SUPERFICIAL OR SQUARE MEASURE.

Superficial or square measure is used in measuring all kinds of surfaces, such as land, paving, flooring, plastering, and everything which has length and breadth. Its denominations are, the mile, m.; the acre, a. ; the rood, r.; the rod, rd.; the yard, yd.; the foot, ft.; and the inch, in.

Gunter's chain, used by surveyors in measuring land, also in measuring distances, is 4 rods, or 66 feet, in length, and is composed of 100 links.

Cubic measure is used in measuring solids and capacities, or anything that has three dimensions, length, breadth, and thickness. Its denominations are, the cord, c. ton, t.; the yard, yd. ; the foot, ft.; and the inch, in.

the

CLOTH MEASURE.

This measure is used for measuring cloth, and other goods which are sold by the yard or ell.

Its denominations are, the English ell, E. ell; the French ell, Fr. ell; the Flemish ell, Fl. ell; the yard, yd.; the quarter, qr.; and the nail, na.

This measure is used in measuring grain, fruit, seeds, roots, salt, sand, oysters, coal, &c. Its denominations are, the chaldron, eh.; the bushel, bu.; the peck, pk. ; the quart, qt.; and the pint, pt.

ALE AND BEER MEASURE.

This measure is used in measuring porter, ale, beer, milk, and water. Its denominations are, the hogshead, hhd.; the barrel, bbl.; the gallon, gal.; the quart, qt.; and the pint, pt.

The beer gallon measures 282 cubic inches.

54 gallons. 1 gallon =

1 hogshead

1 barrel

36 gallons.

1 gallon

1 gallon

4 quarts.

1 quart

54

of 1 hhd.

36

' of 1 bbl..

of 1 gal.

WINE MEASURE.

Wine measure is used in measuring wine, and all spirituous liquors, except porter, ale, and beer. Its denominations are, the tun, t.; the pipe, p. ; the hogshead, hhd.; the barrel, bbl.; the gallon, gal.; the quart, qt.; the pint, pt; and the gill, gl.

The standard gallon of the United States is the wine. gallon, which measures 231 cubic inches, and contains 8.3388822 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water.

The British standard imperial gallon measures 277.274 cubic inches, and contains 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water.

MEASURE OF TIME.

Time is the measure of duration or existence. Its denominations are, the century, c.; the year, yr.; the month, mo.; the week, wk.; the day, d.; the hour, h. ; the minute, m.; and the second, s.

The year is divided into 12 calendar months, as follows:

January, 1st mo., has 31 days. | July,

31

" 30"

7th mo., has 31 days.

February, 2d

March,

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May,

5th "

6 31

66

June,

66
6th ‹‹
6 30

November, 11th "

66

December, 12th “

10th "

When any year can be divided by 4 without a remainder, it is called leap year, in which February has 29 days.

CIRCULAR MEASURE.

Circular measure is used in measuring circles, latitude and longitude, and in computing the revolution of the earth and other planets round the sun. Its denominations are, the circle, c.; the sign, s.; the degree,°; the minute,'; and the second,

A sheet folded in two leaves is called a folio. A sheet folded in four leaves is called a quarto, 4to. A sheet folded in eight leaves is called an octavo, or 8vo.

A sheet folded in twelve leaves is called a duodecimo, or 12mo.

A sheet folded in eighteen leaves is called an 18mo.