2. What are the main palæontological characteristics of the Palæozoic, Mesozoic, and Cainozoic Periods respectively ?

3. What are the chief arguments for and against the acceptance of the "Laurentian" as a PreCambrian Period?

4. What are the chief arguments for and against the recognition of Eozoon as an organised body?

5. What are the chief palæontological characteristics of the Harlech grits and St. David's slates, or Menevian group of rocks?

6. What supposed organic remains have been noted. in strata below the Menevian rocks? What objections have been raised as to their organic nature?

7. What are the chief characteristic fossils of the Lingula beds and the Tremadac slates?

8. Write down the generic characters and geological range in time of Hymenocaris, Agnostus, Paradoxides, and Olenus.

9. What are the generic characters and geological ranges in time of the single-rowed Graptolites (sometimes called Monograptus), and the Diplograpsus and Didymograpsus respectively?

10. What are the general characters and geological range of Trilobites, and the generic characters and range of Beyrichia, Asaphus, Ampyx, Trinucleus, and Calymene?

DEDUCTIVE LOGIC.

Professor Laurie.

TO BE USED ALSO AS HONOUR PAPER NO. 1.

1. To what extent is Formal Logic occupied with language?

2. Explain the nature of the opposition between each pair of the following propositions:-None except ratepayers are voters for the municipality. Among the voters for the municipality are some ratepayers. It is untrue that all voters for the municipality are ratepayers.

3. Give the contrapositive, the obverted converse, and the inverse of the following propositions :-No fish are mammals. If a triangle be equilateral it is also equiangular. Have we in all cases a right to pass from a universal general proposition to its inverse?

4. What is the import of pure hypothetical (as distinguished from conditional) propositions? And what immediate inferences can be drawn from them?

5. What forms of categorical syllogism are valid if the major premiss be affirmative, and the major term be distributed both in its premiss and in the conclusion? Prove your answer by the rules of the syllogism, and reduce your syllogisms, if they fall in any other figure, to the first.

6. Give examples of Sorites in the first and second figures, analysing them into ordinary syllogisms.

7. Show the connexion between purely logical and semi-logical fallacies, and explain the nature of different fallacies of accident.

8. State the following in syllogistic form, and point out fallacies, if any :

(a) Competition should be as far as possible suppressed, for without competition there would be no sweating, and everything which leads to so great an evil should be suppressed.

(b) Since the prosperity of a country depends on the number of people settled on the land, small holdings should be encouraged by the State.

(c) If wheat be plentiful next season, its price will be low; but it will either be plentiful, or else the rainfall will be deficient. Can we infer anything about the price of wheat next season if the rainfall be not deficient?

(d) Every industry, in order to prosper, must be progressive. The manufacture of woollens must therefore be prosperous since it is progressive.

9. Anyone with good health and good temper is likely to be contented; if he possesses good health but not good temper, or good temper without good health, he is not likely to be contented, but is still able to do good to others. If anyone is not likely to be contented, and is unable to do good to others, he has neither good health nor good temper. What can be said (a) of one likely to be contented, and (b) of one who has neither good health nor good temper? Work out this question by Jevons's Method of Indirect Inference.

INDUCTIVE LOGIC.

Professor Laurie.

TO BE USED ALSO AS HONOUR PAPER No. 1.

1. What is the import of a proposition embodying a scientific generalization? Refer, in your answer, to Mill's treatment of this question.

2. What importance may be attached, in the present day, to the doctrine of the Predicables?

3. What, according to Mill, is the universal type of the reasoning process? Is an inference conclusive when it conforms to this type? Add any

comments.

4. Should the so-called perfect induction be regarded as a real process of inference? Refer, in your answer, to the views of Mill and Jevons on this question.

5. In what respects is the Method of Difference more powerful than the Method of Agreement?

6. In what class of cases is the Deductive Method of the greatest service? Give reasons for your

answer.

7. What proof would you require of a hypothetical

explanation? Is it sufficient in all cases that the hypothesis should harmonise with the facts?

F.

8. Give a short abstract of Mill's chapter “On Uniformities of Coexistence not Dependent on Causation," explaining the statement that uniformities of coexistence, whether ultimate or not, must be ranked among empirical laws.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

SECOND YEAR.

Professor Laurie.

TO BE USED ALSO AS HONOUR PAPER No. 1.

1. Show the need and value of external observation and experiment in Psychology.

2. Would it be correct to describe Perception as a synthesis of sensations, past and present? Give your reasons, showing clearly the elements which enter into an act of Perception.

3. What meaning do you attach to Apperception? And to what extent is it exemplified in our mental life?

4. Describe the attitude of Descartes towards personality, comparing his position on this subject with that of Spinoza.

5. By what reasoning was Locke led to deny the existence of innate principles? Mention some of the historical consequences of this denial.