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market value one way or the other. There is no evidence in the case to warrant you in concluding that the trees had any market value in 1879, or at any other time. The only evidence offered by the government is as to the value of the timber after it was cut and made into lumber, and in that way this case differs from the case yesterday. Yesterday I instructed you in that case that if you find that, although there was a trespass, that it was not willful, you might determine the value of the timber as it stood on the ground. In this case there is no evidence of that kind."

The jury found a verdict for the defendant, and the government has brought the case here on error.

Asst. Atty. Gen. Parker, for the United States.

Mr. Justice BREWER, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

The only errors alleged are in the charge. The specific portions to which the attention of the court was called at the time, and exceptions taken, are that which refers to the history of the attitude of the government towards pioneers and others who took timber from government lands for domestic use, and that which declared that no verdict could be returned in favor of the government, except for we value of the lumber manufactured. In these there was obvious error. Although there was no direct evidence of the value of the standing trees, yet it did appear that they were manufac tured into lumber, and that the lumber had commanded a price of from eight to nine dollars a thousand feet; and when the government proved, or defendant admitted, that he cut and carried away some of the timber on this tract, the government was entitled to at least a verdict for nominal damages. As to any further right of recovery, see Wooden-Ware Co. v. U. S., 106 U. S. 432, 1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 398; Benson Min., etc., Co. v. Alta Min., etc., Co., 145 U. S. 428, 12 Sup. Ct. Rep. 877.

Nor were the observations of the court in reference to the attitude of the government justifiable. Whatever propriety there might be in such a reference, in a case in which it appeared that the defendant had simply cut timber for his own use, or the improvement of his own land, or development of his own mine, (and in respect to that matter, as it is not before us, we express no opinion,) there certainly was none in suggesting that the attitude of the government upheld or countenanced a party in going into the business of cutting and carrying off the timber from government land, manufacturing it into lumber, and selling it for profit; and that was this case. There is no pretense that the defendant cut timber for his own use. He says himself he sold it

all. He ran a sawmill, cut timber, manufactured it into lumber, and made profit out of the sale of the lumber. There is nothing in the legislation of congress, or the history of the government, which carries with it an approval of such appropriations of government property as that.

The judgment must be reversed, and a new trial ordered. Reversed.

(149 U. S. 277)

UNITED STATES v. HUMPHRIES et al. (May 1, 1893.) No. 235.

PUBLIC LANDS-CUTTING TIMBER-DEFENSES. The right of the government to recover damages for trees cut from the public domain, manufactured into lumber, and sold for profit, is not affected by the fact that the business, as carried on by defendant, was not in fact profitable.

In error to the circuit court of the United States for the northern district of California.

Action of trespass by the United States against John W. Humphries and Moses Mock to recover damages for the cutting There of timber from the public lands. was a verdict for defendants, and to review the judgment entered thereon the United States brings error. Reversed.

Asst. Atty. Gen. Parker, for the United States.

*Mr. Justice BREWER delivered the opinion of the court.

This case is so nearly like the case just decided (U. S. v. Mock, 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 848) that it is unnecessary to refer to the facts in detail. There also appears in this a further matter of error, in that the court, over the objections of the government, permitted the defendants to introduce evidence that their mill was not profitable. Certainly, whether they made money or not does not affect the right of the government to recover, or the measure of recovery.

The judgment in this case will also be reversed, and a new trial ordered.

(149 U. S. 216) DUER V. CORBIN CABINET LOCK CO. (May 1, 1893.) No. 191.

PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS-NOVELTY-FURNITURE

SO

LOCKS.

1. Letters patent No. 262,977, issued August 22, 1882, to Morris L. Orum, for a furniture lock having a dovetailed cap and top plate, and a front plate projecting laterally and below the cap, and rounded at the bottom as to adapt the lock for insertion in a mortise formed by a laterally cutting bit, in which position it is sustained by a countersunk front plate, are void for want of novelty, as every element of the device is found in one or more of the following patents: No. 138,148, issued April 22, 1873, to Gory; No. 241,828, issued May 24, 1881, to Henry L. Spiegel;

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and the subsequent patent issued to Spiegel April 21, 1885, on an application filed April 23, 1883,-and as the combination and modification of these elements involved nothing but mechanical skill. 37 Fed. Rep. 338, affirmed.

2. In view of this want of novelty, the fact that the Orum lock went into immediate, extended, and increasing use, while the prior locks were not commercially successful, will not avail to save the patent.

Appeal from the circuit court of the United States for the district of Connecticut.

This was a suit in equity by A. Adgate Duer against the Corbin Cabinet Lock Company for the infringement of a patent. The court below dismissed the bill, (37 Fed. Rep. 338,) and complainant appeals. Affirmed.

Statement by Mr. Justice BROWN:

This was a bill in equity for the infringement of letters patent No. 262,977, issued August 22, 1882, to Morris L. Orum, for an improvement in locks for furniture, such as are used on bureau or desk drawers, or the doors of wardrobes, washstands, etc.; and, as stated by the patentee in his specification, "It has for its object to provide a lock of such shape as to adapt it for insertion in a mortise of peculiar form, whereby a pair of the securing screws or nails is dispensed with, and the case of the lock is held laterally in the mortise by reason of its conformity thereto in shape."

The following drawings illustrate the lock, and mortise in which it is held:

Fig. 1

Fig. 2.

The patentee further said in his specifica. tion:

"The lock costs no more than an ordinary one of equal quality, and to attach it one tack is used, instead of four screws, as usual; but the main advantage is due to the saving of time and labor in making the mortise, and to the superiority of the finished job, by reason of the fact that the lock plate is countersunk in the wood, instead of lying upon its surface. This result has never heretofore been attained, except by hand chiseling, which is a slow and tedious pro

cess.

"I am aware that locks arranged to dovetail into their mortises are not broadly new, and such I do not claim."

His claim-and there was but a single onewas as follows:

"The lock herein described, having a dovetail cap and top plate, and a front plate projecting laterally and below the cap, and rounded at the bottom, whereby the lock is adapted for insertion in a mortise formed by a laterally cutting bit, and when in place is sustained by a countersunk front plate, as set forth."

The answer set up certain anticipating devices owned by the defendant, and the case was heard in the court below upon the pleadings and proofs, and the bill dismissed. 37 Fed. Rep. 338. Plaintiff thereupon appealed to this court.

Benjamin Price and Wilmarth H. Thurston, for appellant. Chas. E. Mitchell and John P. Bartlett, for appellee.

[graphic]

*Mr. Justice BROWN, after stating the facts in the foregoing language, delivered the opinion of the court.

The old and familiar style of furniture lock, in use from time out of mind, was inclosed in a shell or case,-square, or nearly so, and attached to a rectangular plate turned over at the top to form what is termed a "selvedge," through which the bolt passed. A key post also projected some distance beyond the back plate of the shell towards the front of the drawer. The lock, so constructed, was inserted in a rectangular mortise cut out to receive it, and secured to the drawer by four screws through the four corners of the broad front plate.

The peculiar shape of the cavity required the mortising to be done by hand, which took considerable time, and added largely to the expense of the furniture. Indeed, the lock itself, in some instances, cost less than the expense of mortising the recess to receive it. The need had been felt for a long time of a lock of such shape that it could be received into a rounded cavity, which was capable of being excavated by machinery.

This want was first met by a lock invented by one Gory, for which a patent was issued to him April 22, 1873, numbered

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138,148. This patent consisted of "such a construction of the shell or frame of the lock that it is adapted to fasten itself within a routed cavity in the wood, and thus dispense with mortising and fastening screws." "The shell, A," said the patentee, "is so constructed that upon each side of the rear face (and by the rear face is understood the face nearest the front of the drawer) an extension projection or wing, a, is formed, which, when snugly fitted into a corresponding depression, b, at each side of the routed cavity, B, serves to retain the lock securely in the routed cavity. In this way the recess for the reception of the lock for drawers or similar uses, instead of being a mortise necessarily cut by a slowly-operating mortising machine, is an open-sided recess, made* almost instantly by the rapidlyrevolving tool of a routing machine or groover. This improved form of lock, when driven snugly into a routed cavity such as is described, requires no fastening screws to hold it in place, and consequently reduces the expense of the lock and fastening, in addition to the reduced cost of producing the cavity to receive it." This was the underlying patent of all similar devices, and, while it never seems to have come into general use, subsequent patents have been merely improvements upon it.

The peculiar feature of his patent was not only in rounding the bottom of the lock so that it could be admitted into a cavity cut out by a revolving tool known as a "router," but in making the cavity larger in the rear than in the front, so that a lock correspondingly shaped might be slipped into the cavity from above, and held there without the aid of screws.

While the single claim of this patent was confined to a lock whose frame is made with side extensions at the rear face, to enable the lock to be firmly secured in the routed cavity, several different forms of cavity are shown in the drawings, nearly all of which are dovetailed in such manner that the lock is received and held in position without the aid of other fastenings. This lock was a most ingenious device, and no doubt involved patentable novelty. Three fourths of this patent now belongs to the defendant. There was a difficulty with it, however, in the fact that the patentee took off all the projections from the old style of lock, including those of the broad front plate, through which the screws were inserted, which was cut off so as to be flush with the side of the shell, the projecting key post, which was cut flush with the face of the cap, and the top plate or selvedge through which the bolt is passed. It consisted merely of a shell fitted snugly upon all sides into a cavity routed out of the exact size to receive it. For these or other reasons the lock never seems to have gone into general use. In

Ideed, the evidence is that it was never used at all.

Next in order of time is patent numbered 241,828, issued May 24, 1881, to Henry L. Spiegel. In this device "the back plate of the lock" (that is, the plate nearest the front of the drawer) "is made to project on each side of the lock, and adapted to fit a groove or dovetail formed in the inner surface of the drawer front," the object of the improvement being to provide a lock which may be secured in its receptacle without the aid of screws. The lock shown was of the ordinary pattern, except that its back plate was provided with projecting edges, designed to fit in a groove, and hold the lock fast. "It is obvious," said the patentee, "that the groove, B, may be made dovetailed, and the edges, G, of the back plate, bent to a corresponding angle to fit therein, if desired." His claim was for a cabinet lock with its rear plate projecting beyond each side of the lock case, and having the upper part of each projection bent towards the front plate, which front plate had a slit and strip, which, when the lock is forced home, was set into the wood by a hammer, and thus the lock was held from working out of its receptacle. This patent is also owned by the defendant.

His idea was, in substance, that of so constructing the lock that there should be a space between the front and rear plates to receive the walls of a routed mortise. Both the front and back plate, however, as well as the selvedge, were made rectangular, and hence the lock was no better adapted for insertion in a routed cavity than was the old-style lock. This lock also seems to have been a failure in practical use, and, so far as the record shows, none were ever constructed under the patent.

On April 23, 1883, Spiegel filed an application for another patent, which was issued to him April 21, 1885, 21⁄2 years after the Orum patent in suit; but as the lock was invented before that of Orum, and as Orum had full knowledge of it before he made his alleged invention, it should be considered as part of the art as it existed at the date of the Orum patent.

In his specification, speaking of prior de vices, and apparently of the Gory patent, the patentee states: "In view of the fact that locks constructed with projecting key posts possessed certain advantages that met the demand of the trade, the peculiar construction of lock above described, with its flush key post, and adapted to be driven into a routed cavity, failed *of introduction, preference being given to the old form of lock case, with its projecting key post, though it necessitated the hand-chiseled mortise and fastening screws for its attachment." Speaking of his own prior patent of May 24, 1881, he says: "The lock case, being thus secured at its sides, allowed of a space or recess being formed in the rear wall of the mortise,

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and in rear of the cap plate, for the reception of the projecting key posts, which space was covered and concealed from view by the projecting top plate for selvedge. While this latter construction of lock possessed vailable features of improvement not disclosed by the prior art, yet the form of lock shown and described in the patent is such as to preclude its adoption for use in routed cavities, because this front plate is not of the proper form to fit within and cover a cavity made by a routing tool. The object of this invention is to obviate the objectionable features and defects hereinbefore set forth, and provide a lock case of such form and construction that it may have a projecting key post, if so desired, and be secured within a routed cavity, and snugly retained therein, so as to conceal the cavity from view, and form a neat and finished appearance when in place. With these ends in view, my invention consists in a lock case having its edges constructed to engage or interlock with the side walls of a routed cavity, and provided with a front plate having a rounded bottom adapted to fit within a countersunk recess around the routed cavity, and constitute a support for the lock case, and conceal the cavity from view." This lock differs from the prior Spiegel patent principally in being rounded at the bottom so as to be fitted to a routed cavity, and prevent the displacement of the lock either in a forward or backward direction, and also in having a space in the rear wall of the cavity for a projecting key post.

This was practically the state of the art when Orum's patent was granted. In this patent the shell or case of the lock is dovetailed to fit a corresponding dovetailed cavity, and the selvedge is also made of similar dovetail shape. The front plate projects upon each side of the case, and is rounded at the bottom so that it may be fitted to a routed cavity. The lock is held in position by two tacks through the upper corners of the front plate, or by a single tack driven through a hole at the base of the plate. To insert the lock, it is simply slipped down into place in the mortise and secured against lifting by one or more tacks which are used merely to prevent the lock from slipping out of the mortise, and are not called upon to resist a strain. His claim is for "the lock herein described, having a dovetail cap and top plate, and a front plate projecting laterally and below the cap, and rounded at the bottom, whereby the lock is adapted for insertion in a mortise formed by a laterally cutting bit, and when in posttion is sustained by a countersunk front plate, as set forth." There is no mention made, in the specification or claim, of a projecting key post, or of any space for its reception, although such a key post is shown in the drawing, and it was evidently intended that the mortise should be made deep enough | to receive it, or that a special channel should

be cut out for that purpose. The selvedge was made wide enough to cover a cavity corresponding in depth to the projection of such key post.

In view of the advance that had been made by prior inventors, it is difficult to see wherein Orum displayed anything more than the usual skill of a mechanic in the execution of his device.

All that he claims as invention is found in one or more of the prior patents. The dovetailed cavity and the correspondingly shaped case or shell is only a copy of a cavity shown in Fig. 8 of the Gory patent, and it cer tainly required no invention to make the top plate or selvedge of the same shape so as to completely cover the cavity. The projecting front plate, rounded at the bottom, is shown in the second Spiegel patent, both of these patents also exhibiting a projecting back and front plate, and a projection or groove in the mortise between them. Neither is the countersunk recess for the reception of the front plate novel, since it is also found in the second patent to Spiegel, and expressly set forth as an element of his first two claims. In each case it is used for the purpose of supporting the lock vertically, and also of preventing it falling backward against' the inner wall of the mortise.

In view of the fact that Mr. Orum had no actual knowledge of the Gory patent, he may rightfully claim the quality of invention in the conception of his own device; but as he is deemed, in a legal point of view, to have had this and all other prior patents before him, his title to invention rests upon modifications of these too trivial to be the subject of serious consideration. His "radically new idea of making the mortise as deep as the width of the projecting selvedge, and of cutting out the selvedge at its ends," as claimed by his counsel, was such as would have occurred at once to an ordinarily intelligent mechanic, who had the previous devices before him. To speak of these trifling variations as involving months of labor, thought, and experiment is a misuse of words. In his own testimony, Mr. Orum, who was called as a witness by the defendant, says that if he had been acquainted with the Gory patent he would have had no difficulty in making the top plate of the Spiegel lock conform to a dovetail cavity, or any other routed cavity. While the testimony of a patentee in derogation of his own patent is usually open to some suspicion, this opinion is so obviously correct that it needs only a comparison of his device with those of Gory and Spiegel to confirm it.

It is true the Orum lock seems to have gained an immediate popularity, to have met with large and increasing sales, and to have had the usual effect of successful patents, in stimulating the activity of business competitors to produce an equally useful and popular device. Were the question of patentability one of doubt, this might suffice to

turn the scale in favor of the patentee. But there are so many other considerations than that of novelty entering into a question of this kind that the popularity of the article becomes an unsafe criterion. For instance, a man may, by the aid of an alluring trademark, succeed in catching the eye of the people, and palming off upon them wares of no greater intrinsic value than those of his rivals; but such trade-mark may be, and usually is, wholly destitute of originality, often taken from some prior publication, and appropriated to the specific purpose of the owner. The same result may follow from the more attractive appearance or the more perfect finish of the article, from more extensive advertising, larger discounts in price, or greater energy in pushing sales. While the popularity of the Orum lock may be due to its greater usefulness, or to the fact that it was put upon the market just at the time when cabinetmakers were looking for a lock of this description, it is certainly not due to any patentable feature in its construction.

The decree of the court below dismissing the bill is therefore affirmed.

(149 U. S. 224)

UNDERWOOD et al. v. GERBER et al. (May 1, 1893.) No. 217.

PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS-NOVELTY-TRANSFER

PAPER.

Letters patent No. 348,073, granted August 24, 1886, to John T. Underwood and Frederick W. Underwood, were for "an improved reproducing surface adapted to be employed for obtaining copies * by means

of a typewriter," or other means of printing or writing, which consisted of a sheet of material or fabric coated with a composition composed of a precipitate of dye matter, obtained as described, in combination with oil, wax, or oleaginous matter." Held, that the patent was void; for patent No. 348,072 was issued the same day, to the same parties, for precisely the same coloring or dye matter described therein, and, in view of the prior state of the art, there was no invention in applying an existing coloring matter to paper or other fabric for the purpose in question. 37 Fed. Rep. 682, affirmed.

Appeal from the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of New York. Affirmed.

James A. Hudson and Livingston Gifford, for appellants. A. v. Briesen, for appellees.

Mr. Justice BLATCHFORD delivered the opinion of the court.

This is a suit in equity, brought in the circuit court of the United States for the eastern district of New York, by John T. Underwood and Frederick W. Underwood, against Henry Gerber and Anton Andreas, founded on the alleged infringement of letters patent No. 348,073, granted to the plaintiffs August 24, 1886, on an application filed March 22, 1886, for a "reproducing surface for typewriting and manifolding."

The specification reads as follows: "Our invention relates to an improved reproducing surface, adapted to be employed for obtaining copies of typewriting, or other printed or written impressions, by means of a typewriter or other printing device, or by the employment of a stylus or other writing

means.

"Our improved transfer surface is spread upon a sheet or vehicle, and when so applied is adapted to be employed in place of the articles of trade commonly known and designated as 'carbon paper' or 'semicarbon paper,' which are employed by typewriters and others to produce copies of impressions either obtained by a machine or by a stylus, or other writing means.

"[In carrying out our invention we employ, in the manufacture of our improved transfer service, dyewood solutions, or their active principles, which we filter and precipitate with alkalies and mineral salts, or with alkalies, acids, and mineral salts, or with acids or alkalies alone. After the solution has been filtered the precipitate is removed from the filtering device and dried. The precipitate is then mixed with lard oil and wax, or their equivalents, and the mixture is then ground together in a warm state.

"The dye solutions we prefer to employ are obtained from logwood or haematoxylin, the active principle of logwood, Brazil wood, sapan wood, peach wood, madder, or its active principle, alizarine.

"The proportions we find to answer well in producing our improved surface are as follows: Take one pound of extract of logwood, and dissolve the same in one gallon of water, then add to the solution one pound of soda and one pound of mineral salt, using one of the salts of iron or copper, -preferably, sulphate of copper. The mixture thus obtained is then placed in a filter. After the solution has been filtered the precipitate is removed from the device employed for filtering, and then dried, after which the precipitate is ready for use. To every two pounds of precipitate thus obtained, we add one pound of oil and one pound of wax, and then grind the mixture, in a warm state, in what is commonly known as a 'paint' or other suitable grinding mill. The heated mixture thus obtained is then applied to tissue paper, or other suitable paper or fabric, by means of a sponge or other suitable transferring device.

"The paper or fabric to which our improved surface is to be applied is placed upon a heated table, by preference formed of iron, and heated by steam; but this may be varied.

"In place of employing oil or wax, or both combined, we can employ any other suitable oleaginous matter, or combination of oleaginous matter, having equivalent, or approximately equivalent, properties.]"

The claim is as follows:

"A sheet of material or fabric coated with.

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