EVERYONE is aware that the lower animals are of the greatest benefit to man; and without them he would, in many respects, have been very miserable indeed. Some of them supply him with the bulk of his food, some with the greater part of his clothing, while others again, such as beasts of burden, "contribute to ease his fatigues, and enable him to change place without labour, and attain health without weariness." In fact, it would be endless to enumerate the various ways in which they serve him. Still, notwithstanding the numerous advantages derived by man from animals, they are in many cases treated by him with great unkindness, and even with harshness and cruelty.

Were not man the frail being that he is, he would find it to his own advantage to treat creatures, which contribute so much to his happiness and comfort, with kindness and humanity. Animals which are properly cared for, pay better for their keep than those which are neglected. A horse, as is well known, when kindly treated, will obey the voice of his master more implicitly than one urged on by whip and spur. He shows to all the world a contented, sleek appearance. It thus appears that persons should treat animals humanely, from motives of policy, if from no higher consideration.

Common justice requires that we should treat animals with humanity, as the least recompense we could make them for their invaluable services. Besides, in maltreating animals we are wantonly abusing one of the gifts of our Creator. We find in Scripture, numerous commands given to the Jews for the purpose of enforcing humanity and kindness towards their beasts. These commands, we know, bind us just as stringently as they did the Jews to whom they were addressed. But it is needless to multiply reasons, when so many of the human race seem destined to act contrary to reason in matters affecting their most material interests.

Again, from a purely selfish point of view, we should, on our own account, practise kindness to animals; for we are all aware that animals not only respond to kind treatment, but are also resentful of injuries. We read somewhere of an elephant which was pricked by a tailor with his needle, lifting the little man into a tree and leaving him to get down as best he could. In such cases, animals have what is known as "long memories." A man who had badly beaten a dog, on returning to the house after many months' absence, was severely bitten by the poor brute, whose vengeance he had so courted. How often have dogs saved the lives of kind masters? The newspapers reported only a few weeks ago, the case of two soldiers having been thrown into the

belonging to one of them, swam to their assistance. He took hold of one of them, but on finding it was not his master, he quickly let go, swam to his master, whom he kept afloat until assistance arrived. Some blacksmiths have a practice of beating horses if they do not stand quietly to be shod. One of these incautiously approached a horse which he had some weeks before maltreated, and was kicked to death.

In conclusion, it is hoped that the societies formed for the prevention of cruelty to animals may be more successful in the future than they have been in the past, and that kindness and humanity may so influence the acts of mankind that such societies may no longer be necessary.

True and False Success.

T.

SUCCESS in life should be regarded as a means, not as an end. If sought after merely for honour, then it may fitly be termed false success; but if it is the result of pursuing our daily duty zealously, then it must be called true success.

There is a wide difference between true and false success; yet they resemble each other so much that we are very prone to confound them. Every person would like to be always successful, but there are many who do not scruple to attain success by other than fair means. Some boys at school are apt to adopt sinister means in order to get their work done. Sometimes if a boy cannot solve an arithmetical problem, he will copy from his neighbour, and show the solution to the tutor as if it were his own work. Success thus earned cannot be true; and if the boy had failed in the attempt to get the sum right by his own ingenuity, it would have been more creditable than to have secured a false success. The lad who thus deceives his schoolmaster, not only injures his own prospects, but he forms unfair and sinister habits which may cling to him in after life.

The only way by which a person can get a comfortable position in life now is by passing an examination. If he wish to obtain Government employ, he must first submit to the trying ordeal— a competition; and in order to be successful, a long course of study must be gone through. Success even here, however, has been sometimes secured by unfair practices, generally by copying from a text book smuggled into the examination room, and also by copying from a neighbour's papers. To adopt such a course is dishonourable and base, and would be likely to make the candidate uncomfortable throughout his whole life. If he had earned success without having had recourse to unfair means, it would have made him happy; moreover, he would have looked back with pride on a success thus honourably achieved.

As another example of false success, we will take the usurer. Perhaps no man can make money more easily, more rapidly, and even more dishonourably than the usurer, who is more frequently designated the money lender. His business is to lend money to persons in urgent need of cash to pay off a debt, or who may be heir to large properties. These are, for the most part, the usurer's victims. When the time comes for repaying the loan, the borrower is amazed to find that interest to an enormous amount must also be paid; and unless the cash be forthcoming within a given time, the unmerciful usurer takes possession of the borrower's "goods and chattels "for he only lends under the most stringent conditions. In this way the money-lender goes on year by year "fleecing" the poverty-stricken and the well-to-do alike, and heaping up in a very short time a large fortune. However wealthy he may become, and however anxious most men are to pay a tribute to the affluent, he is only known as the money-lender, and despised by his fellow-man.

It is thought by many that we were sent into the world to acquire wealth, but nothing can be more delusive than such an imagination. One of those who think that money-making is the main purpose of life is the publican. He sells that which has brought thousands to ruin, in order to make himself rich. It has been proved over and over again, by medical men, and by men of great experience and observation, that the liquor sold by publicans does an incalculable amount of harm, and that the injury to character is quite as great as the harm to health. A great deal of fault lies, as is well known, at the doors of purchasers; but we must not ignore the fact that the publican has to push his trade to "make it pay." A man thus vending what is a ravager of peace and contentment, must be following a sham industry, and at the best can only reach a false success.

True success consists in doing with all our might whatever good thing we take in hand. If we earnestly strive to do this, success is almost a certainty. It may happen that after all our endeavours, success may be withheld from us; but this occurs in so few instances that it is unnecessary to dwell on it. One of our great poets has truly said :

"Honour and shame from no condition rise, Act well your part, there all the honour lies" embodied in this couplet is the secret of success. In whatever position of life we are placed, be it high or low, if blessed with health and strength, we can make our life successful, although at the end we may not be worth a penny more than at the beginning. It is related of a certain rich merchant named Gray, that one day he gave a severe rebuke to one of his workmen for slovenli

ness. It appeared that the workman, who had known his master for many years, became irritated by the rebuke, and shouted to Mr. Gray, "I tell you what, Billy Gray; I knew you when you were only a drummer in a regiment." "I know I was," said Mr. Gray, "I know I was only a drummer, but didn't I drum well?" We ought to be ready with a similar reply if charged with having occupied an humble position during some part of our lives. In whatever position we may be placed-whether as a crossing-sweeper, a shoeblack, a clerk or an officer, a workman or a tradesman, a lawyer, doctor, or statesman-we should make a determined effort to perform our allotted task, not for self glory, but for the benefit of our fellow-men.

A short time ago our modern great commander, Sir Garnet Wolseley, wrote a letter to be read to the children of a school in which he was greatly interested. He stated in the letter that success in life was within the reach of all who set before them an aim and an ambition that was not beyond the talents which Providence had bestowed on them. Any one acquainted with the life of the conqueror of Egypt, cannot but be struck with the very quiet way he has risen to fame, and the unostentatious manner in which he bears his honours. We may conclude by saying, true success in life consists in working with energy and perseverance whatever we may take up, in being not easily discouraged by unexpected reverses, nor too much elated by favourable turns of fortune, in not over-rating the importance of being the possessor of riches, nor staking our happiness on that fleeting commodity, so that our career may be honourable, our conduct above reproach, and after our sojourn in this troublous world shall have passed away, the mention of our name shall not bring a blush to our posterity.

P.

EDUCATION IN SCOTLAND.-While the percentage of children on the school registers in Scotland in proportion to the population is 1-2 larger than in England, there is a much greater proportion of infants (under seven) in attendance in the latter country. In the year 1882 Scotland presented 36.69 per cent. in the upper standards, England only 28.26. In Scotland 92 per cent. passed in reading, and 85 in arithmetic, the figures in England being 89 and 77 respectively.

GERMAN UNIVERSITIES.-There are 21 Universities in Germany (10 being in Prussia), attended by 25,000 students. The Law Students number about 5,500; Protestant Divinity Students 3,500; Catholic Divinity Students 810; and 6,000 Medical Students. Berlin has 4,000 Students; Leipsic 3,000; Munich, 2,200.

ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS.

[The student will find no difficulty in drawing for

himself the requisite diagrams.]

1. The linear velocity of a particle moving uniformly in a circle is the space passed over in the unit of time.

The angular velocity of the particle is the angle described in the unit of time, by a radius drawn from the particle to the centre of the circle.

The relative velocity of two particles moving

in the same direction is the difference of their

velocities. If the particles move in opposite directions, the relative velocity is the sum of their

velocities.

velocities of the two trains are respectively 40 feet and 20 feet per second, or 27 miles and 13 miles per hour.

2. First law of motion.-A body in motion, not acted on by any external force, will continue to move in a straight line, and with a uniform velocity.

The first law of motion cannot be established by any direct experiment, for the prescribed conditions can under no circumstances be fulfilled. It is impossible to free a body from the action of external forces.

If a ball be rolled along a smooth surface it will move for a considerable distance in a line nearly straight, and it is found that the path more nearly approximates to a perfectly straight line, and the motion continues for a longer time, the smoother the surface is on which it is rolled. But friction and the resistance of air are forces which cannot be eliminated. We may infer, however, from the result of diminishing these forces to the smallest possible quantity, that, if it were possible to altogether annihilate them, the ball would continue its motion in a straight line with undiminished velocity. But the most convincing part of the truth of this law is the perfect accordance of deductions therefrom with observed phenomena. A body, when acted on by a uniformly accelerating force, receives equal increments of velocity in equal spaces of time.

Hence, the initial velocity is 96, and it has no velocity when it meets the descending body.

3. Let A be the highest point of the circle, be the vertical diameter through A. Let t be the and AC any chord drawn through A, and let AB be the vertical diameter through A. Let t be the line of descent, and let the angle CAB=a. g cos a t=AC. But since ACB is a right angle AC

Then

cos a=

AB

As this result is independent of the position of C, it follows that the times of descent down all chords through 4 are equal.

Let the angle ABC.

Then for the time of descent down CB we have g sin b t2=BC

Therefore √(T) = √ (8—3)=} Hence, the time of descent-second. 4. Let a force act on a body which by itself would generate in it a velocity sufficient to take it from A to B in one second of time, and at the same time let another force out on the body which by itself would generate in it a velocity sufficient to take it from A to C'in one second of time; then, on completing the parallelogram BACD, the diagonal AD represents the actual direction and velocity of the body. Hence, by drawing a parallelogram of which the two sides represent the component velocities, the diagonal will represent the resultant velocity.

(a.) The total distance the particle moves in the direction of its first acquired velocity is 4 x 3 12 feet.

The distance the particle moves at right angles to its first motion is 2 x 8=16 feet.

Hence the distance from the starting point is √(12+16)=20 feet.

5. Let v be the velocity with which the body is projected, and a be the inclination of the line of projection to the horizon. Then the vertical component of the velocity of projection is v sin a; hence if t is the line of flight, we must have, tv sin a— gť2 = 0

Since is constant, a is a maximum when tt', and consequently, in this case, from what has been already proved, t must equal half the v sin a time of flight, or ; whence we get the same expression for x as before.

6. Third Law of Motion. When pressure communicates motion to a body, the velocity produced in any given time is directly as the pressure, and inversely as the mass of the body.

In the case supposed it is assumed that the unit of force is the force produced by gravity on the mass of one pound at some given latitude. It is also assumed that the unit of mass is that amount of matter in which the unit of velocity is generated in the unit of time by the action of the unit force as above defined.

(a.) Let m be the mass of the body; then

PW sin i t- W sin i W

P+W

t =

=

The required weight is therefore 6 lbs.

8. An impulsive force is one that acts for an indefinitely short space of time. Its magnitude is estimated by the momentum produced by it.

When one elastic ball impinges on another, the internal arrangement of the particles of which it is composed is disturbed. When such a disturbance is produced in any solid body the particles have a tendency to come back to their original position. To this tendency the name of elasticity has been given.

During impact the relative motion of the two balls is first destroyed, and the shape of the balls distorted; then the force with which the balls tend to resume their true shape repels the balls from each other with a velocity which is more nearly equal to that of their approach, as the elasticity of the balls is greater.

(a.) Let m and m' be the masses of the two balls, and let V be the velocity of m before impact. Letv and v' be the velocities after impact.

ย

Then we have from the definition of elasticity e where e is the modulus of elasticity. V Now, the momentum lost by m must equal the momentum gained by m'. Hence, (V — v) m = v' m'

But

v = v' — e V :. (V+eV— v') m = v' m'

Vm (1 + e) m+m'

9. The time of one oscillation of a simple pendulum is known to be