9. Suppose S. has on hand a quantity of indigo, that he sells for 13s. per lb, cash; G. comes in, and asks the price of it, which is told him; he says he will take 45lbs. provided S. will take his pay in brandy, which he is willing to barter away at 10s. 6d. per gallon, although he would sell it at 9s. cash; they bargain; now the question is, how much must the indigo be per lb. in barter, to be upon equal terms; and how much brandy must be given for the indigo?

Ans. The bartering price must be 15s. 2d. and 65 gallons

of brandy must be given for the indigo.

Find the bartering price of the indigo; find what the indigo comes to, at the battering price. To find the quantity of brandy, make the bar. tering price of the brandy, the Ist. term; the value of the indigo, the 3d. and

the 2d.

10. Suppose two men, T. and W. have a mind to barter; .T. has 200 bushels of corn, which he would barter away at 53. 3d. per bushel. W. has 80 bushels of rye, worth 53. 9d. per bushel, which he would give him in return for the corn; but this being insufficient to balance the corn, W. would give him oats at 3s. 44. per bushel to make up the deficiency; be so good as to find how many bushels of oats it will take?

Ans 177 bushels.

Find what the corn comes to, (by Practice if you please,) then find what the rye comes to; the difference will be the amount to be given in oats; to find the quantity say, if 3s. 4d. be 1 bushel, what will the amount mentioned, &c. be.

11. Suppose a vessel comes into port with a cargo of wheat, consisting of 1500 bushels; which, in the course of trade, is bartered away, at ID. 52cts. per bushel, for another cargo, consisting of the following articles; viz. 1200 bushels of salt, at 72 cents per bushel; 12 barrels of sugar, weighing together, 25C. 2qrs. neat, at 11D. 40cts. per C. 12 bales of muslin, each containing 20 pieces, at 2D. 50cts. per piece; and the remainder in coffee, at 211cts. per lb. the quantity of coffee is required? Ans 21C. 3qrs. 7lbs. + Find what the wheat comes to. Find what the salt comes to. Find what the sugar comes to. Find what the muslin comes to;and add what the salt, sugar, and muslin come to into one sum, and deduct that sum from the amount of the wheat; then, to find the quantity of coffee, say, as 21 cts. is to 1lb. so is the remainder found, to the quantity required.

LOSS AND GAIN.

Loss and Gain is an excellent rule; for, by it, the merchant and tradesman discover the gain or loss upon any parcel of goods. It also instructs how to raise, or fall, upon the price of any goods, in such proportion, that the gain may not be more than it ought, nor the loss so as to injure those concerned. By this rule, the merchant discovers his loss or gain per cent., and it likewise instructs how to raise or fall, so as to lose or gain so much per cent.

CASE I.

To find what is gained, or lost, on any quantity of goods.

Find by the most expeditious method, (as the Rule of Three, Practice, &c.) the value of the commodity, both for the purchasing and selling price, their difference will be the answer.

EXAMPLE FOR ILLUSTRATION.

1. IfI buy 3C. 2qrs. 71bs. of sugar, at 4£. 8s. 6d. per C. what is the gain upon the whole; if I sold out at 11d. per lb?

To find the cost of the sugar.

Ans. Gained 21. 10s. 5d.

1. S. d.

1. S. d.

3 2 7 248

I found the cost of the sugar by case 10th. Practice, and to fnd what it sold for, I made a statement by the Rule of Three, and have left it for the learner to work out the process; this will bring what the sugar sold for, viz. 15l. 15s. 31d. which must be subtracted from the cost of the sugar; the remainder will be the gain.

EXAMPLES.

". If I buy a puncheon of rum, containing 104 gallons, for and sell the same for 121 cts. per pint; what do I gain of whole!

Ans. 20 do

Find what the rum comes to, at the selling price. The diff between this amount and 84D. the cost, is the answer.

3. Suppose I buy boards for 12 cts. and sell them for 15 cts. what do I gain on 1500? Ans. $37 50cts. Deduct the 12 cts. from the 15 cts. then say, if 1 board be that remainder, what will

be?

4. Suppose I purchase 5 hhds. of molasses, the whole containing 532 gallons, at 31cts. per gallon; cartage 2 dolls. 50cts. freight 5 dolls. by getting it in store, a head burst, by which accident 17 gallons leaked out; what must I sell the remainder per gal. to gain $45 on the whole? Ans, 42cts. 2m. 90 rem.

Find what the molasses comes to at cost, then add the cartage, freight, and what I would gain to that sum, and state it, making the number of gallons that remain, after deducting what leaked out, the first term, the whole cost the 2nd, and 1 gal. the 3d.

5. If I buy 12C. of sugar, for 4l. 16s. per C. and sell the same for 13d. per lb. do I gain or lose, and how much?

Ans. I gained 15l. 4s. Find what the sugar comes to at 41. 16s. (Compound Multiplication, if you please,) then, to find what it sold for, say if 1 lb. be 13d. &c. 6. If you buy a box of tea containing 82 lbs. for $48.50 cts. and sell the same for $62 25 cts. what do you gain per lb.? Ans, 16cts. 7m, 56 rem. The quantity of tea the 1st term, the difference between the buying and selling price the 2nd, &c.

CASE II.

To know how much is gained or lost per cent.

RULE.

First find what the gain or loss is; then say, as the price the commodity cost, is to the gain or loss, so is 100l. or 100 dolls. to the gain or loss per cent.

EXAMPLE FOR ILLUSTRATION.

1. Suppose I buy hats for 1l. 4s. 6d. a piece, and sell them for 11. 9s. what do I gain per cent. or, in other words, what do I gain by laying out 1007.? Ans. 181. 7s. 4d. 48 rem. per cen'.

1. S.

d.

EXAMPLES.

2. What is the loss per cent. on sugar that is bought at $13 50cts. per C. and sold for $11 90cts. per C?

Ans. $11.85cts. 1m. 1150 rem. Make what the sugar cost the 1st. term, and the loss the 2d. &c. (To find the loss, deduct the $11 90cts. from the $13 50cts.)

3. If I buy a hogshead of molasses, containing 102 gallons, for $35.70cts. and sell it out at 41cts. per gallon, what do I gain per cent? Ans. 17D. 14cts. 2m. 3060 rem.

Find what the molasses sold for; then find the difference between the cost and that; when you state it make the cost the 1st. term, &c.

4. Suppose that, by selling goods, you gain 25cts. on a dollar, what per cent is it? Ans. 25 per cent.

Place $1 the 1st. term; the gain the 2d. term, &c.

CASE III.

To know how any commodity must be sold, to gain or lose a certain rate per cent.

RULE.

Say, as 100%. or 100D. is to the purchase price, so is 100%, or 100D. with the profit added, or loss subtracted, to the selling price.

EXAMPLE FOR ILLUSTRATION.

1. Suppose I buy brandy at 8s. 6d. per gallon, how must I sell it to gain 15 per cent?

100

Ans. 9s. 9d. 1qr. 20 rem. per gal. According to rule, I added the proposed gain to 1001, then stated

15 the gain per cent. it, making the purchase price the

second term. The learner may take the statement where I have left it, and find the answer, paying strict attention to the rule and manner of working the question, The answer will come in pence, which bring into shillings. From the remainder find the 1qr. &c.

EXAMPLES.

2. If you buy tea for 5s. 4d. per pound, how must you sell it per lb. to gain 30 per cent? Ans, 6s. 11d. 20 rem.

Examine the example for illustration. 3. If you buy wine for $1.25cts. per gallon, and, it proving not ood as expected, you are under the necessity of losing 20 cent by it; what must you sell it per gallon, to lose after at rate? Ans. 1 dollar. The loss must be subtracted from 100, deduct it and make the ret the third term; the other terms as before.

aine

4. If you buy flour for $6.50cts. per barrel, and keep it on hand till you are obliged to sell it at 15 per cent. loss; what is the selling price per barrel? Ans. $5.52cts. 5m.

5. Suppose I have 2 dozen of superior scythes, that cost 8s. 9d. a piece, which I wish to sell at 15 per cent. advance, but on opening the pack find that 3 of the scythes are entirely unsaleable, what must I sell the remainder for a piece to gain the 15 per cent? Ans. 11s. 6d.

Find what the 2 doz. comes to at 8s. 9d.; then deduct the three un saleable scythes from the 2 doz. and state it, making the remainder the 1st term; what the whole comes to, the 2d. and 1 scythe the 3d. To find the selling price, state it by the rule, making the 115%. the 3d.

CASE IV.

When the gain or loss per cent. is given, to find what the commodity cost.

RULE.

Say as 100l. or 100 dolls. with the gain per cent. added, or loss per cent. subtracted, is to the given price, so is 1001, or 100 dolls. to the first or prime cost.

EXAMPLE FOR ILLUSTRATION.

1. If I sell coffee at 2s. 3d. per lb. and thereby gain 12 per cent. what was the first cost?

Ans. 2 shillings.

In the first place, I added 12! 10s. (which is the 12 per cent) to 100, and then stated it, according to rule, making the selling price the second term, &c. The learner, when working out the process, will finish what I have 20 left undone; the result will be 24 pence, or 2 shillings, the cost of 2000 the coffee.

7.

3 :: 100

EXAMPLES.

2. Suppose that by selling salt at 80 cents per bushel, I gair 15 per cent. what did it cost me?

Ans. 69cts. 5m, 75 rem.

Examine the rule and example for illustration.

3. If I sell broad cloth at $4.50cts. per yard, and there lose 20 per cent. what did the cloth cost me?

Ans. 5D. 62cts o

Subtract the loss per cent. from 100, and make the remainder the the other terms as before.