In writing numbers which have no units, or no tens, or no hundreds, &c. the order observed in the foregoing tables must be maintained by filling the vacant places with a character called a nought or cypher, (0) which, of itself, represents no number. See

Read the following numbers or write them in words. Note.-Making a point or dot after every third figure, counting from the units place, greatly facilitates the reading of large numbers.

10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 40, 43, 44, 50, 55, 56, 60, 67, 68, 70, 71, 79, SO, 82, 83, 90, 92, 100, 101, 111, 112, 113, 114, 120, 128, 130, 132, 200, 203, 210, 300, 320, 332, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2001, 3010, 4020, 5200, 10250, 23450, 356789, 6789402, 76450791, 20156789, 1304136784.

Write the following numbers in figures.

Ten. Twelve. Fifteen. Seventeen Twenty-six. Thirtynine. Fifty-two. Seventy-four. Eighty-one. Ninetysix. One hundred and fifteen. Two hundred. Three hundred and twenty. Nine hundred and nine. One thousand two hundred. Seven thousand seven hundred

and thirty. One hundred and forty thousand. Seven hundred thousand five hundred and sixty-three. Seventeen millions. Eighty-four millions two thousand and forty-nine. Two hundred millions and fifteen.

SIMPLE ADDITION.

Addition teaches to collect several numbers into one. The number formed by adding several numbers is called the amount or sum of those numbers.

RULE.

Place the numbers one under another, with units under units, tens under tens, &c. then, beginning with the units, add up all the columns successively, and under each column set down its amount. But if either of the amounts (except the last) be more than 9, set down its right hand figure only, and add the number expressed by its left hand figure or figures into the next column. The whole amount of the last column must be set down.

Add the following numbers, viz. 14, 18, 99, 45, 28, 27, 19, 38, 16, 39, 48, 29, 260, 148.

Add, six hundred and forty, seventy-nine, eighty, one hundred, two hundred and ten, four hundred and fifty.

Add, nineteen thousands, fifty thousands, one million one hundred and one, one hundred and twenty-five.

APPLICATION.

1. If John give Charles twenty nuts, and James give him fifty-six, and Joseph give him ninety-five, how many will he have? Answer 171.

2. A person went to collect money, and received of one man ninety dollars; of another, one hundred and forty dollars; of ather, one hundred and one dollars; and of another, twenty-nine dollars. How much did The collect in all? Ans. 360 dollars.

3. Deposited in bank, fifty dollars in gold; three hundred dollars in silver, and five thousand dollars in notes. What is the whole amount deposited? Ans. 5350dols. 4. The distance from Philadelphia to Bristol is 20 miles; from Bristol to Trenton, 10 miles; from Trenton to Princeton, 12 miles; from Princeton to Brunswick, 18 miles; from Brunswick to New York, 30 miles. How many miles from Philadelphia to New York? Ans. 90.

5. A merchant bought of one person 50 barrels of flour for 300 dollars; of another person, 75 barrels for 525 dollars; and of another person, 125 barrels for 1000

dollars. How many barrels did he buy, and how much did he pay for the whole?

(

Ans. 250 barrels, and paid 1825 dollars.

SIMPLE SUBTRACTION.

By Subtraction we ascertain how much greater one number is than another: or what remains when a less number is taken from a greater.

RULE.

Place the less number under the greater, with units under units, tens under tens, &c. Then, beginning at the units place, take each lower figure from the one above it, and set down what remains. But if either of the lower figures be greater than the upper one, conceive 10 to be added to the upper,* then take the lower from it, and set down the remainder When 10 is thus added to the upper figure, there must be 1 added to the next lower figure.

PROOF.

Add the remainder to the less number, and their amount will be equal to the greater.

*

Some prefer taking the lower figure from 10, adding the remainder to the upper, and setting down their amount.

Take one hundred and fifty-six from three hundred and twenty-five.

Subtract fifteen thousands five hundred and nine from twenty thousands six hundred and fifty four.

Subtract twenty-five from ten thousands.

APPLICATION.

1. Charles has thirty-two marbles, and John has twenty-five: how many has Charles more than John? Ans. 7.

2. William is seventeen years old, and James is nine: how much older is William than James? Ans. 8 years. 3. Charles had twenty-five apples, but gave his brother twelve of them: how many had he left? Ans. 13. 4. A person had in bank 9000 pounds, but drew out 1112 pounds: how much money had he remaining in bank? Ans. 7888 pounds. 5. My friend owed me one hundred and fifty dollars, but has paid me ninety dollars: how much does he still Ans. 60 dollars.

owe me?

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION.

1. If I add 500, 627, and 1000, and subtract from their amount 900, what number will remain? Ans. 1227. 2. A person borrowed of me, at one time, 62 dollars; at another time, 150 dollars; and at another time, 200 dollars. He has now paid me 300 dollars. How much does he still owe me? Ans. 112 dollars. 3. Subtract 267 from 345, and add 150 to the remainder. 4. A person had in his desk 1000 dollars. He took out 120 dollars to pay a debt. He afterwards put in 75 How much was there then in the desk? Ans. 955 dollars.

dollars.

Facit 228.

SIMPLE MULTIPLICATION. Multiplication teaches to find what a number amounts to when repeated a given number of times.

The number to be multiplied is called the multiplicand.

The number to multiply by is called the multiplier