from liability for its omission by delegating its performance to another; or, having required work to be done, by omitting precautions and inquiries as to the time and manner of its performance. Laning v. New York Cent. R. R., 49 N. Y. 521; Corcoran v. Holbrook, 59 N. Y. 517; Slater v. Jewett, 85 N. Y. 61; Pantzar v. Tilly Foster Min. Co., 99 N. Y. 368; S. C. 2 N. E. Rep. 24. The master is chargeable, ordinarily, with knowledge of the means necessary to be employed in performing his work; and when their procurement and selection is delegated to a servant, he stands in the place of the master in discharging those duties, and the servant's neglect in that office is chargeable to the employer as an omission of duty enjoined upon him. Ellis v. New York Cent. R. Co., 95 N. Y. 546; Slater v. Jewett, 85 N. Y. 61. Ignorance by the master of defects in the instrumentalities used by his servants in performing his work is no defense to an action by the employe who has been injured by them when, by the exercise of proper care and inspection, the master could have discovered and remedied the defects, or avoided the danger incident therefrom. The evidence in the case fails to disclose the previous history of the structure used as a platform, but it appears that it was already manufactured, and had lain, for some time previous to the accident, over the boiler in the boiler-room. It was apparently made of sound lumber, and upon a casual examination would seem to have been safe for the purpose for which it was used. An examination of it, however, after the accident, disclosed that the broken wood had a knot of about two inches in diameter near its center, which must have impaired its safety for use as a platform. The under part of the board was unpainted, and the existence of the knot was presumably open to discovery upon a casual inspection of the platform, before it was placed in position. We think that it was within the province of the jury, upon the evidence appearing in the record, to pass upon the question of the defendant's negligence in using the structure described for a platform in the work prosecuted, and that it was error to dismiss the complaint. Feltham v. England, L. R. 2 Q. B. 36; Coughtry v. Globe Woolen Co., 56 N. Y. 124; Manning v. Hogan, 78 N. Y. 615. The judgment of the court below should be reversed, and a new trial ordered, with costs to abide the event. (All concur.) NOTE. Respecting the liability of the master for an injury caused by the negligence of a coservant, see Neubauer v. New York, L. E. & W. R. Co., (N. Y.) 4 N. Ē. Rep. 125, and note, 126, 127. Respecting the liability of the master to a servant for an injury caused by the use of machinery defective or out of repair, see McGee v. Boston Cordage Co., (Mass.) 1 N. E. Rep. 745, and acte; Stringham v. Stewart, (N. Y.) 3 N. E. Rep. 575, and note, 578580; Marsh v. Chickering, (N. Y.) 5 N. E. Rep. 56, and note, 58, 59; and Pittsburgh, C. & St. L. Ry. Co. v. Adams. (Ind.) 5 N. E. Rep. 187. (101 N. Y. 554) SCHMITTLER v. SIMON.1 Filed March 9, 1886. 1. BILLS OF EXCHANGE-ACCEPTANCE BY EXECUTOR OF DRAFT, TO BE PAID OUT OF ESTATE, MAKES HIM PERSONALLY LIABLE. Plaintiff claims to recover as the holder of a draft drawn on "Adam Simon, executor," for $900, and interest, payable July 1, 1879, to be charged to maker "against me, and of my mother's estate." Defendant accepted, adding the word "executor" to his name. Plaintiff was nonsuited, on the ground that defendant was not liable personally, but, if at all, in his representative capacity; and that it was payable out of a specific fund which had not been shown to exist. Held error; that if an administrator or executor makes, indorses, or accepts negotiable paper, he will be held personally liable, even if he adds to his own name the name of his office.2 2. SAME-MENTION OF FUND IN DRAFT. The mere mention of a fund in a draft does not necessarily deprive it of the character of commercial paper; but it must further appear, in order to have that effect, that it contains either an express or implied direction to pay it therefrom, and not otherwise. 8. SAME-LIABILITY OF PARTIES. That this was a contract to pay a fixed amount at a specified date absolutely and unconditionally, and rendered the parties executing it liable absolutely for the amount stated therein Appeal from order of general term, First department, affirming a judgment of nonsuit granted by the supreme court against plaintiff. Jos. B. Reilly, for appellant. Michael C. Gross, for respondent. RUGER, C. J. The plaintiff claimed to recover as the holder of a draft drawn upon and accepted by the defendant, reading as follows: "NEW YORK, February 26, 1877. "Mr. Adam Simon, executor, will please pay to Johannes Schmittler, or his order, on the first day of July which will be in the year 1879, the sum of nine hundred dollars, with seven per cent. interest to be paid besides this amount, yearly, July month, and charge the amount against me, and of my mother's estate. WILLIAM J. SCHAREN." Written upon the face: "Accept. ADAM SIMON, Executor;" and indorsed: "Pay to the order of Mary Schmittler the amount of note. JOHANNES SCHMITTLER." Upon the trial, after proving the execution of the draft, its acceptance and transfer, and offering to prove the payment of a consideration by the plaintiff to the payee, which was objected to by defendant, and excluded by the court, the plaintiff rested. The defendant thereupon moved to nonsuit, upon the ground that the obligation was not binding upon the defendant personally, but he was liable thereon, if at all, in his representative character alone, and that it was payable out of a specific fund, and a recovery thereon could not be had without proving the existence and extent of such fund. The court thereupon nonsuited the plaintiff, to which decision she excepted. The general term having affirmed the determination of the trial court, the plaintiff took this appeal. 1Reversing 29 Hun, 480, mem, See note at end of case. We think the court below erred as to both of the grounds upon which their judgment proceeded. That the defendant was liable upon the draft, if liable at all, in his individual capacity alone, seems, under the authorities, to admit of no doubt. Neither executors nor administrators have power to bind the estate represented by them through an executory contract, having for its object the creation of a new liability not founded. upon the contract or obligation of the testator or intestate. They take the personal property as owners, and have no principal behind them for whom they can contract. The title vests in them for the purposes of administration, and they must account as owners to the persons ultimately entitled to distribution. In actions upon contracts made by them, however they may describe themselves therein, they are personally liable, and in actions thereon the judgment must be de bonis propriis. Not so, however, upon contracts made by their testator or intestate; in such case the judgment is always de bonis testatoris. Gillet v. Hutchinson's Adm'r, 24 Wend. 184; Ferrin v. Myrick, 41 N. Y. 315; Austin v. Munro, 47 N. Y. 366. The action here is exclusively upon the undertaking of the defendant, importing a promise to pay the sum of $900 on the first day of July, 1879, to the payee of the draft, or his order, for a consideration received by the promisor. No facts are alleged or proved showing any liability on the part of the defendant's testator to the drawee of the draft, or any legal demand existing in his favor against the estate represented by the defendant. It follows that the obligation must be held to be the individual contract of the defendant, and enforceable as such by a judgment against him, and execution to be levied de bonis propriis, or it is nudum pactum, creating no liability whatever. The cases are very numerous to the effect that the addition of an official character to the signatures of executors and administrators in executing written contracts and obligations has no significance, and operates merely to identify the person, and not to limit or qualify the liability. Thus it was held in Pinney v. Johnson's Adm'r, 8 Wend. 500, that a bond given by administrators, in their representative capacity, to a creditor for a debt of their intestate, was the individual obligation of the administrators, and enforceable against them de bonis propriis only; that the description of the obligors in the bond as administrators, and their promise in that character, was surplusage, and they were chargeable upon such a bond only in their personal capacity. See, also, Gould v. Ray, 13 Wend. 634. 1 Pars. Bills & Notes, 161, lays down the rule that "an administrator or executor can only bind himself by his contracts; he cannot bind the assets of the deceased. Therefore, if he make, indorse, or accept negotiable paper, he will be held personally liable, even if he adds to his own name the name of his office,-signing a note, for example, 'A., as executor of B.,'-for this will be deemed only a part of his description, or will be rejected as surplusage." To similar effect are Pumpelly v. Phelps, 40 N. Y. 59; Taft v. Brewster, 9 Johns. 334; Forster v. Fuller, 6 Mass. 58; Hills v. Bannister, 8 Cow. 31; Thacher v. Dinsmore, 5 Mass. 299; Cornthwaite v. First Nat. Bank, 57 Ind. 268. Being of the opinion, therefore, that the defendant is liable upon the draft in question in his individual capacity alone, the question still remains as to the extent of such liability. He was undoubtedly competent to enter into a personal contract in reference to the funds in his possession, and in such case would be bound to perform according to the tenor and legal effect of the obligation assumed by him, and entitled to be allowed the amount paid upon an accounting as executor. Such instruments are subject to the rules of construction applicable to other contracts, and must be interpreted upon consideration of the language used by the parties with a view of arriving at their intention in executing them. The court below held that the draft in question was payable only from a particular fund, and was therefore non-negotiable, and enforceable only to the extent of the fund referred to. Considering the question, as we are compelled to do, from the language of the instrument alone, we are unable to agree to the interpretation thus put upon it. It is not claimed that there is any distinction between the instrument in question and an ordinary bill of exchange, except that made by the clause referring to the mother's estate. Unless that clause deprives the paper of its commercial character, the rights and liabilities of the parties thereto must be governed by the rules pertaining to negotiable securities, which would render the defendant liable for the amount named in the draft, upon the theory that his acceptance was an admission by him of assets applicable to its payment. The distinction between a fund from which a draft or order is directed to be paid and one referred to as the means of reimbursement to its drawee is a material one, and cannot be disregarded in the construction of such instruments. Thus it is said: "When a reference is made to a special fund merely as a direction to the drawee how to reimburse himself, and the payment is not made to depend upon the adequacy of the fund, it will not vitiate the bill." Edw. Bills & Notes, § 158. See, also, Pars. Mer. Law, 87; Chit. Bills, 158. DWIGHT, C., in Munger v. Shannon, 61 N. Y. 255, says: "A bill is an order drawn by one person on another to pay a third a certain sum of money absolutely and at all events. Under this definition, the order cannot be paid out of a particular fund, but must be drawn on the general credit of the drawer, though it is no objection, when so drawn, that a partic ular fund is specified from which the drawee may reimburse himself." Judge RAPALLO, in Brill v. Tuttle, 81 N. Y. 457, says: "If a draft be drawn generally upon the drawee, to be paid by him in the first instance on the credit of the drawer, and without regard to the source from which the money used for its payment is obtained, the designation by the drawer of a particular fund, out of which the drawee is to subsequently reimburse himself for such payment, or a particular account to which it is to be charged, will not convert the draft into an assignment of the fund, and the payee of the draft can have no action thereon against the drawee unless he duly accepts." In that case the drawee refused to accept, and the action was sought to be maintained upon the theory of an equitable assignment. It was held, under the special circumstances of the case, and the form of the instrument, that it did transfer the fund. It is thus seen that the mere mention of a fund in a draft does not necessarily deprive it of the character of commercial paper; but it must further appear, in order to have that effect, that it contains either an express or implied direction to pay it therefrom, and not otherwise. The question, therefore, to be determined here is whether the fund in question is referred to as the measure of liability or the means of reimbursement. While the point is not free from doubt, we think a reasonable construction of the draft favors the conclusion that it is mentioned only as the source of reimbursement. No express language in it can be pointed out as requiring its payment from the fund mentioned, and none from which that requirement can be implied except such as exists in all drafts where a fund is referred to. The language is to "charge the amount against me, and of my mother's estate," and contains no provision for delay until the amount is realized from the estate, or for payment pro tanto in case the estate should prove insufficient to pay the whole amount. There is no language importing a transfer of the fund to the payee, and nothing from which such an intention can be inferred. The draft contains an absolute direction to pay a fixed sum, at a specified date, with interest. It imports a present indebtedness of the sum named from the drawer to the payee, and an absolute direction to pay that sum at a fixed date, subject to no contingency either as to time or amount. In express language, he directs the amount, when paid, to be charged against him individually, and adds the words plainly implying, as we think, that the fund for the acceptor's reimbursement would be found in an amount eventually or immediately payable to the drawer from his mother's estate. We think, also, that the insertion of words expressly making the paper negotiable was quite significant, and indicated an intention on the part of all parties that it should be transferable, and partake of the character of commercial paper. Any contingency inferable from the language of the draft making the amount payable thereon indefinite and uncertain would tend largely to depreciate its value for such purpose, and defeat the intention with which it was apparently made. If the language of the paper could be considered at all ambiguous, it was the duty of the defendant to limit his liability by apt words of acceptance when it was presented to him; but as it is, he has unqualifiedly promised to pay a fixed and definite sum at a specified time, and we think should be held to the contract which other parties were authorized by his acceptance to infer he intended to make. The case of Tassey v. Church, 4 Watts & S. 346, seems quite in point. The instrument there read: "$555.48. ALLEGANY, July 1, 1840. "Please pay Church, McVay & Gordon five hundred and fifty-five dollars forty-eight cents, and charge the estate of Thomas C. Patterson. "ADAM FLEMING, Trustee. "To John Tassey, Administrator." Fleming was the trustee of Mrs. Patterson, who was the heir at law of Thomas C. Patterson. Tassey was the administrator of Patterson's es |