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5. What is the value of analogical evidence in itself? And what the relation of analogy to hypothesis?

6. How are "general conceptions" obtained?

And

by what means may they become more appropriate?

7. Show the importance of general names, as subsidiary to Induction.

8. Under what conditions are the ends of scientific classification best answered?

MENTAL PATHOLOGY, MENTAL THERAPEUTICS, AND MENTAL HYGIENE.

The Board of Examiners.

1. What are the causes of Idiocy?

2. Give a full description of the mental and physical symptoms of general paralysis before insanity is developed sufficiently to allow of admission to a lunatic asylum.

3. Describe primary dementia, its diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

4. Enumerate the forms of insanity to which women are liable between the period of conception and birth of the child. Give prognosis and treat

ment.

5. A kills B by a number of blows on the head with a tomahawk, and a stab with a knife. He conceals the body, takes B's money, destroys B's clothes, and escapes. When arrested some hours afterwards he is quite rational; says that he and B had a quarrel about a girl, when B called him insulting names, and that he struck him on the head with the tomahawk, which was lying near. He has no recollection of how many blows he struck or of using the knife. A did not exhibit any signs of insanity the day before the murder, but is said to have had one or more epileptic fits some months previously, and there is reason to believe that some of his near relatives were insane.

Separate the facts here stated into those indicating (1) sanity, or (2) insanity. Is A sane or insane, and why?

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF MEDICINE.

The Board of Examiners.

1. Give an account of the comparative prognosis and treatment of cases of mitral stenosis and regurgitation.

2. Discuss the indications for the use of alcohol in cases of acute febrile disease.

3. Describe shortly (a) the conditions leading to the production of albuminuria, and (b) the most reliable tests for ordinary clinical purposes.

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MEDICINE.

The Board of Examiners.

CASES FOR COMMENTARY.

1. A. B., male, aged 20, has been ailing for several years, and exhibits the following symptomsThough intelligent enough, he is slow and hesitating in speech, and has some constant quivering of the eyeballs. He complains of no pains either in body or limbs, and has no trouble with bladder or rectum. Patellar reflexes are absent, no ankle clonus, and there is no loss or alteration of sensation in legs or arms. When standing with feet together and eyes shut he sways a little, but keeps equilibrium pretty well. On walking he shows a rolling gait, but not the jerking violent movements of true ataxia. He has never had double vision, gastric crises, or shooting pains. As to family history there is nothing special, except that he has a younger brother affected in a similar way.

Comment on this case, discussing the conditions which might be supposed capable of producing the symptoms, and giving diagnosis and prognosis.

2. W. P., aged 44, painter, complains of cough, expectoration, hæmoptysis, dyspnoea, weakness, emaciation, and night sweats; no pain. The cough occurs in paroxysms, especially in the morning, and is accompanied with profuse thin mucopurulent expectoration. Patient states that he has never been free from cough since he was

12 years of age, when he had an attack of pleuropneumonia. The dyspnoea is only present on exertion. Hæmoptysis has been very profuse; he has had twelve attacks altogether. He has been losing flesh for more than a year. The sputum has been examined for the bacillus of tubercle with a negative result. On examination, patient is emaciated, but not markedly so; the fingers are clubbed and the finger nails incurved. The temperature is normal or sub-normal. The chest is irregular in shape, flattened laterally but not equally on both sides. There is also flattening both above and below the clavicles. Expansion is very imperfect; in the upper part of the chest there is scarcely any expansion, even on deep inspiration. The intercostal spaces are well marked, and deepen on inspiration. Vocal fremitus is increased all over the chest. On percussion, resonance is deficient everywhere, back and front; it is not a decided dulness, but rather a "woodeny" note. In places, especially anteriorly on each side of the sternum, the note is clearer, perhaps tympanitic. On auscultation, anteriorly over both apices, and especially on the left side, some vesicular murmur is heard, but the breathing is harsh and mostly tubular in character. Lower down and towards the axillæ the vesicular murmur is displaced by harsh bronchial breathing and large moist sounds resembling gurgling. Posteriorly over nearly the whole surface there is cavernous breathing and gurgling, more especially in the interscapular regions and just below the inferior angles of the scapula. The heart apex is faintly visible in a line two inches below the nipple. The precordial dulness cannot be made out.

The sounds are feeble and distant.

There is no bruit at any of the cardiac orifices. The pulse is 50-64, rather small, regular, and compressible. Appetite and digestion unimpaired. Urine normal in quantity, sp. gr. 1020, no albumen, some phosphates.

Comment on above case, giving pathology, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

OBSTETRICS AND DISEASES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN.

The Board of Examiners.

CASE FOR COMMENTARY.

A lady, aged 25, had her first catamenia when fourteen, and in the first few years the interval was four weeks, the duration four days, without pain, and in moderate quantity. Since marriage the condition was the same, except that the duration' was six days; and it thus continued till 24th October. She married ten months ago when aged 24, and has had no miscarriage nor confinement. She was quite well up to 24th October, when the catamenia normally commenced. On the 25th she was in a railway train; there was a collision; she was cut over the right eye and violently shaken, and at once had pain in the lower abdomen and over the lower back, and the catamenia ceased. She continued her journey, went to bed at once on her arrival, and the pain continued. A medical man attended her.

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