would leave the county too unguarded. And as we cannot change the people and have no business to try, we must ultimately take even the supervisors off the ballot, too. Let them be appointed from the various towns in the county by the town governments with voting power proportioned to the size of their respective constituencies. They might well be the mayors of the towns, serving ex officio as supervisors, as is proposed to-day in Alameda county, California. Having thus handed the other half of the county over to the constituent towns, we have left, so far as politics is concerned, no county at all!

And there is your theoretically perfect county!

Was it not said in years gone by that there was no good Indian but a dead Indian?

BOOK DEPARTMENT

NOTES

BAGNELL, ROBERT. Economic and Moral Aspects of the Liquor Traffic. Pp. viii, 178. Price, 75 cents. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1912. The author here undertakes to treat of the liquor problem from the social standpoint. Scientific evidence is quoted to prove the bad effects of the excessive use of alcohol on the individual, one chapter is given to a discussion of the deteriorating influence of the saloon, the economic aspects are discussed, and a fourth chapter surveys the general field and urges a more thorough scientific investigation of the problem. The author here calls attention to the fact that in this country nothing has been done along these lines for the last ten years and what was done before that time was of a very inadequate character. The last five out of the nine chapters deal with a discussion of the right and power of the state to control the liquor traffic.

With certain of the statements made, we must take exception, as for example, that "the excessive use of liquor is to be charged with a large percentage of poverty, disease, especially insanity and crime." The discussion on the present deteriorating influence of the saloon and the discussion of the last five chapters seem unnecessarily extended. The plea of the author for the thorough scientific investigation of this problem and the education of public opinion in accord with the findings of such investigations, is thoroughly sound but the partisan tone which prevails in places in this book lessens the value of the discussion. BARNES, H. GORELL, and DE MONTMORENCY, J. E. G. The Divorce Commission. Pp. xvi, 95. Price, 1s. London: P. S. King & Son, 1912.

This brief summary of the report of the divorce commission appointed by King Edward VII in 909 makes accessible to the American public some interesting information on the divorce question in general, and also the interesting change that has taken place in the traditional English mind in respect to the family. The conclusions presented in the majority report agree substantially with the American position, viz., that absolute divorce should be granted on the following grounds: (1) Adultery; (2) wilful desertion for three years and upward; (3) cruelty; (4) incurable insanity after five years' confinement; (5) habitual drunkenness, found incurable after three years from first order of separation; and (6) imprisonment under commuted death sentence. Court procedure should be arranged so as to furnish equal relief to all citizens without penalizing the poor. These conditions are conducive to higher moral standards rather than lower, and afford adequate protection to genuine family life.

From this majority report, a minority, headed by the Lord Archbishop of York, dissented in regard to the extension of the grounds of divorce beyond adultery. The minority report is purely reactionary while that of the majority is constructive. Those who are interested in the divorce movement should read this summary.

Blakey, LEONARD S. The Sale of Liquor in the South. Pp. 56. Price, $1.00. New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1912.

We have here a scientific investigation in an unbiased attempt to answer the following questions: (1) How shall southern commonwealths deal with the sale of intoxicating liquors? (2) Why have they abandoned the saloon as a distributing agency over so great an extent of territory? (3) Has the dispensary eliminated the difficulties experienced with the saloon? (4) Is it probable that the South will allow the enforcement of local and state laws to be hindered by federal law? (5) Has the presence of the negro in the South been the chief cause for bringing about state prohibition?

A wealth of material has been gathered with great care and the results recorded. Contrary to popular supposition the author finds no evidence that race has been any large factor. He says: "The prohibitory movement in the South is a response to a fundamental social impulse; its origin was too early, its response too basic and unconscious for any other interpretation." This is the sort of investigation that furnishes a sound basis for the discussion of the saloon question. CHAMBERLAIN, Lawrence. The Work of the Bond House. Pp. 157. Price, $1.35. New York: Moody's Magazine Book Department, 1912. This little book, which comprises about one hundred and fifty pages, is, in a sense, a supplement to Mr. Chamberlain's "The Principles of Bond Investment" which appeared some months ago. It is an attempt to explain the services rendered to the community by the bond house and to give a picture of the workings of such an institution. To those unacquainted with investments, the work will have some value, but as a complete presentation of the operations of a bond house, it leaves much to be desired.

After explaining the functions of a bond house the subsequent chapters deal with the methods employed in investigating and arranging for the purchase of each of the various classes of bonds ordinarily dealt in, the service which the bond houses furnish as advisor to its clients and in making a market for inactive securities. The final chapters deal with the problem of selling bonds from both the standpoint of the bond house and of the investor.

CONNER, JACOB E. The Development of Belligerent Occupation. Pp. 63. Iowa City: State University of Iowa, 1912.

DEVINE, EDWARD T. The Family and Social Work. Pp. 163. Price, 60 cents. New York: Association Press, 1912.

This little volume is prepared for use in the Y. M. C. A. study classes, written "to make clear the essentially religious character of social work and to emphasize its emotional appeal." In this, the author has been remarkably successful and it is doubtful if a more comprehensive and suggestive study in such brief compass has ever appeared. Biology, Economics, Inefficiency and Desertion, and the subnormal in their relation to the family are discussed. The last chapters are on Responsibility and Opportunity and the Coordination of Social Work. Each chapter is followed by a brief questionnaire. It will be found a serviceable and valuable work.

EDDY, ARTHUR J. The New Competition. Pp. 375. Price, $2.00. New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1912.

Mr. Eddy's volume is scarcely likely to prove of much value to the economist. It purports to be “an examination of the conditions underlying the radical change that is taking place in the commercial and industrial world-the change from a competitive to a cooperative basis." Careful, scientific examination, however, is lacking in spite of the sub-title. The volume is popular in character rather than scientific, dogmatizes upon many points and the author is thoroughly convinced of the evil of competition. The most valuable chapters in the volume are those entitled The Open Price Policy and Open Price Association. ENGEL, S. The Elements of Child Protection. Pp. xi, 276. Price, $3.50. New York: Macmillan Company, 1912.

FORD, JAMES. Cooperation in New England, Urban and Rural.

Pp. xxi, 237.

Price, $1.50. New York: Survey Associates, Inc., 1913. Cooperation is a means to an end, not an end in itself. In so far as Yankee independence, mobility of population and the desire to increase wealth by raising earning power rather than by thrift have interfered with the progress of the cooperative movement, we should not feel regret. In eras of rapid change these qualities are more valuable than those that contribute to the successful working out of cooperative schemes. And to the extent that we desire change and progress should this "American Spirit" be encouraged. The author in his enthusiasm for cooperation perhaps underestimates the importance of this spirit of ferment, as he perhaps overrates the importance of cooperation as an alternative to socialism, . if not as a measure of preparation for it. But within the narrower bounds that really fulfil the purpose of the study, the author is on sure ground. His presentation of facts is scholarly and unusually readable, and he establishes his principal conclusion that "rural New England has reached a point where a comprehensive and vital cooperative movement is not only desirable but increasingly practicable." GIBBON, I. G. Medical Benefit in Germany and Denmark. Pp. xv, 296. Price, 6s. London: P. S. King & Son, 1912.

HOLDSWORTH, J. T. Report of the Economic Survey of Pittsburgh. Pp. 239. Pittsburgh: The City of Pittsburgh, 1912.

Pittsburgh has been surveyed and re-surveyed by social worker, by city planner, by industrial engineer, and lastly, by an economist. This latest survey is unique. It was undertaken at the instance of the mayor and council of the city of Pittsburgh "to investigate the economic and other conditions of the city affecting its industrial and economic prosperity; to make comparisons in these respects with such other cities as shall be deemed advisable and to prepare and submit a report of the results of the investigations to council with such recommendations as shall be deemed advisable for advancing the industrial and commercial growth of the city." In the short time at his disposal Professor Holdsworth has produced an admirable report.

The principal subjects of inquiry were the smoke nuisance, housing, cost of living, wages, unemployment, markets, recreation, municipal taxation, and municipal efficiency. Large or strikingly novel results cannot be expected from

three months' work in such broad fields, but the material presented shows discrimination and the careful elimination of non-essentials.

Almost unconsciously we compare this survey with one made almost six years ago. The earlier survey, not yet entirely published, revealed in dismal colors the weaknesses of industrial Pittsburgh. It pointed out remedies only by implication. This later survey, much less pretentious, aims to help Pittsburgh to build up a better municipal personality by stating each problem and suggesting a way out.

KROPOTKIN, P. A.

Fields, Factories and Workshops. Pp. xii, 477. Price, 75 cents. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1913.

The author in this new edition has added some new material and has brought his statistics down to date. The argument has not changed and the new statistics seem to throw additional weight on the conclusion that civilized societies would derive great advantages "from a combination of industrial pursuits with intensive agriculture and of brain work with manual work." The chapter on the decentralization of industry which is going on at the present time and the one on education which would combine hand work with brain work and industrial with agricultural training are particularly interesting and suggestive.

LAMPRECHT, K.

Deutsche Geschichte der jünsten Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Pp. xvi, 519. Price, M6. Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, 1912. MCCLELLAN, WILLIAM S. Smuggling in the American Colonies. Pp. xx, 105. Price, $1.00. New York: Moffat, Yard & Co., 1912.

This monograph is the third of the David A. Wells prize essays published by the Department of Political Science of Williams College. It frankly admits that it is based on secondary material and aims merely to give a coordinated account of colonial commercial life and of the relation between economic and political factors in the formation of the American republic. Of chief value is the clear distinction made between the general colonial system of the period and the special acts passed for the protection of the sugar planters in the West Indies. It was the restrictions on imports from the West Indies which were systematically ignored and led to the universal and almost respectable smuggling of the colonial period. The author's conclusion is that the pressing need of funds compelled England to try to enforce the Molasses Act and that this precipitated the Revolution.

MCLAUGHLIN, ROBERT W. Washington and Lincoln. Pp. ix, 278. Price, $1.35. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1912.

This book is a combination of biography, history, and political theory. It traces in broad outlines the development of American Government and of American political ideals and methods, dividing this process into five periods and characterizing each period by a word that represents its main interest. These divisions are: (1) The parliamentary period of 1765, the era of experiment; (2) the Revolutionary period of 1776, the era of protest; (3) the constitutional period of 1787, the era of formulation; (4) the national period of 1830, the era of definition; (5) the Civil War period of 1861, the era of application. As a background, the important parts played by Washington and Lincoln in their respective