
73; Greek, 281, 282; Roman, 287; Renais-
sance, 597, 598, 601. See also Statues.
Scythians (sith'i-dns), 89.

66

Sea dogs," the English, 639.
Sea-power, Persian, 94, 123; importance of,
Roman, in the Second Punic War, 165; in
the crusades, 497; Turkish, 491, 669; Vene-
tian, 547; English, 679.

Sects, the Protestant, 662-664.
Seine (sân) River, 247, 402.

Se-leu'cus, one of Alexander's generals, 127.
Seljuk (sěl-jook′) Turks, 338, 380, 467, 468,
491.

Sem'ites, the, relation of, to Indo-Europeans,
16; principal divisions of, 17; original home
of, 367.

Sempach (zěm'päк), battle of, 524.

Senate, Roman, in the regal age, 149; during
the early centuries of the republic, 152, 154,
167; during the last century of the republic,
175, 177, 179, 180, 184, 186, 188, 190, 194;
under the empire, 196, 198, 221.
Senate-house, the Roman, 187, 296.
Sen'e-ca, 213, 216.

Sennacherib (sé-nåkʼēr-ib), Assyrian king, 35.
Serbia, 195, 334, 335, 360, 363, 493.

Serfdom, of the Spartan helots, 88; in the
Middle Ages, 436, 437; attitude of the medi-
eval Church toward, 463; absence of, in
medieval cities, 581; decline and abolition
of, 610-612.

Ser-ve'tus, Michael, 657.

"Servian Wall," the, 141, 294.

Seven Hills of Rome, 142, 292, 294.
"Seven liberal arts," the, 570.

"Seven Wonders" of the ancient world, 128,
note 2.

Se-ville', cathedral of, 543.

Shakespeare, William, 604, 605.

She'ol, Hebrew underworld of the dead, 55.
Shetland Islands, 898.

Ships: Phoenician war galley, 32; Athenian

trireme, 99; Roman freighter, 211; Viking,
392; a ship of 1492 A.D., 627.

Siam (sĩ-ăm), 618.

Siberia, 19, 488.

Sicily, colonized by the Greeks, 89; Athe- |
nian invasion of, 110, 272; geographical situ-
ation of, 187; invaded by Pyrrhus, 154;
Carthaginians in, 154, 162, 163; conquered
by Rome, 164; Romanization of, 169; a
province of the Roman Empire in the East,
802; the Moslems in, 317, 413, 590; Nor-
man conquest of, 412, 413, 591.
Si'don, 28.

Siege engines, Macedonian, 116.
Sieges Nineveh, 36; Jerusalem, 36, 199 and
note 1, 472; Rebatana, 37; Sardis, 38; Troy,
78; Syracuse, 110; Athens, 111; Tyre, 123;
Carthage, 168, 169; Corinth, 170; Rome,
244, 249; Ravenna, 298; Constantinople,
839, note 1, 377, 477, 492, 493; Antioch, 471;
Acre, 476; Zara, 477; Orléans, 517.
Siegfried, 560, 561.

Sierra Leone (sí-ěr'ả lê-ō'ně), 49, 621.
Si-le'si-a, 489.

Sim'o-ny, 457 and note 2.

Sinai (si'ni), peninsula of, 4, 32.
Sistine Chapel, the, 598 and note 1.
Skalds, the, 292.

Slavery, Oriental, 44; Greek, 74, 106, 107,
268: Roman, 207, 212, 215, 224, 237, 268-
270; Christianity and, 237, 270; Islam and,
387; decline of, in Medieval Europe, 436,
437; attitude of the Church toward, 463.
Slavs (slavs), the, an Indo-European people,
66; wars of Charlemagne and Henry the
Fowler with, 300, 314, 315; how divided,
316, note 1; settle in southeastern Europe,
334, 335; converted to Christianity, 335,
359, 360, 401; the Germans and the, 525,
526.

Smyrna (smûr'nȧ), 309.
Social classes. See Society.
Social War, the, 178, 179, 207.
Society of Jesus. See Jesuits.
Society, Oriental, 42-44, 63; in the Homeric
Age, 74; in the Hellenistic Age, 133, 134;
early Roman, 143-145; effects of foreign
conquests on Roman, 172-174, 190, 191;
under the early Empire, 212-215; influence
of Christianity upon, 237; Germanic influ-
ence upon, 250, 251.

Soc'ra-tes, Athenian philosopher, 273, 274.
Soissons (swä-sôN'), battle of, 303.
"Soldier Emperors," the, 219, 220.
Solomon, Hebrew king, 32, 49.
So'lon, legislation of, 86.
Som'er-set-shire, 404.
Soph'ists, the, 273.

Soph'o-cles, Athenian dramatist, 271, 272.
Soto, Hernando de, 635.

Spain, Phoenicians in, 49; Carthaginians in,
89, 163, 164; conquered by Rome, 167, 169;
Romanization of, 169; Pompey in, 180;
Cæsar in, 185; overrun by the Visigoths
and Vandals, 244, 245; the Arabs in, 378,
879; physical and racial, 519; Christian
states of, 519, 520; recovery of, from the
Moors, 520, 521; under Ferdinand and
Isabella, 521, 522; under Philip II, 668-670,
677, 678.

Sparta, early history of, 83; Spartan govern-
ment and society, 83-85; her part in the
Persian wars, 95, 97, 98, 100; rivalry of,
with Athens, 102, 103; the Peloponnesian
War, 108-111; supremacy of, 111, 112;
holds aloof during the struggle against
Philip, 118.

|

Sphinx (sfinks), the Great, 20.
Spice Islands, 623, note 1, 629, 633.
Spices, use of, in the Middle Ages, 587, 619,
620.
Spi'na, the, 266.

Spirits, evil. See Demons.
Stained glass, medieval, 345, 559, 565.
States of the Church, 306, 307 and note 1,
317, 454, 646.

Statues, prehistoric, 16; Egyptian, 27, 30,
58, 63; Assyrian, 60; Egean, 78; Discob-
olus, 80; Apaxyomenus, 81; Demos-
thenes, 117; Dying Gaul, 129; Augustus,
193; The Good Shepherd, 232; Sophocles,
271; Alfred the Great, 404. See also
Sculpture.

Stem-duchies, German, 315 and note 1, 316,
317.

Stephen II, pope, 306.

Stil'i-cho, Vandal general, 243.

Sto'i-cism, philosophy of, 226, 230, 276.
Stone Age, the, 3, 4.

Stourbridge Fair, 538, 539.

Strassburg (shträs'boork), 303, 304, 402, 548.
Stratford-on-Avon, 604, 605.

Suicide, in the ancient world, 214, 237.
Sul'la, Lu'ci-us Cor-ne'li-us, 178-180, 191.
Sully (Fr. pron. sü-le'), 681.
Sumatra (soo-mäʼtrả), 383, 623, note 1.
Su-meʼri-ans, the, 24.
Summa Theologiæ, the, of Aquinas, 572.
Sun, the, worshiped in Oriental antiquity,
52; Mithra identified with, 228.
Sunday, 235 and note 1, 345.
Superstitions of the Middle Ages, 575–579.
Surgery, Arab, 884.

Su'sa, Persian capital, 40, 50, note 2, 125.
Sussex, 320.

Swa'bi-a, 315, note 1, 523.

Sweden, 389, 390, 396, 397, 656, 662, 6S4.
Swedes, converted to Christianity, 360, 396;
in Finland and Russia, 400.
Swiss Confederation, the, 523-525.
Switzerland, rise of, 314, 523; struggle of,
with Austria, 523, 524 and note 1: the
Swiss Confederation, 523-525; the Reforma-
tion in, 656, 657.

Syr-a-cuse', 89, 110, 208.

Syria, conquered by Egypt, 28; Alexander
the Great in, 123; annexed by Rome, 181;
kingdom of, 127, 171; crusaders' states in,
472, 473, 475, 479.

Tacitus (tas'i-tus), Roman historian, 239, 278.
Tam-er-lane'. See Timur the Lame.
Tancred (tan'krěd), 470, 472.

Ta-ren'tum, city, S9 and note 3, 154; gulf,
139.

Tarik (tä'rik), 378.
Tar'quin the Proud, 143.
Tar'shish, 50.
Tarsus, 230.

Tartars. See Tatars.
Ta'tars, the, 490 and note 1.

Taxation, Roman, 172. 225; royal, in the
Middle Ages, 497, 499, 505, 506, 507, 514, 515.
Tell, William, legend of, 524.
Templars, order of, the, 473.
Temple, the, at Jerusalem, 32, 36, 38, 199
and note 1, 340.

Temples, Egyptian, 57, 58, Babylonian, 58;
Greek and Roman, 89, 101, 202, 215, 273-
281, 283, 295, 296.

Ten Generals, the Athenian, 105.
Tenochtitlan (těn-och-tēt-län′), 632.

"Ten Thousand," expedition of the, 120-
122, 272.

Ten Tribes of Israel, 32, 33, 34, 35, 616.
Tes-tu'do, the, 168.

Tetzel, 651.

Teutonic Knights, the, 526.

Teutonic languages, 242, 555, 556.

Teutons, the, 66, 389. See also Germans.
Thames (těmz) River, 404, 505.
Theaters, Greek, 264, 265; Roman, 287.
Thebes (thebz), in Egypt, 27, 28.
Thebes, in Greece, the kingship abolished
in, 82; neutral during the Persian wars,
97; becomes independent of Sparta, 111;
supremacy of, 112, 113; unites with Athens
against Philip, 118; destroyed by Alexander
the Great, 120, 271.

The-mis'to-cles, 96-101, 288.
The-o-do'ra, 329.

The-od'o-ric, king of the Ostrogoths,
300, 303.

78; at Rome, under the empire. 211, 212;
in medieval cities, 534, 535, 537-539.
Tragedy, Athenian, 264, 265, 271, 272.
Tra'jan, Roman emperor, 200, 219, 295;
column of, 201, 295.

Transubstantiation, 442 and note 1.
Tra-pe'zus, 121 and note 1.

Treaties: Verdun, 812, 813; Mersen, 313;
Westphalia, 685, 686.
Treb'i-zond. See Trapezus.
Trent, Council of, 667, 668.
Tribunes, Roman,

instituted,

150; the

Theodosius (the-o-dō'shi-us) the Great, Ro-
man emperor, 219, 236, 237, 243, 342, 344.
Thermo. See Baths, Roman.
Ther-mop'y-læ, 98, 243.

Theses, Luther's ninety-five, 652.
"The-se'um," the, 101, 290.

Thes'sa-ly, a district of northern Greece, 100,
116, 117, 185.

"Third estate," rise of the, 531.
Thirty Years' War, the, 682-656.
Thor, 394, 395.

Thousand and one Nights, the, 381, 385.
Thrace (thras), 94, 116, 120, 242.

Thucydides (th-sid'i-dez), Athenian his-
torian, 108, 110, 272.

Thu'nor. See Thor.

Ti'ber River, 137, 140, 141, 292, 294.

True Cross, the, 308, 321, 322, 475.
Tsar (tsär), the title, 197, note 2, 491, note 1.
Tudor dynasty, the, 518.

Tur-ke-stan', 19, 125, 483, 485.

Turks. See Ottoman Turks, Seljuk Turks.
Twelve Tables, the, 150, 151, 206, 255.
"Twilight of the Gods," in Norse mythology,
895.

Two Sicilies, kingdom of the, 413.
Type, movable, 594, 595; kinds of, 596.
Tyrannies, Greek, 82; at Athens, 86, 87.
Tyre (tir), a Phoenician city, 29; captured
by Alexander the Great, 123, 163.
"Tyrian purple," 49, note 2.

Tyrrhenian (ti-rēʼni-ăn) Sea, the, 188, 140.

Ul'fi-las, 241, 242.
Ulm (50lm), 548.

Titian (tish’ăn), 599.

Tit-i-ca'ca, Lake, 633.

Um'bri-ans, the, 140.
Union of Utrecht, 673.

United Netherlands, the, formation of, 678;
independence of, 685.

Universities, the Alexandrian Museum, 150;
Arab, 383 medieval, 566–572; in Spanish
America, 637.

Unlucky days, observance of, in the Middle
Ages, 579.

Tobacco introduced into Europe, 641.

Toga, the Roman, 158, 258.

To-le'do (Sp. pron. tō-la'tho), 382.

Toleration, religious, 235, 344, 439, 642, 647,
656, 664, 668.

Tolls in the Middle Ages, 539.

Tombs: Cyrus the Great, 37; Darius the
Great and other Persian kings, 39; Hadrian,
203, 294; Theodoric the Ostrogoth, 299;
Timur the Lame, 487.
Toulouse (too-looz'), 470.
Tournament, the, 430.

Tours (toor), battle of, 306, 379.

Tower of London, the, 425, note 1, 497, 498.
Towns. See Cities.

523, 524.

U'ral Mountains, the, 65, 490.

Urban II, pope, 469, 477; VI, 645.
Uri (00'rt), canton of, 523, 524.

Usury," medieval prejudice against, 542.
U-to'pi-a, the, by More, 613.

Utrecht (ü'trěkt), city, 671; union of, 678.

Va'lens, Roman emperor, 242.
Val-hal'la, 395 and note 1, 396.
Val-kyr'ies, the, 395 and note 2.
Vandals, settle in Spain and Africa, 245;
capture and sack Rome, 248, 249. 350; con-
quered by Belisarius, 330; become Catholic
Christians, 358.

Vase paintings, 77, 96, 254, 262.
Vases, Greek, 77.
Vassalage, 417, 418.

Vat'i-can, Hill, 292; Palace, 455, 598, 599;
Library, 594.

Vaulting. 283, 563, 564.

Venice, origin of, 248, 545; participation of,

Ve-su'vi-us, volcano of, 199.

Vienna, 522, 529.

294,

Witchcraft, European, 577-579.

"Witches' Sabbath," the, 578.

Witenagemot (wit'ě-na-gě-mōt), 407 and
note 1, 410, 506.

Viking Age, the, 391-393.
Villas, Roman, 214, 287.
Virginia, the Raleigh colonies in, 639.
Vis'i-goths, the, seize Dacia, 241; accept
Christianity, 241, 242; cross the Danube
and win battle of Adrianople, 242, 243; in
Greece and Italy, 243; capture Rome, 244;
settlements of, in Gaul and Spain, 244, 245;
Romanized, 245; their kingdom in Gaul an-
nexed by the Franks, 303; become Catholic
Christians, 358; their kingdom in Spain
conquered by the Arabs, 378.
Vis'tu-la River, 359, 525, 526.

Vittorino da Feltre (vēt-to-rēʼnō dä fěl'trā),
606.

Vlad'i-mir, 401.

Vulgate, the, 600.

Wal-den'ses, the, 648, 649.
Waldo, Peter, 648.

Wales, annexed to England, 508.

Wall, of China, 20; Athenian Long Walls,
108, 111; Servian, 141; of Hadrian in Britain,
206, 217, 246; of Rome, 220, 294.
Wallace, William, 510.

Wallenstein (väl'en-shtin), 683.
Walloons, the, 549.

Wall paintings, 43, 72, 74, 213, 255, 287, 288,
598, 599.

Warfare, feudal, 421-423, 480; attitude of
Church toward, 423, 429, 463, 468. See also
Army.

Wartburg (värt'boork), Luther at the, 653.
Weekdays, origin of their names, 53 and note

3.

Welsh, the name, 319, 508.
Werewolves, 577.

versity of, 651, 653.
Wo'den. See Odin.
Wolsey, Cardinal, 658.

Women, position of, in classical antiquity,
144, 145, 257; under Islam, 387.
Wool trade, Flemish, 550.
Workingmen. See Artisans.
Worms (vōrms), Concordat of, 459, 460;
Diet of, 653; Edict of, 655.
Worship, development of Christian, 344, 345.
Writing, by pictures, 8, 9; by symbols for
sounds, 9; Chinese, Japanese, Babylonian,
and Cretan, 9, 10, 71; Egyptian hiero-
glyphics, 10; Phoenicians, 10, 11; teaching
of, in the Orient, 62, 63; Etruscan, 138, 140;
the runes, 240, 244, 390, 391.
Wycliffe (wik'lif), John, 649.

Xavier (zăv'i-er), St. Francis, 667.
Xenophon (zěníō-fon), Athenian historian,
121, 272.

Xerxes (zurk'zēz), Persian king, 97-99.

Yangtse (yäng'tse) River, 19.
York, city, 209, 529; house of, 518.
Ypres ('pr'), 551.
Yu-ca-tan', 631.