Kuchler v. Milwaukee, 165 Wis. 320. MARSHALL, J. Does it appear from the record, giving due consideration to the decision of the court below, that the evidence did not present a jury question as to whether the defect in the curbstone rendered the street not reasonably safe for travelers on foot? If not, then the judgment must be affirmed. It is not sufficient to warrant disturbing the judgment for it to appear merely doubtful whether the circuit court reached the right conclusion, nor that, if we were to determine the matter from an original standpoint, without the aid of such conclusion, we might reach a different result. Such dignity is to be accorded the opinion of the circuit judge that it must be regarded as right unless the contrary clearly appears. Powell v. Ashland I. & S. Co. 98 Wis. 35, 73 N. W. 573; Slam v. Lake Superior T. & T. R. Co. 152 Wis. 426, 140 N. W. 30. The rule stated has been quite strictly adhered to since it was first formulated. It is now, as it has often been before, restated in order that it may be appreciated that when the trial judge rules, as in this case, the situation cannot be considered on appeal wholly from an original standpoint. Cases are often presented, it is thought, without such appreciation. Therefore frequent reiterations of the rule by which this court must be guided, to the end that appeals with the attendant expense to litigants may be minimized so far as practicable without prejudice to the rights of parties. In the Slam Case, in connection with a full review of previous decisions respecting the subject, the court said: "This court should not disturb the decision merely because, on a doubtful balancing of probabilities, the mind inclines slightly against the decision, but only when the mind is clearly convinced that the conclusion of the trial judge is It is also considered that this is an entirely reasonable and salutary principle; a principle upon which the court has acted in the past and expects to act in the future; a prin wrong. Kuchler v. Milwaukee, 165 Wis. 320. ciple which gives due weight and dignity to the decision of the trial judge and demands of him his best and most conscientious service whenever such a question is presented." From the viewpoint indicated, we will briefly survey the record before us. No time need be spent discussing the proposition that a public way for travel, which it is the duty of the municipality to maintain in a reasonably safe condition, may not be so and the imperfection consist of some depression, or hole, or an object outside of the region prepared therefor. If the imperfection is so near thereto or connected therewith as to ef ficiently interfere with the place for travel being reasonably safe therefor, then the way is actionably defective and, if a personal injury is caused thereby to a user thereof, in the exercise of ordinary care, the municipality is liable. Slivitski v. Wien, 93 Wis. 460, 67 N. W. 730; Boltz v. Sullivan, 101 Wis. 608, 77 N. W. 870. In cases of this sort, often it is very difficult, especially where the conclusion must be based upon reasonable inferences from undisputed facts, to determine whether there was room in the whole situation for a reasonable controversy as to whether the way was actionably defective or not. Without such controversy there is no jury question, and the court, when appealed to, as was done in this case, must dispose of the matter as one of law. In doing so there is often such a zone of uncertainty as to where judicial interference ends and jury duty begins that the deference due to the trial court's decision renders the rule stated in the opening, often of controlling importance. The characterizing circumstances of the situation the trial court dealt with, doubtless, to some extent, influenced the result. The place was quite distant from that part of the city where the sidewalks were liable to be much crowded by users. It was in a semi-business part, but where there would reasonably be expected to be ample room on the side and cross walks Kuchler v. Milwaukee, 165 Wis. 320. for pedestrians, without stepping aside and invading the region occupied by the curbstone where it was wholly outside. the place, for the use of footmen. It would be somewhat a stretch of imagination to indulge in the idea that the fourinch depression in the curb could be dangerous to users of the street or crosswalk. The court relied upon Snyder v. Superior, 146 Wis. 671, 132 N. W. 541, as a safe guide to go by. Probably that case as well illustrates the principle that an imperfection in a highway which is outside the ordinary course of travel and the place prepared therefor, and not so close thereto, or connected therewith as to render such place not reasonably safe, is not actionable, as any which can be referred to. Many cases might be cited which deal with the subject in general, each depending, in the ultimate, on its own particular facts. No two could be found which are exactly alike as to facts. To cite and analyze such cases, quoting from opinions, would not materially aid us, if at all. No one goes further than to illustrate the principle stated with reference to the particular facts, without establishing any certain rule for another case involving different facts. In the Snyder Case there was a thirty-inch-wide plank crossing of an alley, connected at the ends with a four-foot plank sidewalk, leaving a space nine inches wide on the outer edge which was filled by a ten-inch plank, inclined at an angle of about thirty-three and one-third degrees, so there was a drop from the sidewalk to such plank at the outer edge of the sidewalk of about four inches. The plaintiff walked near such edge and stepped on to such plank, whereby she fell and was fatally injured. This court held that the trial court correctly decided that the walk was not actionably defective since the drop was not over some two inches in any place where a foot passenger would naturally be expected to travel. Thus, it will be seen that in the Snyder Case, controlling Kuchler v. Milwaukee, 165 Wis. 320. significance was given to the fact that the drop in the sidewalk was outside the region where a foot passenger would be reasonably expected to travel. Here the defect in the curbstone was not only likewise circumstanced but was so far beyond the sidewalk or crosswalk area that a person could not reach it without departing wholly therefrom. It was so far away from the place for travel that it would not be reasonably expected that one using such place by a mere side step in passing another on the walk, or by a misstep, would reach it. Appellant reached it by taking two or more steps aside from his course of travel, and going some three and a half feet away from the crosswalk and then, instead of returning, attempting to take a cross-cut over the curbstone to reach the sidewalk. The similarity of the Snyder Case to this one is not difficult to see, in that the place of defect was reached by going outside of where one would be reasonably expected to travel. In any event, the defect in the curbstone, under all the circumstances, was quite as inconsequential as the drop from the sidewalk in the Snyder Case. Taking the entire situation into consideration we are unable to reach a conclusion that the trial court was clearly wrong in applying the logic of that case and rendering judgment for the defendant upon the ground that the break in the curbstone, in view of its location, did not constitute an actionable defect in the way prepared for public travel. By the Court.-The judgment is affirmed. Ed. Schuster & Co. v. Kuryer Pub. Co. 165 Wis. 327. ED. SCHUSTER & Co., INC., Respondent, vs. KURYER PUBLISHING COMPANY, Appellant. March 13-April 4, 1917. Contracts: Authority of agent: Ratification: Option to renew advertising contract: Injunction against breach: Equity: Irreparable injury. 1. Even if the advertising manager of the defendant newspaper publishing company had no authority to contract with plaintiff for the publishing of a stated quantity of advertising for a period of three years at a fixed rate, with an option for a two-years renewal, yet, where such contract came to the notice of defendant's business manager within the three years and he, having full authority, failed to disavow it and the defendant continued to receive and publish plaintiff's advertising in accordance with its terms, the contract became binding in its entirety. 2. Defendant having refused to publish plaintiff's advertising after the original three-year period unless plaintiff would agree in advance to pay a higher rate, and it appearing that an irreparable injury to plaintiff would result from such threatened breach of the contract, and that the damages could not be ascertained under any legal rules, defendant was properly restrained from breaching the contract. APPEAL from a judgment of the circuit court for Milwaukee county: JOHN J. GREGORY, Circuit Judge. Affirmed. This action is brought in equity to restrain the defendant from breaching the terms of an advertising contract. The plaintiff is a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the state of Wisconsin and operates three department stores. The defendant is also a corporation existing by virtue of the laws of the state and publishes a newspaper in the city of Milwaukee. On or about the 18th of February, 1913, the merchandise manager of the plaintiff and the advertising manager of the defendant contracted as follows: "We hereby agree to contract with Ed. Schuster & Co. to sell you fifteen thousand (15,000) inches or more of space in the Kuryer Polski, to cover three (3) years, beginning |