South: as to

Nevertheless, the material interests remain the same; the undeniable features of §14. To the nature on this continent remain the same; the Northwest continues to be an agricul- the Nature of sural and food-producing country; protective tariffs, for the profits of Eastern manu- this War. tàcturers, are stili as oppressive to Western men as they were injurious to us in the A tariff for the days of the old Union. The great natural channel of traffic furnished by the Mississippi to the West. East injurious river is common to them with the Confederacy, just as the Rhine is common to France, The Mississipto Germany and Holland; it is not only their natural outlet to the sea, but also their pi a channel to aighway to the lucrative markets of the South.

Southern

markets.

erate of the

All these considerations are now at last pressing themselves upon the attention of The West be houghtful men in the country northwest of us; and the depreciation of their staple coming consid products, combined with the enormous war debt which the cunning Down Easters evils of presnduced them to incur in the vain hope of our subjugation; failure in all their ent Union. attempts to command the whole stream of the Mississippi by force; the terrible prospect of increased burdens of taxation, with diminished means to bear those burdens; all these things are evidently bringing about in their minds a great change which in the future cannot fail to be wholesome for us. Not that it can produce any Will produce effect of the slightest consequence for the present. For this year, at any rate, instead no effect for a of any relaxation of the atrocious war which they have undertaken, we may expect to see it prosecuted with redoubled energy, akin to desperation. The headstrong block- Our "blockheads amongst them (who are the vast majority and rule in the land) still hope, by one heads" expect last tremendous effort, to crush the Confederacy, to sweep the whole Mississippi clear to crush the Confederacy. with their fleets and armies, penetrate the heart of the cotton States, and provide, by (All such exuniversal plunder and confiscation, for the security of the great debt. If they fail, properly enti pectants are why then in a year, or in two years, they will offer us friendship and alliance, and the tled.) right hand of fellowship.

year.

divided

the East from

Another feature in the situation must be borne in mind. The organization which The Northern used to be called the Democratic party in those Federal States, is broken up. Old Democracy issues are gone by, and the great new issue is the war, and the conduct of the war. Northeastern Democrats remember just now that they were New Yorkers or New Eng--particularly landers before they were Democrats; that the interests of the Northwest, which may the West. impel it to form a separate confederacy and seek alliance with the South, are no interests of theirs. That if the Union be finally broken forever, though the Northwest A division of less injury to may find safety and profit in a confederacy of its own, New York, Philadelphia, and the West than East. Boston are ruined at any rate. Hence we can understand the total revulsion of language and of feeling among the Democrats of New York. All their talk of amnesty What has changed Eastor peace, all their loud assertions of State rights, all their nullification of their ern DemoPresident and his Cabinet, and his generals, was under the delusion that we had not crats. really seceded from them in earnest, and that we were willing to let our moral struggle pass for a Democratic Presidential campaign-a somewhat violent campaign it is truerather more stormy than the "sour cider" one or the Know Nothing one, but still only an effort that would be amply rewarded by the spoils of office in Washington. They appear only lately to have found out that we were serious all the time, and meant what we said, to their intense disgust. They have discovered that the prize we the South in sought, and which we thought worth the richest and reddest of our best blood, was no earnest. less than absolute independence-to be eternally clear of them and their mean politics, to ding them and all their ways, to rise out of the contaminations of their society, and begin to live our own full, strong, genial life in accord with our institutions and national character. They had been giving us credit for. more practical good sense, those "Democrats; " they had thought we valued the heart's blood of our children as much as they value the Hessians they hire, and finding out their mistake they are naturally disgusted.

Have found

The different knowledge in

effects of this

the East and West.

Now this discovery they have made in the country north of us, both east and west, operates very differently on the Democrats of those two sections. In the eastern part it makes them drop suddenly all thoughts of conciliation, and rage and foam for war and slaughter. (See speeches of Van Buren, Brady, &c.) The very same discovery makes Western men bethink themselves that there has been too much war and The West to slaughter already, and though they are now in for it, and must try it out, yet their old Union.

get out of the

§14. To the South: as to the Nature of

this War. The South

evident policy will soon be to draw out of it, if possible, and out of the Union, and out of the debt, and out of the blunder, and bankruptcy, and philanthropy, and all the rest of it. The interests of the two sections are now separated, and it is our secession and our troops and generals that have separated them. It would be wise, undoubtedly, to encourage this break up and develop it so far as we honorably may. And the first their interest and best way to do it is to maintain those troops and strengthen the hands of those

have caused

the disunion

to encourage

it.

will aid to ef

Desire of the

generals.

The Enquirer But, as the Enquirer has been accused of repelling friendly advances and discourfect Northern aging or preventing the course of that excellent rupture at the North, we shall try to division. make amends this very moment by saying the most soothing things that any Confederate properly can to help the good work. We think, then, that when the war is once West to have over, and when the Northwestern States shall have separated themselves from the a league with Federal Union and established a league for themselves, and taken the initiative in the South will recognizing the independence of the Confederacy, then it is highly probable that the bring division. Confederates would enter into an alliance with that Northwestern league notwithstanding all its sins done, and would engage themselves to furnish a proportion of Confederate troops for the defence of that country, in case of the furious Yankee nation Free naviga waging war to crush a second "rebellion." Further, we think the provisions of that tion of the Mississippi to be act of our Congress, proclaiming the free navigation of the Mississippi, should be more more strongly fully made known among our Northwestern enemies, in order that they may see that the said free navigation is carefully limited to "the citizens of any of the States on its lowed to other borders, or on the borders of its navigable rivers," and so exclude the Yankees proper. Further still, we believe it would be well to express to these Northwestern enemies of ours the general feeling that, so soon as they shall have ceased to be "our enemies in The West and war," and shall have become "in peace friends," we should discriminate in all things ferently treat between them and the Yankees proper, placing the latter in the category of the least favored nation, but dealing with the former on the easiest terms, because that would be for our interest, and this Confederacy will always be willing, for its own interest, to make treaties with any foreign power, whether in America or in Europe.

assured

-not to be al

States.

East to be dif

ed.

"Free navigation of the defined.

And to prevent mistakes, here is what is meant by “free navigation of the MissisMississippi" sippi," as defined in the aforesaid act of Congress :-Permission to pass freely to the sea, without any duty or other hindrance, except light money, pilotage and other like charges; permission to pass freely to any port of entry on the Mississippi within Confederate limits, and to enter and load goods and freight, paying the duties thereof to the Confederate Government, and there to sell them, and to forward them, under bond or seal, as customary in such cases, with usual regulations as to warehousing and drawback. In short, on entering within the limits of the Confederacy, upon the river, a steamboat of the Northwest would be precisely in the position of a French steamer entering Prussia on the Rhine—no better, and no worse. As for the Yankee nation proper, no boat of theirs should ever enter the Mississippi at all.

Restricted to the West.

The West unreasonable not

Now here we think is an array of prospective advantages which might satisfy any to accept this reasonable people. It would not be proper for our Government to make them any fur liberality- ther proposals, or hold out any new inducements. Our Government and Congress have already done all that consists with the dignity of an independent power; but it may not -the press to be improper for the press to reason about these matters and place them in a clear light, use its influence alluring- and make the prospect of peace as alluring as possible to one section of our enemies, lywhich will more and more exasperate that section of our enemies against the other section of our enemies. Therefore we advise the foregoing considerations to our Northwestern enemies. If they hearken to us, well; if not (and we know they will not for this year), then let them go ahead and crush the rebellion.

-of no avail for a year.

Wait till next year.

A humble protest in behalf of the West.

In truth we do not attach much importance to all this until next year. For this reason our reliance is on our own brave army alone.

We cannot stop here to discuss the salient points of this article, which can best be done indirectly as the investigation proceeds; but as one of the humble Citizens of the Northwest, let me protest against any such

judgment of our character and rights, or expectations of our plans and § 14. To the conduct.

South: as to the Nature of this War.

The West

We have not, it is true, been correct as to our theories; but we have been and are nearly so, as to our practice. Many have erroneously sup- wrong in the ory, but right posed it was necessary to subdue the "rebels," and the war has been in practice engaged in for that purpose; and yet the effect is mainly to preserve the rights of these States. We have become confused as to the theory of our rights, but with the practical good sense of the American people, we have —as in the taken the proper course, in the main, to protect ourselves against unjust aggressions. Our President, Western man though he is, and his advisers, have done many things adverse to the judgment and feelings of the Citizens of the West; but he is our Constitutional leader, and we are with him heartily in defending our rights, notwithstanding his great wrongs. We are "for With the honored Douglas, are we "for our Government against all ment against

assailants."

war

our Govern

all assailants.'

10

ing lessons in

The South will find in the West apt scholars in this much-neglected The West takscience of State rights; and it is of no use to talk to us about surrender- State-rights. ing our existing properties in the seceded States, and receiving back a part of them by treaty. We will never part with our rights. Even if New England may abandon New England were to be willing to abandon her interests therein-which her rightsshe never will, I hope; could she become so thoroughly abolitionized as to determine to be wholly cut loose from any States which tolerated slavery; were she even to side with the South in this war to obtain her release and effect disunion, it would have no influence to change the -will not af course of the West. Though many have been wrong as to the theory of fect the West. this war, believing it to be offensive instead of defensive, we shall soon get right; and we in the West, with the other Eastern States, will wage the war indefinitely for the maintenance of our rights and of the Union. Only let us become correct in theory as we are in practice, and united as The West can we shall be through the entire North, it will not be so very difficult for us fensive warto prosecute our defensive war in such a manner that the South will ere long tire of it. But if any of the Eastern States are unwilling to recon--till the federate with slave States and should even join the South, we in the West give us our alone can sustain a defensive war, till we can have our rights properly acknowledged and established by a new Confederacy. Countrymen of the Northwest! fellow Citizens! speak I not your sentiments to a man in declaring We never, never surrender our properties in the seceded States We never give upon compulsion?

sustain a do

South will

rights.

them up to force.

unions to fol

allowed.

All that is said in the foregoing extract as to the probability of More disfurther division, if one disunion scheme be tolerated, is freely admitted. low if one be The consideration of that very subject, as shown in the preface; alarm at the dangers which threaten us, started the investigation in 1860, which has led to the compilation of this work; for it is much less my own writing than a bringing together the wise and well-told truths and opinions of others. Month by month, as my ignorance has been enlightened by the treasures of governmental science and of history,

South: as to

this War.

The warning

example of Greece.

14. To the particularly that of the Grecian Confederacies, has the conviction been the Nature of strengthened, that if we cannot preserve our Union entire, we shall be in great danger of an utter failure to sustain free institutions. The quotations that will be made in discussing the Grecian Confederacies, prove Rival Confed- conclusively that it was not the division of those Peoples into small States States, divided that caused their dissensions and ultimate destruction, but their rival Confederacies. Aristotle's practical common-sense, taught him that Greece united in a polity of polities, could defy the world; and so could Like results to these States of ours in a league of all. But if disunited, the same rivalry be expected

eracies, not

Greece.

here.

Division

brings foreign intrigue.

adapted to corrupt diplomacy.

between neighboring Confederacies, will be here again witnessed, that gave an opportunity to Philip of Macedon to intrigue and subvert one after another of the Grecian Unions. The monarchs of Europe can then have an excuse to interfere in our affairs, and will keep us eternally by the ears; large armies and navies vieing with each other, will be established at immense expense, and to the great danger of civil liberty; and pos sibly within a century or less, the free institutions we so love and cherish, Republics not will have given place to military despotisms. In the sequel we hope to show from eminent authorities, and particularly from our experience under Washington's last Administration and that of the elder Adams,' that a Representative system is not adapted to cope with Monarchies in the intrigues and corruption of diplomacy. Our only safety lies in strict Monroe doc adherence to the Monroe doctrine, keeping clear of European entanglements, which will surely be abandoned when rival Confederacies are instituted. The man is a fool, who imagines that two or more neighboring publics rivals. Confederacies will cherish and promote each other's interests. The jeal ousy and hate will be intense and well reciprocated. All the injury will be done, all the favors withheld, that are possible to neighboring enemies. The ancient animosity between England and America will be as nothing Hate between to what we shall see here; and while separation by a wide ocean has aided to remove the former, between the North and South occasions of difficulty must constantly arise, and the bitterness already engendered by this deplorable war, will grow with our growth, and strengthen with our strength.

trine to be ad

hered to.

Adjacent Re

North and

South.

Disunion not to be tolerated.

to the South.

We cannot, must not, tolerate disunion. Sincerest friendship for the South alone, our friends there will see, should make us fight against disunion. We in the West are, and will be true friends to the South in The West true this contest. We will fight for years to save them from the wretchedness of disunion, from the imperilling of these our glorioùs institutions, which their fathers and ours established. The earth was enriched by the blood of patriots shed less than a century ago, to obtain freedom and independence, that Union might here be formed to perpetuate these free insti-let the de- tutions; let the blood of the grandsons and great-grandsons of those patriots, flow still more freely on these same ensanguined fields and many

The fathers

fought for Union

scendants do

80.

GIBBS History

and Adams

of Washington The valuable history of those Administrations by Mr. Gibbs, should be studied thoroughly Administra- by patriotic statesmen in this perilous period of dissolution, and everything that will aid to show ¡ions. us the danger of divisions, and the certain and great evils to result from rival Confederacies.

1

others, to keep from jeopardy our priceless inheritance. Talk not to the 14. To the West of peace and disunion.

South: as to the Nature of this War.

Occasion for

the South and amine Inter

North to ex

national Law.

Surely is there ample occasion both in the South and in the North, to study into those "Laws of Nature and of Nature's GOD," to establish the right to which for these States, our fathers jointly pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor. Honorable men were they, and never were those "Laws" dishonored by them. If we, their sons, because of the unexampled benefits resulting to us from their faithful practice of those "Laws," have become so engaged in our individual concerns, as to have neglected our duties to the STATE; have lost sight of the dignity, the majesty of Sovereignty, the Right of Command, in the possession of free Peoples; have even become so ignorant of those "Laws" themselves, as that it is a wonder of wonders, how they have been so well practised; is it not high time we resorted to the fountain of instruction, and drew deep draughts from the "Laws of Nature and of Nature's GOD?" Well will it be for us both in the South and in the South and North to learn North, to study them thoroughly, and know our mutual rights and our mutual rights and wrongs. Our rights, it will be easy for us to learn; let us not neglect wrongs. our wrongs, which on both sides will be found grievous. Yet, having resulted chiefly from ignorance and misconception of clear, well-established principles, it will be comparatively an easy task to retrace our To retrace onr steps, particularly for the South. We shall return to the blissful fields of Fœderalism, in which "the stateliness of houses, the goodliness of trees," so "delighteth the eye," because resting upon "that foundation," root," the South have so much more correctly appreciated than the North, STATE SOVEREIGNTY. Honor enough is it for the South, even by war, to have saved us from the wretchedness of consolidation, we have been so earnestly seeking.

"that

steps easy, par

ticularly for

the South

-we return to Federalism.

to which

will not pre

vent peace and

reconciliation,

May the enlightening influences of the HOLY GHOST be imparted to An invocation us in rich measure, both in the South and in the North, as with our dark- Christians will respond. ened understandings, we endeavor to learn what right and duty require of us as individuals and as States! Surely no obstinate determination to adhere to wrong, no malicious hate or desire to injure, will interfere Evil influences with peace and reconciliation, when once an opportunity has been afforded to examine thoroughly and justly our mutual rights and wrongs, our duties to God and country. Honest, candid, honorable parties as these States have ever been, when our wise men in the South and in the These States North, with our true friends in Europe, shall have well considered the rights of these States, in connexion with "the Laws of Nature and of The North Nature's GOD," we of the North will cheerfully assent to the surrender will abide by of that to which the South is fairly entitled; and if the South finds she Law so will has claimed more than belongs to her Sovereignties by those "Laws," 'she will no longer insist thereon; if she finds herself in an unjust, offensive war, speedily will she cease that war.

honorable.

International

the South.

cess!

May our GoD of mercy and of wisdom, teach us, His children, in God grant sucboth sections; show to us our duty, and give us hearts to do it.