45007) 23884044718 (530674. CHA P. III. Concerning Addition and Subtraction of Numbers of different Denominations, and how to reduce them from one Denomination to another. HE leaft Piece of Money used in England is a Farthing, and from thence arise the rest, as in this Table. THERE Farth. Note, When l. s. d. q. are placed over (or to the Right-hand f) Numbers, they denote thofe Numbers to fignify Pounds,. Shillings, Pence, and Farthings. 1. S. d. As 35 10 6 2. Or 351. 10s. 6d. Either of thefe do fignity 35 Pounds, 10 Shillings, 6 Pence, 2 Farthings. The fame must be understood of all the following Characters, belonging to their refpective Tables, viz. Of Weights, Meajures, &c. 2. Troy Weight. The Original of all Weights ufed in England, was a Corn of Wheat gathered out of the middle of the Ear, and being well dried, 32 of them were to make one Penny Weight, 20 Penny Weights one Ounce, and 12 Ounces one Pound Troy. Vide Statutes of 51 Hen. III. 31 Eaw. I. 12 Hen. VII. But But in later Times it was thought fufficient to divide the aforefaid Penny Weight into 24 equal Parts, called Grains, being the leaft Weight now in common Ufe; and from thence the reft are computed as in this Table. Besides the common Divisions of Troy Weight, I find in Anglia Notitia, or, The Prefent State of England, printed in the Year 1699, that the Moneyers (as that Author calls them) do fubdivide the Grain. 3. Apothecaries Weights. The Apothecaries divide a Pound Troy, as in this Table. Gr. Grain. 20= 13 Scruple 60 3 13 Dram 480 24= 8 = 13 Ounce |5760=298=96—121 tb Troy, the fame as before. By thefe Weights the Apothecaries compound their Medicines : but buy and fell their Drugs by Averdupois Weight. 4. Averdupois Weight. When Averdupois Weight became firft in Ufe, or by what Law it was at first fe:tled, I cannot find out in the Statute Books; but on the contrary, I find that there fhould be but one Weight (and one Measure) ufed throughout this Realm, viz. that of Troy, (Vide 14 Ed. III. and 17 Ed. III.) So that it seems (to me) to be first introduced by Chance, and fettled by Custom, viz. from giving good or large Weight to thofe Commodities ufually weighed by it, which are fuch as are either very Coarfe and Drofy, or J4 very fubject to wafte; as all kinds of Grocery Wares. And Pitch, Tar, Rofin, Wax, Tallow, Flax, Hemp, &c. Copper, Tin, Steel, Iron, Lead, &c. Alfo Flesh, Butter, Cheefe, Salt, &c. To these and the like (I prefume) it was thought convenient to allow a greater Weight than the Laws had provided, which happened to be about a Sixth part more: For I found by a very nice Experiment, that one Pound Averdupois is equal to 14 Ounces, 11 Penny Weights, and 15 Grains Troy. And it is now computed as in the following Table. As the leaft part of Weight came at firft from a Wheat Corn, fo (it is generally faid) the leaft Part of Long Measure was at firft a Barley Corn, taken out of the middle of the Ear, and being well dried, three of them in length were to make one Inch; and thence the reft, as in this Table. Barley Corns. 3= 36= 108= 594 23760 I In. Inches. 12= I F. Feet. 4 Nails of a Yard. And Yardi Ell. 36= 3= I r. Yards. 2 Yards 1 Fathom. 198 161 5+= IP. Poles. 7920= 660 220 40=1 Furlong. 190080=63360=5280=1760=320=8=1 Mile. Note, That forty Poles (or Perches) in Length, and four in Breadth, do make a Statute Acre of Land. That is, 220 Yards, multiplied into 22 Yards,4840 Square Yards, are a Statute Acre. And according to the Tranfactions of the French Academy, Anno 1687, a Paris Foot Royal is 12,8 Inches English; Six of those Feet make a Toife; and 57060 Toifes=365184 English Feet, are the Measure of one Degree of a great Circle upon the Surface of the Earth. So that one Degree is 69 Miles and 288 Yards, which is very near to our Countryman Mr. Norwood's Experiment made betwixt London and York, Anno 1635; who found that 367196 Feet=69_Miles and 958 Yards, do make a Degree. And not 60 Miles, according to the common received Opinion and Practice of the Navigators or Seamen. Hence, according to the French Account, the Circumference of the Earth (fuppofing it to be a true Spherical Figure) is 24899 English Miles. 6. Of Liquid Measures. All Measures of Capacity, both Liquid and Dry, were at first made from Troy Weight, Vide Statutes 9 H. III. 51 H. III. 12 H. VII. &c. wherein it is enacted, that eight Pound Troy Weight, of Wheat, gathered out of the middle of the Ear, and well dried, fhould make one Gallon of Wine Measure: And that there should be but one Measure for Wine, Ale and Corn, throughout this Realm, (Vid. Stat. 14 Ed. III. 15 Rich. II.) But Time and Custom hath altered Measures, as they have done Weights (and perhaps for one and the fame Reason) for now we have three different Measures, viz. one for Wine, one for Ale or Beer, and one for Corn. I have inferted Tables of each, as they are now computed by Cubick Inches, and practised in the Art of Gauging, &c. The common Wine Gallon fealed at Guild Hall in London; by which all Wines, Brandies, Spirits, Strong-Waters, Mead, Perry, Cyder, Vinegar, Oil, and Honey, &c. are measured and fold; is fuppofed to contain 231 Cubick Inches, and from thence the reft are computed, as in this Table. ¡Cubick Inches. Gall. 181 Rundlet, and 31 make a Wine or Vinegar Barrel. (Vide 1 R. III.) 842 =1=1 Puncion. 29106=126=3=2=14=1 Butt or Pipe. 158212=252=6 =4 =3 =2=1 Tun. But Dr Wybard in his Tectometry, Page 289, doth fuppofe the Wine Gallon to contain but 224, or 225 Cubick Inches at the most, and pursuant to this Account an Experiment was made by Mr Richard Walker and Mr Philip Shales, two General Officers in the Excife. They caufed a Veffel to be very exactly made of Brafs, in Form of a Parallellopipedon, each Side of it's Bafe was 4 Inches, and it's Depth 14 Inches; fo that it's juft Con→ tent was 224 Cubick Inches. This Veffel was produced at GuildHall in London (May 25, 1688.) before the Lord-Mayor, the Commiffioners of Excife, the Reverend Mr Flamstead, Aftr. Reg. Με Mr Halley, and feveral other ingenious Gentlemen, in whose Prefence Mr. Shales did exactly fill the aforefaid Brass Veffel with clear Water, and very carefully emptied it into the old Standard Wine Gallon kept in Guild-Hall, which did fo exactly fill it, that all then prefent were fully fatisfied the Wine Gallon doth contain but 224 Cubick Inches. (This notable Experiment I faw tried.) However, for several Reasons, it was at that time thought convenient to continue the former fuppofed Content of 231 Cubick Inches to be the Wine Gallon, and that all Computations in Gauging fhould be made from thence, as above. The Beer or Ale Gallon (which are both one) is much larger than the Wine Gallon; it being (as I prefume) made at firft to correspond with Averdupois Weight, as the Wine Gallon did with Troy Weight: For (as I faid before, Page 33.) one Pound Averdupois is equal to 14 Ounces, 12 Penny Weights Troy, very near. And, as one Pound Troy is in proportion to the Cubick Inches in a Wine Gallen, fo is one Pound Averdupois to the Cubick Inches in an Ale Gallon. That is, 12: 231:: 141: 281, very near the Cubick Inches contained in an Ale Gallon, as appears from an Experiment made by one Nicolas Gunton, General Gauger in the Excife, almost 90 Years ago, who, by fuch a Veffel mentioned before in the laft Page, did find the Standard Ale Quart (kept in the Exchequer, Vid. 12 Car. II.) to contain juft 701 Cubick Inches, confequently the Ale Gallon muft contain 282 Cubick Inches, and from thence the following Tables are computed. |