MICHIGAN, - continued.

when statutes of, to take effect, 156.

protection of property by law of the land, 352, n.
liberty of the press in, 416.

religious belief of witness not to be inquired into, 478.
periodical valuation of property for taxation, 496.

MILITARY BOUNTIES,

by municipal corporations, when legal, 219–229.
MILITARY COMMISSIONS,

when not admissible, 319, n.

MILITIA,

(See MARTIAL LAW.)

control of, 11, 18, 41, n.

not to be called out on election days, 615.
MILL-DAMS,

construction of, across navigable waters, 594.
abatement of, as nuisances, 595.

legislative licenses for sale of lands forbidden, 98, n.

judges of, to give opinions to legislature, 40.

restrictions upon legislative power in constitution of, 128, n.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 111, n.

privileges of members, 134, n.

special legislative sessions in, 155, n.

title of acts to express the object, 142, n.

disqualifications for suffrage, 599, n.

MISSOURI, - continued.

republication of amended statutes, 137, n.

when acts to take effect, 156, n.

protection to property by law of the land, 352, n.
liberty of the press in, 416.

disqualifications for suffrage, 599, n.

MONEY,

coinage and regulation of, 10, 15.

legal tender, 15.

punishment of counterfeiting, 10, 18.

bills for raising, to originate in lower house in some States, 131, 132.
cannot be appropriated under right of eminent domain, 527.

MONOPOLIES,

odious nature of, 393.

grant of, not presumed, 395.

in navigable waters, 591.

MORTGAGES,

right to possession under, cannot be taken away by legislature, 290, 291.
MOTIVES,

of legislative body not to be inquired into by courts, 135, 136, 186, 187.
nor those of municipal legislative body, 208.

good, when a defence in libel cases, 464.

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS,

question of formation or division of, may be submitted to people inter-
ested, 118, 119.

powers of local government may be conferred upon, 118-125, 191.
whether they may engage in internal improvements, &c., 119, 213–219.
general view of the system, 189–192.

legislature prescribes extent of powers, 191.

charter of, the measure of their authority, 192.

complete control of, by legislature, 170, n., 191, 193.

whether it may compel them to assume obligations aside from their ordi-
nary functions, 230–235.

charter of, not a contract, 192.

implied powers of, 194, 209, 210.

effect of changes in, 192, n.

charter to be strictly construed, 195.

contracts, ultra vires, void, 196, 211, 212, 215, and n.

negotiable paper issued by, when valid, 212, 215, and n.

may exist by prescription, 197.

powers thereof, 197.

what by-laws they may make, 195, 198.

must not be opposed to constitution of State or nation, 198.

nor to charter, 198.

nor to general laws of the State, 198.

nor be unreasonable, 200.

nor uncertain, 202.

cannot delegate their powers, 204, 205.

nor adopt irrepealable legislation, 206–208.

nor preclude themselves from exercise of police power, 206–208.

MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS, continued.

MUTE,

nor grant away use of streets, 207, 208.

incidental injuries in exercise of powers give no right of action, 208.
may indemnify officers, 209, 210.

but not for refusal to perform duty, 212.

may contract to pay for liquors destroyed, 211, n.

powers of, to be construed with reference to the purposes of their cre-
ation, 211.

will not include furnishing entertainments, 211.

or loaning credit or making accommodation paper, 212.

must be confined to territorial limits, 213.

power of, to raise bounty moneys, &c., 219–229.

legislative control of corporate property, 235-239.

towns, counties, &c., how differing from chartered corporations, 240, 247,
248.

judgments against, may be collected of corporators, 241–247.

but only in New England, 246, 247.

not liable for failure of officers to perform duty, 247.

chartered corporations undertake for performance of corporate duty, 247.
liability to persons injured by failure, 247-253.

corporate organization how questioned, 254.

imperfect acts of, may be validated, 373, 374, n., 379.

must tax all property within their limits alike, 502.

cannot tax property not lying within their limits, 500.

bounds of, cannot be arbitrarily enlarged in order to bring in property for

taxation, 500-504.

obtaining water for, under right of eminent domain, 533.

taking of lands for parks for, 533, 534, n.

power of Congress over, 10.

NAVIGABLE WATERS,

made free by ordinance of 1787, 25, n.

right of States to improve and charge toll, 26, n., 592.

what are, and what not, 589.

are for use of all equally, 590.

general control of, is in the States, 591.

Congressional regulations, when made, control, 591.

States cannot grant monopolies of, 591.
States may authorize bridges over, 592.
when bridges become nuisances, 592.
States may establish ferries across, 593.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110, n.

privilege of members of legislature from arrest, &c., 134, n.
title of acts to express the object, 141, n.
republication of amended statutes, 151, n.
liberty of the press in, 416, n.

religious tests forbidden in, 469, n., 478, n.
NECESSITY,

is the basis of the right of eminent domain, 524, 538.
extent of property to be taken is limited by, 539.
destruction of buildings to prevent spread of fire, 594.
NEGLIGENCE,

as a foundation for rights under betterment laws, 388.

carriers of persons may be made responsible for deaths by, 581.
in the construction of public works may give right of action, 571.
NEGOTIABLE PAPER,

when municipal corporations liable upon, 212, 215, and n.
NEVADA,

special statutes licensing sale of lands forbidden, 98.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110, n.

republication of amendatory statutes, 151, n.

when acts to take effect, 156, n.

special legislative sessions in, 155, n.

title of acts to express the subject, 142, n.
protection by the law of the land, 352, n.
liberty of the press in, 416, n.
religious liberty in, 478, n.
disqualifications for suffrage, 599, n.
NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERACY,
of 1643, why formed, 5.

NEW HAMPSHIRE,

judges of, to give opinions to legislature, &c., 40.
causes of divorce to be heard by courts, 110, n.

revenue bills to originate in lower house, 132, n.

approval of laws, 153, n.

retrospective laws forbidden in, 370.

protection by the law of the land, 352, n.

liberty of the press in, 414, n.

religious liberty in, 469, n., 478, n.

disqualifications for suffrage, 599, n.

NEW JERSEY,

special statutes licensing sale of lands forbidden, 98, n.

NEW JERSEY, — continued.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110, n.

title of acts to express the object, 142, n.

revenue bills to originate in lower house, 132, n.
liberty of the press in, 415, n.

religious tests forbidden in, 469, n.

disqualifications for suffrage, 599, n.

NEWSPAPERS,

publication of privileged communications in, 448-451.
whether they have any privilege in publishing news, 451.
privilege not admitted by the courts, 453–457.

when publisher not liable to vindictive damages, 457.
(See LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS.)

NEW STATES,

admission of, 27-37.

NEW TRIALS,

not to be granted by the legislature, 95, 392.

not granted on application of State in criminal cases, 321.

may be had after verdict set aside on application of defendant, 327, 328.
but not on counts on which he was acquitted, 328.

NEW YORK,

(See JEOPARDY.)

divorces only to be granted in judicial proceedings, 110, n.
title of private and local acts to express the subject, 142, n.
amendment of first constitution in, 31.

protection by law of the land, 352, n.

liberty of the press in, 414, n.

witnesses not rendered incompetent from want of religious belief, 478, n.
contested election of governor in, 623, n.

NOBILITY,

titles of, forbidden to be granted, 17.

NOLLE PROSEQUI,

when equivalent to acquittal, 327.

NON COMPOTÈS MENTIS,

legislative authority for sale of lands of, 97–106.

excluded from suffrage, 599.

NON-RESIDENT PARTIES,

subjecting to jurisdiction of court by publication, 403-406.

restricted effect of the notice, 404.

discrimination in taxation of, 487.

NORTH CAROLINA,

ratification of Constitution by, 8, 9.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 111, n.

protection by the law of the land, 352, n.

liberty of the press in, 417, n.

infidels disqualified for holding office, 468.

NOTICE,

necessity for, in legal proceedings, 402-406.

bringing in non-resident parties by publication of, 403, 404.

of elections, when essential to their validity, 602, 603.